Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System - ptrp2014.weebly.com · Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System...
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Anatomy of the
Cardiovascular
System
Organ System Cluster
Prepared by: Maria Michaela Valenzuela, PTRP
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Reference
Seeley, R., Stephens, T., and Tate, P.,
Anatomy & Physiology. 8th ed. McGraw Hill
Company Inc., (2008)
Snell, R., Clinical Anatomy for Medical
Students. 7th ed. Lippincott Williams Inc.
(2004)
• Martini, F., Fundamentals of
Anatomy & Physiology. 6th ed.
Benjamin Cummings Inc (2003)
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OUTLINE
HEART
PERIPHERAL BLOOD VESSELS
THE BLOOD
LYMPHATICS and IMMUNITY
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THE HEART & PERICARDIUM
Part I
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Heart
Blunt cone about the size
of a closed fist
Located in the inferior mediastinum
enclosed by the pericardium
Base: 3rd costal cartilage ½” to the (L)
Apex: 5th ICS, midclavicular line
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Pericardium
Fibroserous sac enclosing the heart &
great vessels
Posterior to sternum, 2nd to 6th costal
cartilage (T5 to T8)
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Pericardium
Fibrous
Pericardium
Serous
Parietal
Visceral
(Epicardium)
** pericardial fluid
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Surface Anatomy of the
Heart
Auricles
Atrioventricular Groove
Coronary sulcus
Interventricular Groove
Anterior & posterior
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Surfaces of the Heart
Sternocostal Surface
® atrium & ventricle
Diaphragmatic Surface
® & (L) ventricles, ® atrium
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Surfaces of the Heart
Base (posterior surface)
(L) atrium
Apex
(L) ventricle
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Borders of the Heart
® border
(R) atrium
(L) border
(L) auricle, (L)
ventricle
Inferior border
® ventricle
Superior
Border
Great vessels
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Layers of the Heart Wall
Epicardium
Mesothelium, loose CT
Myocardium
Cardiac mm, BV & Nerves
Endocardium
Simple squamous
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The ® atrium
Sulcus terminalis
& crista
terminalis
Musculi pectinati
Interatrial
Septum
Openings:
SVC & IVC
Coronary Sinus
Fossa Ovalis
® AV orifice
Tricuspid valve
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The ® ventricle
Trabeculae Carneae
Papillary muscles
chordae tendinae
Moderator band
Interventricular Septum
Infundibulum (conus
arteriosus)
Openings:
® atrioventricular
orifice
Pulmonary orifice
Pulmonary valve
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The (L) atrium
Forms base of the heart
Openings:
From 4 pulmonary veins
(L) atrioventricular orifice
With mitral valve
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The (L) ventricle
Trabeculae
Carneae:
papillary muscles
chordae tendinae
(-) moderator band
Openings
(L)
atrioventricular
orifice
Aortic orifice
Aortic valve
Aortic sinuses
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(R) & (L) ventricles
Feature (R) (L)
Wall thickness Thinner Thicker
Intraventricular
Pressure
Lower 7x Higher
Trabeculae
Carneae
(+) MB
papillary mm
chordae
tendinae
(-) MB
papillary mm
chordae
tendinae
Cross Section Crescent Circular
Blood Deoxygenated Oxygenated
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Valves of the Heart
Atrioventricular
(R), Tricuspid
(L), Bicuspid,
Mitral
Semilunar
Pulmonary
Aortic
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Route of Blood in the Heart
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Blood Supply to the Heart
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Blood Supply to the Heart
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Venous Drainage of the
Heart
Artery Vein
LADCA Great Cardiac
Circumflex Posterior Cardiac
Posterior
Descending
Middle Cardiac
Marginal Small Cardiac
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Conducting System of the
Heart
Sinoatrial Node
Atrioventricular Node
Atrioventricular Bundle of His
Purkinje Fibers
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Conducting System of the
Heart
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Fibrous Skeleton of the
Heart
4 dense bands of
tough elastic
tissue
Stabilize
positions of the
heart valves
Isolate ventricles
from atria
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Cardiac Muscle Tissue
Cardiac Skeletal
Size smaller larger
Nuclei Mononucleated Multiple Nuclei
Mitochondria Numerous Relatively few
Contractions Twitch Tetanic
Shape Branching Spindle
shaped
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LET’S TAKE A BREAK!
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THE PERIPHERAL BLOOD
VESSELS
Part II
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The blood vessel wall
Tunica intima (interna)
Endothelial lining
Connective tissue with elastic fibers
Tunica media
Concentric layer of smooth muscles
Tunica adventitia (externa)
Collagen & elastic fibers
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Arteries
Carry oxygenated blood
Thick muscular walls
Elastic & contractile
Varying diameters in response
to BP chages
Vasodilation & vasoconstriction
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Arteries
Large
Conducting
arteries
Elastic
Great vessels
Medium
Distribution
arteries
Muscular
To internal
organs
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Arterioles
Small diameter
that changes in
response to
local conditions
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Feature Large Medium Small
Size 2.5 cm 40 – 300 mm 9 – 40 mm
T. Adventitia Thin Thick Thin
T. Media Elastic >
Smooth
mm
Elastic <
Smooth mm
2 layers of
smooth mm
T. Intima
Endothelium
Thick
elastic
membrane
Developed
internal
elastic
membrane
(-) internal
elastic
membrane
others Elastic
Rebound
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Capillaries
Endothelial tube inside a basal lamina
Only blood vessels that permit
exchange between blood &
surrounding interstitial fluid
Slow blood flow
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Types of Capillaries
Continuous
Endothelium is a
complete lining
bound by tight
junctions
Located in all
tissues except
epithelia &
cartilage
Fenestrated Endothelium
contains pores
permitting rapid
exchange
Intestine &
kidneys
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Capillary Network
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Veins
Carry deoxygenated blood
from tissues to be returned to
heart
Lower BP with larger
diameters
Valves permit unidirectional
flow
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Veins
Venules
Collect from
capillary beds
Medium-Sized
Comparable to
muscular arteries
Large Veins
Major veins
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Feature Large Veins Medium-
Sized
Venules
Size 2 – 9 mm 20mm
T. Adventitia Thick;
mixture of
collagen &
elastic
fibers
Thickest;
longitudinal
bundles of
collagen
&elastic
T. Media Thin, few
smooth mm
cells
(-)
others Resemble
expanded
capillaries
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Arteries Veins
Walls Thick thin
Thickest tunic
(Layer)
T. Media T. Adventitia
Cross-Section Smaller,
thrown into
folds
Large,
collapses
Others Resists
distortion with
high BP
(+) valves
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CV Changes upon birth
Fetal Structure Remnant
Foramen Ovale Fossa Ovalis
Ductus Venosus Ligamentum
Venosum
Ductus Arteriosus Ligamentum
Arteriosum
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THE BLOOD
Part III
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Plasma
55% of blood
Fluid part of
the blood
Colloid
Plasma proteins
Ions
Nutrients
Wastes
Enzymes
Gases
Hormones
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Plasma Proteins
Albumin
Maintains osmotic pressure &
viscosity
Globulins
Immune response
Fibrinogen
Clotting response
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Formed Elements
45% of blood
Composed of
the cells
Erthrocytes
Leukocytes
(Neutrophils,
Basophils,
Eosinophils,
Lymphocytes,
Monocytes)
Thrombocytes
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Erythrocytes
95% of formed elements
Biconcave non-nucleated discs
Gas transport via hemoglobin
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Leukocytes
Immune response
Motile via ameboid movement
Leave circulation via diapedesis
Attraction to dead cells via
chemotaxis
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Leukocytes
Leukocyte Features
Gra
nula
r
Neutrophils Polymorphonucleated
Survives for 1 – 2 days
Acute Inflammation
Eosinophils Secretes histamine
Allergic reactions
Basophils Secretes histamine & heparin
Allergic & Inflammatory
Reactions
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Leukocytes
Leukocyte Features
Ag
ran
ula
r
Lymphocytes B cells – antibodies
T cells – macrophages
Monocytes Largest
Chronic inflammation
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Platelets
Disk shaped 3mm in diameter
For blood clotting
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LET’S TAKE A BREAK!
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LYMPHATICS & IMMUNITY
Part IV
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Lymphatic System
Cells, tissues &
organs
responsible for
defending against
environmental
hazards
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Lymphatic Vessels
Begin as lymphatic capillaries
Fluid tend to go out (Capillary
Hydrostatic Force)
Comprised of loosely overlapping
squamous epithelium
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Lymphatic Vessels
Joint to become lymphatic
vessels
Endothelium surrounded by elastic
membrane, smooth mm, fibrous
connective tissue
Valves ensure one-way flow
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Lymph Drainage
Via lymphatic trunks into great veins
Jugular – head & neck
Subclavian – UE
Bronchomediastinal – thoracic cavity
Intestinal – abdominal cavity
Lumbar – LE & pelvic cavity
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Lymphocytes
T – lymphocytes
Cytotoxic T-cells: for cell mediated
immunity
Helper T-cells: stimulate activation
of cytotoxic T-cells
Suppressor T-cells: inhibit cytotoxic
T-cells
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Lymphocytes
B – cells
Production & secretion of
immunoglobulins
Antibody – mediated immunity
Natural Killer Cells
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Lymph Organs
Lymph Nodes
Thymus
Spleen
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Thank You for
Listening!
The human heart feels things the eyes
cannot see, and knows what the mind
cannot understand
-- Robert Valett