Anatomy & Physiology An Introduction. Anatomy - The study of the structure of the human body ...
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Anatomy & Physiology An Introduction
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Anatomy - The study of the structure of the human body
Physiology - The study of body function
An Overview of Anatomy
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Branches of Anatomy
Surface anatomy
Gross anatomy
Microscopic anatomy (histology) -tissues
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Chemical level – atoms form molecules
Cellular level – cells and their subunits
Tissue level – a group of cells performing a common function
Organ level – a discrete structure made up of more than one tissue
Organ system – organs working together for a common purpose
Organism – the result of all simpler levels working together
Structural Organization
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Structural Organization
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Systemic – study of anatomy by system
Regional – study of anatomy by region
Systemic v. Regional Anatomy
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Forms external body covering
Protects deeper tissues from injury
Synthesizes vitamin D
Site of cutaneous receptors (pain, pressure, etc.) and sweat and oil glands
The Integumentary System
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– Protects and supports body organs
– Provides a framework for muscles
– Blood cells formed within bones
– Stores minerals
The Skeletal System
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Allows manipulation of environment
Locomotion
Facial expression
Maintains posture
Produces heat
The Muscular System
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Fast-acting control system
Responds to internal and external changes
The Nervous System
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Glands secrete hormones that regulate
Growth
Reproduction
Nutrient use
The Endocrine System
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The Cardiovascular System
Blood vessels transport blood
Carries oxygen and carbon dioxide
Also carries nutrients and wastes
Heart pumps blood through blood vessels
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Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels
Disposes of debris in the lymphatic system
Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes)
Mounts attack against foreign substances in the body
The Lymphatic System
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Keeps blood supplied with oxygen
Removes carbon dioxide
Gas exchange occurs through walls of air sacs in the lungs
The Respiratory System
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Breaks down food into absorbable units
Indigestible foodstuffs eliminated as feces
The Digestive System
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Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance
The Urinary System
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Overall function is to produce offspring
Testes produce sperm and male sex hormones
Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones
Mammary glands produce milk
Reproductive System
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Anatomical position – a common visual reference point
Person stands erect with feet together and eyes forward
Palms face forward with the thumbs pointed away from the body
Gross Anatomy – An Introduction
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Gross Anatomy – An IntroductionRegional terms – names of specific body areas
Axial region – the main axis of the body
Appendicular region – the limbs
Directional terminology
Refers to the body in anatomical position
Standardized terms of directions are paired terms
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Orientation and Directional Terms
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Orientation and Directional Terms
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Orientation and Directional Terms
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Regional Terms
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Regional Terms
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Body Planes and Sections
Coronal (frontal) plane - Lies vertically and divides body into anterior and posterior parts
Median (midsagittal) plane - Specific sagittal plane that lies vertically in the midline
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Transverse plane - runs horizontally and divides body into superior and inferior parts
Body Planes and Sections
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Body Planes and Sections
Oblique section through the trunk
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Body Cavities and Membranes
Dorsal body cavity
Cavity subdivided into the cranial cavity and the vertebral cavity.
Cranial cavity houses the brain.
Vertebral cavity runs through the vertebral column and encloses the spinal cord
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Oral cavity
Nasal cavity
Orbital cavities
Middle ear cavities
Synovial cavities
Other Body Cavities
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Abdominal Regions and Quadrants
Abdominal regions divide the abdomen into nine regions
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Abdominal QuadrantsAbdominal quadrants divide the abdomen into four quadrants
Right upper and left upper quadrants
Right lower and left lower quadrants