3D GIS for Urban Planning

and Facility Management

Craig McCabe

Mapping Center Team

I’m Craig McCabe from Esri’s Mapping Center Team in Redlands. This is 3D GIS for Urban Planning and Facility Management – my talk will consist of an overview of 3D content, tools and analysis at the city and facility scales that use several new 3D Analyst and Network Analyst capabilities in ArcGIS 10.

Visualize

- Geospatial data in 3D leads to new insights

Manage

- Sometimes you need to

edit your data in 3D

Analyze

- Some problems can only be solved in 3D

It is powerful to share and present your data in 3D

3D GIS

2D 3D

2D 3D

3D 3D

Today we’ll be looking at some examples of how working with data in 3D can enhance our understanding of spatial relationships in urban planning and facility analysis scenarios. The workshop content I’ll be showing is focused on three main themes: First, we View our GIS data in 3D to gain new insights into the real-world spatial relationships between objects - such as slope, elevation, or 3D proximities. (Here we have the same data but a different perspective – the use of 3D exposes the vertical hierarchy of the city.) Managing 3D GIS Data can come from many sources – converted from 2D GIS Data, imported from other 3D Formats, or created interactively using 3D editing. All of these data sources can now be managed inside the geodatabase as 3D features. And in some instances, it is most effective to edit your data in 3D (For example, editing a 3D transportation network – it’s hard to edit a vertical line in 2D – or even see it.) And finally, Analysis. Some questions can only be answered by conducting analysis in 3D – such as where the shadow of a proposed building construction will fall over the course of a day. Or line of sight analysis – what can or cannot be seen from a given vantage point.

ArcGlobe, ArcScene, Explorer

ArcGlobe

We have several tools for visualizing 3D GIS data, the first we’ll look at is ArcGlobe. ArcGlobe allows you to view large quantities of 3D GIS data on a globe surface, seamlessly integrating raster and feature data – from a global or regional extent to highly detailed, localized data. Here we see 3D virtual city content for the city of Philadelphia.

ArcGlobe, ArcScene, Explorer

ArcGlobe

ArcScene

To examine smaller datasets in a limited extent, ArcScene provides more of a fishbowl view of your area of interest – and is preferable for subsurface data visualization and analysis or visualizing facilities or interiors. Here we have a 3D model of the San Diego Convention Center (with LiDAR data) that I created from CAD for year’s (2010) International User Conference. Unlike ArcGlobe, which caches your data to disk with tiles of various levels of detail, ArcScene loads all of your data into available memory, and is optimized for working with smaller volumes of data.

ArcGlobe, ArcScene, Explorer

ArcGlobe

ArcScene

ArcGIS Explorer

And we also have our free 3D Viewer – ArcGIS Explorer, which is similar to ArcGlobe in that it supports global scale datasets. We are looking at DC here – as part of the 19.20.21 project last year – to look at the structure of the largest cities around the world – I aggregated different demographic data to a regular grid that is then extruded to visualize where people work and live in relation to things like transportation networks and green spaces. I’ve shared this data as a layer package on ArcGIS.com so that anyone can view it in 3D using the free ArcGIS Explorer application. The demos I’ll be showing are going to focus primarily on ArcGlobe for city-scale urban planning scenarios and ArcScene for visualization and analysis at the facility scale.

Visualize Urban Planning

Topographic maps High resolution terrain Street furniture

Visual Impact

Aerial photographs

Before

After

Photo realistic 3D buildings

In ArcGlobe, urban planners are able to view ALL their city data in 3D to enhance the understanding of the cityscape – these data could include: • topographic maps (or any of the basemaps currently available on ArcGIS.com), • high resolution aerial imagery, • digital elevation data, • street furniture, and • 3D buildings To determine the visual impact of a proposed construction, we can easily add in a building to see what the before and after picture looks like from a any perspective.

Visualize Urban Planning

3D GIS Resource Center

http://resources.arcgis.com/content/3dgis/10.0/about

A few months ago, we launched the 3D GIS Resource Center on ArcGIS Online (http://resources.arcgis.com/content/3dgis/10.0/about). Her you’ll find some helpful information about working with 3D GIS Data – the 3D blog, forum, as well as videos. We’ve also created a set of Templates you can download which represent useful examples for visualizing a 3D virtual city, creating 3D content, and doing 3D analysis, such as volumetric shadows. The template to start with here is 3D Virtual City: Philadelphia – which uses a portion of downtown Philadelphia as a sandbox where subsequent template content is situated. The Philadelphia template includes high resolution imagery, elevation data (LiDAR-derived 1m DEM), 3D buildings, vegetation, and street furniture for the area around Logan Circle. So, each template adds a new layer of content to this part of Philadelphia to demonstrate different features or types of analyses. Let’s take a look at the Philadelphia template now and I’ll show you what’s inside… (Live demo showing template components – download it from the 3D GIS template gallery @ http://resources.arcgis.com/gallery/file/3dgis)

Visualize Facilities

Campus

Transportation networkSpaces within a building

Interior assets

For a smaller area like a facility or campus, we typically use ArcScene to visualize our data. This might include interior assets like the locations of printers or fire extinguisher locations, interior spaces attributes – floor areas, vacancies, or employee information – here we have the distribution of the different teams in a building on the Esri campus in Redlands. We can also view the transportation features within a building – pathways, 3D staircases, or elevators. We will take a closer look at the 3D Esri campus in ArcScene towards the end of the talk when we look at some different types of network analyses for facilities.

Manage Urban 3D Features

Move, rotateScale

Create 3D city

elements

Import / replace

buildings Geometry & texture

Virtual City: Overpass Template

Now I’d like to show a couple videos that demonstrate how to both import and place existing 3D city content, as well as how to create it from extruded 2D data. First, we’ll see how to do some basic manipulations, like importing, scaling, rotating and moving. (video not currently available online). In the next example, we weren’t given a 3D model, but we would like to make one from a 2D footprint, export it, change its geometry, add texture, and import it back into ArcGIS (Video: http://resources.arcgis.com/gallery/video/3dgis/details?entryID=E52B671B-1422-2418-A0D7-B2B9B82381FC) If you go to the 3D GIS Resource Center templates page (http://resources.arcgis.com/gallery/file/3dgis), we have a template for creating a simple 3D urban feature – an overpass in Philadelphia – that you can drape imagery and textures on, then place in the virtual cityscape. So check that out if you’re interested in a hands-on exercise.

Manage Facilities – 3D Transportation

Beginner

Hall Centerlines

Many of the facility demos I’m going to show are based on how people move and assets are located relative to the 3D interior transportation network, so I’d like to take a couple slides to go over how that’s put together. A few different levels of difficulty/complexity in creating the network: Beginner – this is the most straightforward approach, and the starting point for any transportation network you want to create. We just digitize our hallway centerlines and all intersections are at right-angles. Movement ends up looking somewhat robotic, but the benefit is that we can quickly create a functioning network in not much time. For the 3 story Esri building I’ll be showing later, it was a few hours’ work.

Hall Centerlines

Fillet

Manage Facilities – 3D Transportation

BeginnerIntermediate

Intermediate – this builds on the beginner network, but adds in curves for the intersections using the Fillet editing tool. Just having a little bit of curve in the path helps to create a more natural look when a route is calculated and displayed. You may have noticed a “no curves” requirement in the schema (in BISDM v3), which is important to know – network analyst can’t deal with curved paths. So after we create our curves, we have to convert these features to a series of straight (10cm) line segments approximating a curve using the Densify tool.

Advanced

Hall centerlines

Fillet

Bezier curves

Route to door

Manage Facilities – 3D Transportation

And on the more extreme end of the scale, Advanced networks could include more curved pathways, different radii, use the Fillet and Bezier curve tools, and route you to the doorway of the destination/room and not just to the hallway nearby. You end up with some very nice looking routes that correspond to how people actually move within buildings, but as you can see from the screenshot, creating this type of network for a large building can be very labor intensive. This image is from the interior transportation network that was created for the 2010 Esri User Conference finding/routing app (http://uc2010.esri.com/map/).

Manage Facilities – 3D Network Dataset

The Intermediate Approach

1. Create hallway centerlines

2. Fillet junctions (1m radius)

3. Trim paths

4. Select all curved paths

5. Densify curves

3

21

4 5

The demos we’ll see use the Intermediate approach. Here’s a quick slide show of the transportation network digitization process for one of the buildings on the Esri campus. 1. Start with your centerlines – ensuring that the lines at each intersection share a vertex – constrain perpendicular and constrain parallel editing tools can be helpful here. 2. Next, fillet the junctions – I typically use a 1m radius, but it can depend on your building’s interior layout. 3. Trim away the now unused perpendicular intersections 4. Once you’ve finished your floorplan, select all the curved path portions created by the fillet tool and… 5. Use the Densify tool to create a series of lines that approximate the curve – we need to do this because curved transportation segments aren’t supported in network analyst. (.1m length shown)

Manage Facilities – 3D Editing

3D building features Vertical network segments

Creating and managing facility data, particularly 3D building interior features and vertical network segments like elevators and stairs is particularly suited for a 3D environment because you get visual feedback that you don’t get in 2D and can immediately see when vertical relationships aren’t as they should be. I’ll show a video that demonstrates a couple facility editing tasks that I typically do in 3D. (video not yet available online)

Analyze Urban Planning

Buildable volume

GeoDesign

Volumetric shadows over time

Several Urban Planning Analysis scenario videos: • Buildable volume – determine the 3D space we can build in without altering the skyline (for

a similar analysis see this video: http://resources.arcgis.com/gallery/video/3dgis/details?entryID=1B847A8B-1422-2418-8813-347284CAA7ED)

• Volumetric shadows – determine where the shadow of a proposed new construction will fall

over the course of a day (video: http://resources.arcgis.com/gallery/video/3dgis/details?entryID=1BA2FDCA-1422-2418-88E3-8AF8C994B6E4)

• GeoDesign – an urban redevelopment scenario from start to finish. Geodesign combines

the design proposal creation process with an analysis of the impacts on the local environment. It combines several 3D editing and analysis concepts in one start-to-finish scenario. (video: http://resources.arcgis.com/gallery/video/3dgis/details?entryID=514321DA-1422-2418-A0A3-113374135441)

Facility Network Analysis

3D Transportation Network

- Network Analyst Models

- Service area

- Location allocation

- Closest facility

- Vehicle routing problem

For the facility analysis section, I’m going to demonstrate several analysis scenarios that use the network analyst “make” tools available in ArcGIS 10. These videos will show how to solve: service area, location-allocation, closest facility, and vehicle routing problems on the Esri Campus.

Facility Network Analysis

Service Area Location Allocation: Office

Location Allocation: Printers Closest Facility w/Barriers

(Videos not yet available online)

1. The first video shows a Service Area problem – a pre-fire planning scenario. In this demo, we have plotted all the locations of hose standpipes in a building on the Esri campus, and would like to determine the fire hose reach from each of these locations along the interior transportation network at 50/100/200ft lengths. If we would like to include additional (exterior) hydrant locations, we can add them interactively in 3D within ArcScene, and re-run the analysis to see how coverage is improved by incorporating both interior and exterior hose hookup points. 2. The second video shows a Location Allocation problem – allocating 1 asset to the optimal candidate location. In this case, we have a distribution of employees who work in the Software Product Release team (blue office extrusions) in an Esri campus building. A new manager is coming in and we’d like to place them in one of several vacant manager-sized candidate offices on the floor. The tool in this case measures the walking distance (along the interior transportation network) for all employees to each of the candidate offices, and provides us with the most centrally located (shortest cumulative travel distance) option, shown as a red pyramid. 3. Third, we’ll look at another Location Allocation problem – this time, allocating several (6) printers to 15 candidate locations. In this case, our two inputs are the 15 possible printer locations and the point location of each employee on the floor. The optimal printer locations are derived in the same way as the above demo, but instead of specifying 1 output, we specify 6. We can then symbolize each employee based on each printer’s “catchment area”. 4. Last on this page, I’ll show an analysis that uses the Closest Facility network model, with and without placing transportation barriers so that we can compare before & after exit times for all offices in a building. We can then interact with a histogram of travel times for all office locations and determine which areas of the building take the longest to evacuate via wheelchair (upper floors only using the elevator).

3D Campus Demo

“Vehicle” Routing Problem

Live Demo in ArcScene For the last demo, we’ll take a live look at a “vehicle” routing problem on the Esri campus. In this example, we have 36 mailboxes spread around the campus and, given a starting point, want to determine the most efficient route to deliver mail to each of these locations. In the GP model we can specify how many mail carriers we would like to use (between 1-4 in this demo) and determine how far each carrier is traveling, how much time they spend sorting mail at each stop, and their total route time.

Analysis: Closest Facility Model Components

• Demo

1 2

3

4

Each of the demos we’ve seen uses a different flavor of the same basic model. Regardless of the type of network analysis you’re doing, there are four main components to any network analyst model. Here, we are looking at the Closest Facility model (find nearest exit):

1. First, create an analysis layer. The input (blue circle) for this is the transportation network dataset. 2. Then, Load analysis objects. These inputs (blue circles) are the point locations we’re routing between:

Building Exit points

Input points (interactively placed starting locations) 3. Solve

4. Post-process (select/symbolize output(s)) Visualize output (select route, copy to different workspace) Change symbology in the Properties of Exit Route (using .lyr file)

Using models to automate these steps for any kind of network analysis is very powerful – and it’s ready with out-of-the-box ArcGIS Network Analyst (and BISDM v3).

Resources

Esri Mapping Center

http://mappingcenter.esri.com/

- In the works

This Presentation (available in ~2 weeks)

Campus Template

2011 International User Conference Find/Route App

(Last year: http://uc2010.esri.com/map/)

3D GIS Resource Center

- http://resources.arcgis.com/content/3dgis/10.0/about

Questions?

A few resources for more information:

Esri’s Mapping Center: http://mappingcenter.esri.com/. We’re working on a campus template

for routing and analysis in interior spaces. Also, for the 2011 International User Conference,

we’ll be updating the San Diego Convention Center app (http://uc2010.esri.com/map/) to

integrate conference agenda & routing to downtown locations of interest (restaurants, hotels).

Also, please visit the 3D GIS Resource Center

(http://resources.arcgis.com/content/3dgis/10.0/about) for more information, blog posts,

videos, and templates to help you work with and analyze 3D GIS data.