THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

LAYERS OF THE HEART

PERICARDIUM

MYOCARDIUM

ENDOCARDIUM

RIGHT SIDE OF THE HEART SUPERIOR VENA

CAVA INFERIOR VENA

CAVA RIGHT ATRIUM TRICUSPID VALVE RIGHT VENTRICLE PULMONARY

SEMILUNAR VALVE

RIGHT PULMONARY ARTERIES

LEFT PULMONARY ARTERIES

RIGHT AND LEFT LUNGS

DEOXYGENATED BLOOD

LEFT SIDE OF THE HEART RIGHT

PULMONARY VEINS

LEFT PULMONARY VEINS

LEFT ATRIUM BICUSPID

(MITRAL) VALVE

RIGHT VENTRICLE AORTIC

SEMILUNAR VALVE

AORTA OXYGENATED

BLOOD

CORONARY ARTERIES

SUPPLY THE MYOCARDIUM WITH OXYGENATED BLOOD

BLOCKAGE OR INFARCT OF ONE OF THESE ARTERIES CAUSES A MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (MI)

THE CARDIAC CYCLE

SYSTOLE – CARDIAC CONTRACTION THE BLOOD IS FORCED OUT OF THE HEART TO THE LUNGS FOR OXYGENATION AND TO THE BODY FOR CIRCULATION

DIASTOLE – CARDIAC RELAXATION THE BLOOD IS RETURNED TO THE HEART FROM THE LUNGS AND THE BODY

THE CONDUCTION SYSTEM

SINO-ATRIAL (SA) NODE ATRIAL IMPULSES ATRIO-VENTRICULAR (AV) NODE BUNDLE OF HIS BUNDLE BRANCHES PURKINJE FIBERS

EKG COMPONENTS P WAVE – INDICATES ATRIAL

DEPOLARIZATION CAUSING ATRIAL CONTRACTION

QRS COMPLEX – INDICATES VENTRICULAR DEPOLARIZATION CAUSING VENTRICULAR CONTRACTION

ST SEGMENT – INDICATES MYOCARDIAL DAMAGE

T WAVE – INDICATES VENTRICULAR REPOLARIZATION CAUSING VENTRICULAR RELAXATION

EKG BASICS

ELECTRODES – SENSORS PLACED ON THE PATIENT TO PICK UP ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY

LCD DISPLAY – LIQUID CRYSTAL DIODE AREA FOR PATIENT DATA ENTRY

ECG/EKG – RECORDING OF ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY ONTO GRID PAPER

LEADS – WIRES ATTACHED TO ELECTRODES

CARDIAC DIAGNOSTICS

BLOOD ENZYME TESTS

WAVEFORM MEASUREMENTS

IMAGING TECHNIQUES

WHAT THE EKG WILL SHOW

HEART RATE RHYTHM SIGNS OF

CARDIAC ENLARGEMENT

HEART DISEASE MYOCARDITIS

SIGNS OF HEART INJURY (MI)

ELECTROLYTE ABNORMALITY

PULMONARY EMBOLISM

DRUG TOXICITY

USES OF AN EKG

TO DIAGNOSE

FOR MONITORING

IN DEFIBRILLATORS

INDICATIONS FOR AN EKG

FUNCTION OF HEART

ELECTRICAL PROBLEMS

CHANGES IN THE HEART

ROUTINE PRE-OP

PART OF A COMPLETE P.E. AFTER AGE 40

EVALUATION OF CARDIAC CONDITIONS

STAT – USUALLY IN AN EMERGENCY

EKG PREPARATION

PHYSICIAN’S ORDER CALIBRATION PATIENT’S DATA LOCATION, DATE,

AND TIME PATIENT’S AGE, SEX

AND CARDIAC MEDS

PATIENT’S WEIGHT AND HEIGHT

ANY SPECIAL CONDITION OR POSITION OF PATIENT DURING PROCEDURE

PATIENT PREPARATION

REMOVE CLOTHING FROM THE WAIST UP

REMOVE JEWELRY THAT MAY INTERFERE

PROVIDE DRAPE FOR PRIVACY

CLEAN SKIN WITH ALCOHOL

APPLY LEADS TO NON-HAIRY AREA

SHAVE AREA ONLY IF NECESSARY

APPLYING ELECTRODES

COMPLETE EKG CONSISTS OF 12 LEADS

LIMB LEADS ARE APPLIED TO ARMS AND LEGS

CHEST LEADS ARE APPLIED TO THE CHEST

LIMB LEADS

RA - FLESHY OUTER AREA OF UPPER RIGHT ARM

LA – FLESHY OUTER AREA OF UPPER LEFT ARM

RL – FLESHY PART OF LOWER RIGHT LEG

LL – FLESHY PART OF LOWER LEFT LEG

CHEST LEADS V1 – 4TH

INTERCOSTAL SPACE RT OF STERNUM

V2 – 4TH INTERCOSTAL SPACE LT OF STERNUM

V3 – MIDWAY BETWEEN V2 & V4

V4 – 5TH INTERCOSTAL SPACE AT MID-CLAVICULAR LINE

V5 – SAME LEVEL AS 4 AT LT ANT. AXILLARY LINE

V6 – SAME LEVEL AS 4 AT LT MIDAXILLARY LINE

THREE LEAD TRACING

RA- RIGHT OF STERNUM

LA – LEFT OF STERNUM

LL LEFT LOWER RIB AREA

HEART RHYTHMS

NORMAL SINUS RHYTHM (NSR) SINUS TACHYCARDIA SINUS BRADYCARDIA ATRIAL TACHYCARDIA (A-TACH)

HEART RHYTHMS PREMATURE ATRIAL

CONTRACTION (PAC) ATRIAL FLUTTER ATRIAL

FIBRILLATION (A-FIB)

PREMATURE VENTRICULAR CONTRACTION (PVC)

DANGEROUS PVCs VENTRICULAR

TACHYCARDIA (V-TACH)

VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION (V-FIB)

ASYSTOLE

CARDIAC DISEASES

CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE (CAD)

ANGINA PECTORIS

MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (MI)

VALVE DISORDERS

RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE

STENOSIS

INSUFFICIENCY (PROLAPSE)

MUSCLE DISORDERS

CARDIOMYOPATHY

CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE (CHF)

CARDIAC TREATMENTS

MEDICATIONS

ANGIOPLASTY

CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFT (CABG)

HEART TRANSPLANT

VALVE REPLACEMENT

CARDIAC HC WORKERS

CARDIOLOGIST CARDIAC SURGEON CARDIAC INTENSIVE

CARE NURSE CARDIAC

CATHERTERIZATION

NURSE

EKG TECHNICIAN ECHO

TECHNICIAN CARDIAC

BIOMEDICAL EQUIPMENT TECHNICIAN