Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology. Anatomy – Structural organization of living things...
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Transcript of Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology. Anatomy – Structural organization of living things...
Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology
• Anatomy– Structural organization of living things
• Physiology– Basic processes that occur in the human body
Anatomical Position
• Upright, standing position• Face & feet pointing forward• Arms at side• Palms facing forward (supinated)
Why do we care?
Universal starting point from which to describe anatomical features and positions
Consistency of description - ability to communicate with each other
*structures will always be described as they are to the subject rather *
Anatomical Terms of Location
• Anterior/Posterior• Superior/Inferior• Proximal/Distal• Medial/Lateral• Superficial/Deep
Refers to a part of the body in relation to another
Pg. 6 in textbook
TERM MEANING EXAMPLE
Anterior Towards the front of the body The knee cap is on the anterior side of the leg
Posterior Towards the back of the body The shoulder blades are posterior to the ribs
Superior Towards the head The heart is superior to the stomach
Inferior Towards the feet The chest is inferior to the neck
Medial Towards the midline of the body The big toe is medial to the 5th toe
Lateral Away from the midline of the body The thumb is on the lateral side of the hand
Proximal Closer to the trunk or point of origin The hip is proximal to the knee
Distal Further from the trunk or point of origin
The wrist is distal to the elbow
Superficial Closer to the surface of the body Skin is superficial to the muscle
Deep Further from the surface The lungs are deep to the ribs
Examples:
The nose is ____________ to the ears.
The fingernails are ____________ to the skin.
The pinky is __________ to the thumb.
ANTERIOR
SUPERFICIAL
MEDIAL
Anatomical Planes
Sagittal
Frontal
Transverse
Relate to positions in space and are at right angles to one another
Sagittal
Frontal
Transverse
1. Frontal (coronal) plane– Divides body into front & back
segments
2. Transverse (horizontal) plane– Divides body into upper & lower
segments
3. Sagittal (median) plane– Divides body into right & left
segments
Anatomical Axes
An axis is a straight line around which an object rotate
Movement at the joint take place in a plane about an axis
Horizontal Longitudinal Antero-posterior
1. Horizontal axis– East-west in relationship to
anatomical position
2. Longitudinal axis– North-south in relationship to
anatomical position
3. Antero-posterior axis– Front to back in relationship to
anatomical position
Describing Position & Movement
• A body movement can be described in terms of the anatomical plane through which it occurs and the anatomical axis around which it rotate
RULE: The axis of rotation is perpendicular to the
plane of movement
Horizontal
SagittalPlane
TransversePlane
Longitudinal
Frontal Plane
Antero-Posterior
Axis of Rotation Plane of Motion Example
Horizontal
Longitudinal
Antero-posterior
Sagittal
Transverse
Frontal
Walking Squatting
Cycling
TwistPirouette
Jumping JacksSide Bend
Types of Body MovementRetraction/ProtractionAbduction/Adduction
Flexion/ExtensionPronation/Supination
Dorsiflexion/Plantar FlexionDepression/Elevation
Reposition/OppositionInversion/Eversion
External Rotation/Internal RotationCircumduction
pg. 4-5 in textbook
External Rotation
Internal Rotation
Thumb Reposition
Movements in Anatomical Planes
What types of movement occur on these planes?
• Sagittal Plane
• Frontal Plane
• Transverse Plane