1 Plant Identification Melissa Graves Extension Weeds and IPM Specialist.
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Transcript of 1 Plant Identification Melissa Graves Extension Weeds and IPM Specialist.
1
Plant Identification
Melissa GravesExtension Weeds and IPM Specialist
Outline
• Basic plant parts• Characteristics used
for plant ID• Plants currently listed
on the “high priority list”
3
Basic plant parts• roots• stems• internode• node• leaves• flower/fruit
• Leaves
– Arrangement– Parts– Types– Shapes– Margins
Identifying Characteristics
• Flowers
– Symmetry– Shape– Location
• Fruit types• Root systems
Identifying Characteristics
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Leaf arrangement
Alternate
Opposite
Whorled
Leaf Parts
Leaf type
Simple leaf Compound leaf
11
Leaf shape
Linear leaf
Elliptic leaf
Cordate leaf
13
Leaf margin
14
Entire margin Lobed margin
Dentate margin Sinuate margin
Flower Symmetry
Radial Symmetry
Bilateral Symmetry
Flower Shapes
Cruciform Ligulate
Papilionaceous(Pea flower)
InflorescenceTypes
Corymb
Umbel
Head (capitulum)
Helicoid cyme
Raceme
Fruit Types
Achene
Silicle Nutlet
Root Systems
Outline
• Basic plant parts• Characteristics used
for plant ID• Plants currently listed
on the “high priority list”
Curlyleaf Pondweed
• Aquatic plant, leaves submersed
• Leaves narrowly oblong, curly margined
• Leaves clasping to stem
• Forms dense mats
Similar Species
• Bluish-green leaves with white mid-vein
• Flat-topped to umbrella-shaped clusters of yellow flowers
• 1-4 ft. tall• Purplish brown to black
teardrop-shaped seeds
Dyer’s Woad
Photos by Steve Dewey, Utah State University, Bugwood.org
Oregon State University uspest.org
Missouri Flora www.missouriplants.com
Michael L. Charters www.calflora.net
Tumblemustard•Unbranched lower stem,
bushy upper stem•Lower leaves broad and
divided almost to mid-vein•Upper leaves with narrow,
linear lobes•Flowers white to pale
yellow
Similar Species
Similar Species
Western Wallflower (Native)•Basal leaves spreading,
linear-elliptical shaped•Leaf margins toothed (dentate)•Leaf surface with fine
hairs•Flowers bright yellow to
yellow-orange•Inflorescence tight, terminal
raceme National Park Service www.nps.gov
National Park Service www.nps.gov
Similar Species
Yellow Alyssum•Stems branching at base,
3-10 inches in height•Short, narrow leaves•Stems and leaves covered
with fine hairs•Flowers white to pale
yellow•Inflorescence tight, terminal
raceme
Mark Turner www.pnwflowers.com
Wikipedia www.commons.wikipedia.org
Matt Lavin gemini.oscs.montana.edu
Eurasian Watermilfoil
• Aquatic perennial• 4 whorled leaves at each stem
joint• >14 paired leaflets/leaf give
“feathery” appearance• Foliage does not collapse when
removed from water• Inconspicuous pink flowering
spike above water surface• Stem width twice as wide below
flower spike
Native WatermilfoilsDistinguishing from Eurasian
• Stem width remains constant below flowering spike
• Sparse branching near water surface
Short-spike– <14 paired leaflets/leaf
Whorl-leaf (western)– Bracts longer than flowers
Drawings by Hilary Parkinson, MSU
Flowering Rush
• Aquatic perennial• Creeping rhizomes and
bulblets (not in PNW)• Erect or floating leaves,
3 ft. long and ½ inch wide
• Triangular cross-section• Umbrella-shaped
clusters of pink to white flowers with 3 petals
Photos by Leslie Mehrhoff, Univ. of CT, Bugwood.org
Knotweed Complex• Japanese, Giant, Himalayan
– Separated by leaf shape and size
• Hollow, smooth, jointed stems• Base of stem surrounded by membranous
sheath• Up to 20 ft. tall (depending on species)• Small greenish-white flowers in sprays
Photo by Leslie Mehrhoff, Univ. of CT, Bugwood.org
Purple Loosestrife
• Height often 6-8 feet• Leaves smooth margined;
either opposite or whorled on stem• Flowers rose-purple with
5-7 petals• Inflorescence is a long terminal raceme• Typically found in moist or
marshy sites
Elizabeth J. Czarapata dnr.wi.gov
Elizabeth J. Czarapata dnr.wi.gov
Kentucky Division of Forestry www.forestry.ky.gov
Similar Species
Fireweed (Native)• Up to 9 feet tall• Leaves lance-shaped,
up to 8 inches long• Flowers rose to purple
(4 petals); inflorescence
a long terminal raceme• Flowers have linear
bractsJ.K. Lindsey www.commanster.eu
Walter Siegmund en.wikipedia.org
University of Northern British Columbiaweb.unbc.ca
Matt Lavin gemini.oscs.montana.edu
Rush Skeletonweed• “dandelion from hell”• Sharp, deeply
toothed rosette leaves
• Yellow flower• Downward bent,
coarse hairs on lower stem
Gary Old, Bugwood.org
Utah St. University, Bugwood.org
Gary Piper, Washington State Univ., Bugwood.org
Brian Peterson www.tolweb.org
National Park Service www.nps.gov
Jim Pisarowicz www.nps.gov
Similar Species
Skeletonweed • Up to 18 inches tall• Stems lacking hairs• Leaves small, linear, upper leaves reduced to awl-like projections• Flowers light purple•Basal leaves absent
Scotch Broom• Woody shrub, up to
10 ft tall• Bright yellow pea
flowers• Inflorescences
terminal and axillary• Trifoliate leaves,
entire leaflets• Seed pods only hairy
on the margins
Similar Species
Striated Broom • Currently found in California and Oregon• Bright yellow pea flowers• Terminal inflorescence• Trifoliate leaves, entire leaflets• Seed pods very hairy
Similar Species
Whitespanish Broom • Currently found in California, Oregon, and Washington• White pea flowers• Trifoliate leaves, entire leaflets• Seed pods very hairy
Similar Species
Yellow Sweetclover• Annual to short-lived perennial• Found throughout the United States• Yellow pea flowers• Trifoliate leaves, entire leaflets•Seed pods small
Photo by Steve Dewey, Utah State University
Photo by Steve Dewey, Utah State University
Photo by Mary Ellen Harte (bugwood.org)
Yellow Starthistle• Annual• Single yellow flower per
branch• ¾ -1 inch spines radiating
from flower bracts• Grayish-green foliage• Vertical leaves along stem
give stem a winged appearance
Photos by Steve Dewey, Utah State University, Bugwood.org
Similar Species
U.S. Fish & Wildlife www.fws.gov
Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board www.nwcb.wa.gov
Joseph M. DiTomaso www.invasive.org
Spotted Knapweed• Basal leaves long, very
dissected• Upper leaves narrow• Foliage gray-green, hairy• Flowers normally purple, may also be white or cream• Stiff bracts with hairy
margins and dark tips
Similar Species
Diffuse Knapweed• Stems rough, 1-2 feet
tall• Most leaves pinnately
divided• Flower heads narrow,
may be white to purple• Margins of bracts
comb-like
Montana Weed Control Association www.mtweed.org
Salt Lake County Weed Control www.weeds.slco.org
Montana Department of Agagr.mt.gov
Hydrilla
• Leaves in whorls of
3-6• Leaves strap shaped, minutely saw-toothed (serrate) margins• Tiny white flowers, rarely seen• Reproduces by stem fragmentation and tubers• Not currently found in Montana
Quiz Time
Which plant is purple loosestrife?
A B
Which plant is dyer’s woad?
A B C
Which plant is Eurasian Watermilfoil?
A B
Additional Resources
• Bugwood Network (http://wiki.bugwood.org/Main_Page)• High Plains IPM (http://wiki.bugwood.org/HPIPM:Main_Page)• Montana Extension (http:/www.msuextension.org)• Montana Weed Control Association (MWCA website www.mtweed.org/ )• Schutter Diagnostic Lab (http://diagnostics.montana.edu)• USDA Plants Database (http://plants.usda.gov)• Weeds of the West. Whitson, T.D. et al. 2006.
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Questions?
For more information contact:Melissa GravesExtension Weeds and IPM Specialist(406)994-6297; [email protected]