Anatomy and physiology of ear by maghan das
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Transcript of Anatomy and physiology of ear by maghan das
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Dow University of Health sciencesInstitute of Nursing
Anatomy of Ear
By: Maghan DasBscN student
16th July,2014
Maghan Das
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By the end of this lecture the students will be able to:
List the parts of ear.Discuss the anatomy of ear Understand the physiology of hearing
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Anatomy of Ear
Ear is divided into three main regions External ear Middle ear Inner ear
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External ear (outer ear)
External ear is consist of: Auricle (pinna)External auditory canal Tympanic membrane (Ear drum)
Auricle It is flap of elastic cartilage It is covered by skin Rim of auricle is called helix Inferior portion is called lobule
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Auricle
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External auditory canal
Curved tube 2.5cm longIt is a thin, semitransparent partition between external
auditory canal and middle ear.It is covered by epidermisLined by simple cuboidal epithelium It lies in temporal bone and leads from auricle to ear drum
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Conti…..Between the epithelial layer is connective tissue layer Connective tissue layer is composed of collagen, elastic
fibers and fibroblast Near the external opening the external auditory canal
contains a few hairs and ceruminous glands. Ceruminous glands secrete the cerumen (ear wax)Combination of hairs and cerumen helps prevent dust and
foreign objects from entering the ear
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Middle ear
Middle ear is small, air filled cavity in temporal bone It is lined by epithelium It is separated from external ear by ear drum It separated from inner ear by oval window The structures of middle ear are:
Tympanic membrane OssiclesOval window Eustachian tube
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Tympanic membrane
It is pearly gray This is a three-layered structure
Outer layer is skinConnective tissue Inner layer is respiratory epithelium
A part of the first of the ossicles, the long process of the malleus, is embedded in the lower part of the tympanic membrane
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Conti…This ends at a point known as the umboThe anterior and posterior malleolar folds divide the
tympanic membrane into two distinct parts: Upper pars flaccida Lower pars tensa.
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Auditory OssiclesThese are the smallest three bones of the body Connected by synovial joints
Malleus = Hammer Incus Stapes
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MalleusWord malleus is Latin for hammerIt is the first bone of the middle earThe handle of malleus is attached with internal
surface of eardrum Head of malleus is attached with body of incus. The primary function of the malleus is the
transmission of sound waves or vibrations from the eardrum to the incus
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Malleus
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Incus (Anvil)
It is second bone Articulates with head of stapes located in between the malleus and the stapesThe incus transmits vibrations from the malleus to the stapes
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Incus
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Stapes Stapes is the third and final bone of the middle earIt is the smallest and lightest bone of the human bodyThe stapes connects to the incus on the outward side
and to the oval window on the inward side.The primary function of the stapes is transmitting
sound waves from the incus to the membrane of the inner ear.
The base or footplate of stapes is fits into oval window
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Eustachian TubeThe middle ear is an air-filled spaceIt consists of both bone and hyaline cartilage This runs from the middle ear to the naso-pharynx
behind the nose.It is normally closed at pharyngeal end During swallowing and yawing it opens
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Eustachian Tube
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Middle ear muscles There are two muscles in the middle ear:
Tensor tympani muscle Stapedius muscle
Tensor tympani muscle The tensor tympani runs in a canal along the roof of
the Eustachian tubeThe tendon attaches to the handle of the malleus. The muscle is supplied by a branch of the mandibular
branch of the trigeminal (fifth cranial) nerve
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Stapedius muscle
The stapedius is the smallest skeleton muscle in the body
Nerve supply by branch of the facial (seventh cranial)Attach with stapes Contractions are reflex, initiated by loud sounds, and
when it contracts it pulls the stapes posteriorly, so tilting its footplate
limits the potential damage caused by loud noise
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Middle Ear muscles
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Inner Ear It is also called as labyrinth Two main divisions of labyrinth
Outer Bony labyrinthInner membranous labyrinth
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Outer Bony labyrinth
Bony labyrinth is a series of cavities in the temporal bone
It is divided into three regions Semicircular canals Vestibule Cochlea
Bony labyrinth is lined with periosteum and contains perilymph
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Inner membranous labyrinth
It is series of sacs and tubes inside of bony labyrinth membranous labyrinth is lined with epithelium It contains endolymph The level of potassium ions are high in endolymph Potassium ions generates the of auditory signalsVestibule It is oval central portion of bonylibrinth Membranous labyrinth consists of two sacs.
Utricle Saccule
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Saccule and Utricle The walls of both Saccule and Utricle contain small
thickened region is called macula. Pleural maculae Contains receptor for static equilibrium Maintains poster and balance Maculae contains two type of cells
Hair cells Supporting cells
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Semicircular canals They are named:
Anterior Semicircular canals Posterior Semicircular canals Lateral Semicircular canals
Anterior and posterior are vertically oriented lateral is horizontally oriented Contains criste, site of hair cells, maintain static equilibrium AmpulaOne end of each canal is swollen enlargement is called ampula
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Cochlea Snail shaped Bony spiral canal Divided into three channels
Cochlear duct Scala vestibuli Scala tampani
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Labyrinth
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Organ of Corti It is also known as spiral organ Coiled sheet of epithelial cells
Supporting cells Hair cells
Two groups of hair cells Inner hair cells Outer cells
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Physiology of Hearing 1. Auricle directs sound waves into external auditory
canal2. When sound waves strike eardrum that cause
eardrum to vibrate 3. The central area of Ear drum is connected to malleus
which starts to vibrate. The vibration is transmitted from malleus to incus then to stapes
4. As a stapes moves back and forth it pushes the membrane of oval window in and out
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Conti….5. The movements of the oval window sets up fluid
pressure waves in the perilymph.6. The oval window bulges inward it pushes on
perilymph of scala vestibuli.7. The pressure waves transmitted from scala vestibuli
to scala tempani 8. As a pressure deform the walls of scala vestibuli to
scala tempani, they push the vestibular membrane back and forth creating the pressure waves in the endolymph inside the cochlear duct.
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conti……8. The pressure waves in endolymph cause basilar
membrane to vibrate, which moves hair cells in the spiral organ against the tectorial membrane.
9. Bending of hair cells stereocilia produces receptor potential that lead to generation of nerve impulses.
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Thank youMaghan Das