Respiratory system presenation by maghan das
-
Upload
maghan-das -
Category
Health & Medicine
-
view
111 -
download
0
Transcript of Respiratory system presenation by maghan das
Respiratory System
By: Maghan DasBscN Student atDow University of Health SciencesMaghan Das
Respiratory System RESPIRATORY SYSTEM CONSIST OF: NOSE PHARYNX (THROAT)LARYNX (VOICE BOX) TRACHEA (WIND PIPE) BRONCHI BRONCHIOLES ALVEOLI
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchioles
Nose
AlveoliMaghan Das
Maghan Das
Conti:
Structurally respiratory system consist of two parts
The upper Respiratory System The lower Respiratory System
The upper Respiratory System Nose Pharynx
Maghan Das
The Lower Respiratory SystemConti:
Larynx (Voice Box) Trachea (Wind Pipe) Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli
Maghan Das
Conti
Functionally, the reparatory system is consists of:
The conducting zone
The respiratory zone
Maghan Das
The conducting zone
The conducting zone consist on: Nose Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Terminal Bronchioles
Function
( filter, warm and filter the air)
Maghan Das
The respiratory zone
Respiratory Bronchioles Alveolar ducts Alveolar sac Alveoli
Function (Gas exchanges between air and blood)
Maghan Das
Nose
Nose can be divided into external and internal portions.
External Nose The external nose consists of a supporting framework of bone and
hyaline cartilage. Frontal bone, nasal bone, maxillae form bony framework of the
external nose. The cartilages framework of external nose consists of:
Septal cartilages Lateral nasal cartilages Alar cartilages
Maghan Das
Internal nose
Internal nose is a large cavity in the anterior aspects of the skull.
It lies interior to nasal bone and superior to mouth.
It lined with muscle and mucous membrane The space between internal nose is called
nasal cavity. Interior portion of the nasal cavity just
inside the nostrils called vestibule.
Maghan Das
Conti
Mucous secreted by the goblet cells moistens the air and traps the air particles.
Maghan Das
Olfactory Nerve
Maghan Das
Nose
Maghan Das
Nose
Maghan Das
Nose
Maghan Das
Pharynx
It is funnel shaped tube about 13cm long. It is chamber shared by digestive and respiratory
system. It starts at the internal nares and extends to the
level of cricoid cartilage. Pharynx can be divided into three anatomical
regions. Nasopharynx (Superior portion) Oropharynx (Intermediate portion) Laryngopharynx (Inferior portion)
Maghan Das
Maghan Das
Pharynx
Maghan Das
Larynx
Larynx or voice box is a short passageway that connects the laryngopharynx with trachea.
It lies on the midline of neck anterior to esophagus and through 4th to 6th cervical vertebrae.
The wall of larynx is composed of nine pieces of cartilage.
Three cartilages occurs singly Thyroid cartilage Epiglottis Cricoid cartilage
Maghan Das
Conti:
Other three occurs in pairs Arytenoid cartilages Cuneiform cartilages Corniculate cartilages
Maghan Das
Thyroid cartilage
It is also known as Adam’s Apple
It consists of two fused plates of hyaline cartilage.
It is present in both male and female
It is usually larger in males due to male sex hormone (testosterone) in puberty.
Maghan Das
Epiglottis
It is large leaf like piece of elastic cartilage
and covered with epithelium During the swallowing, the pharynx and
larynx rise. Elevation of pharynx widens it to receive food or drink
Elevation of larynx causes the epiglottis to move down and form a lid over glottis, closing it off.
Maghan Das
Cricoid Cartilage
It is a ring of hyaline cartilage and forms the inferior wall of the larynx
Arytenoid Cartilage It is paired Arytenoid Cartilages It is triangular pieces of hyaline cartilages. They attach the vocal folds and intrinsic
pharyngeal muscles
Maghan Das
Corniculate cartilages
It is paired cartilages. It is like small horn Small horn shaped pieces are made up by elastic
cartilage. It is located at apex of each arytenoid cartilages. They are supporting structures of epiglottis. Cuneiform Cartilages It is paired Cuneiform Cartilages. It is composed of club shaped elastic cartilages. It supports the vocal cards Maghan Das
Trachea
It is also known as wind pipe. It is tubular passageway for air It is 12cm long and 2.5cm in diameter. It is located anterior to esophagus. It is divided into right primary and left primary bronchi
Layers of tracheal wall
Mucosa Submucosa Hyaline cartilage Adventitia Maghan Das
Conti:
The walls of trachea are supported by 20 tracheal cartilages.
Tracheal cartilages are like C shaped. These C shaped cartilages stiffen the
tracheal wall and protects its collapse Adventitia of the trachea is consists of
areolar connective tissues
Maghan Das
Bronchi
At the superior border of the 5th thoracic vertebrae, trachea divides into right primary bronchi and left primary bronchi which goes into lungs.
The right bronchi is more vertical, shorter, wider than left primary bronchi.
It is lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
At the point where trachea divides into right and left is known as carina.
Maghan Das
Conti:
The primary bronchi divides into secondary bronchi (Lobar bronchi.
The secondary bronchi divides into 9 or 10 tertiary bronchi (Segmental bronchi)
Tertiary bronchi divides into bronchioles. Bronchioles divides into terminal bronchioles. The terminal bronchioles divides into respiratory
bronchioles. This extensive branching is known as bronchial
tree
Maghan Das
Maghan Das
Alveolar ducts
Respiratory bronchioles open into expensive chambers called Alveolar ducts.
These passageway ends at alveolar sacs.
Alveolar sacs It is common chambers connected to
individual alveoli
Maghan Das
Alveoli
Alveoli is a cup shaped out pouching lined by simple squamous epithelium.
Alveolar cells Type 1 alveolar cells: It is simple squamous epithelial cells. It is main sites of gas exchange.
Maghan Das
Type 11 alveolar cells:
It is also known as septal cells. It secretes the alveolar fluid, which moist the air. It produces the surfactant. Surfactant is complex mixture of phospholipids and
lipoprotein. Surfactant lowers the surface tension of alveolar fluid,
which reduces the tendency of alveoli to collapse.
Alveolar macrophages (Duct cells):It removes the fine dust or other debris from the alveolar sacs Maghan Das
Maghan Das
Respiratory Zone of Lower Respiratory Tract
Maghan Das
Lungs
Lungs are paired, cone-shaped organs in the thoracic cavity. They are separated from each other by the heart and other
structures in the mediastinum. The outer covering of lungs is called pleura. Pleura is composed of pleural membrane. Pleural membrane has two layers
Partial pleura Visceral pleura Pleural fluid lubricates the both membranes and
prevents from friction
Maghan Das
Conti:
Lungs extend from the diaphragm to just slightly superior to the clavicles and lie against the ribs anteriorly and posteriorly.
Broad inferior portion is base which is concave.
Narrow superior portion is called apex.
Maghan Das
Blood Supply to lungs
Pulmonary arteries Pulmonary vein Bronchial arteries( it the branch of aorta
which deliver the blood to the lungs)
Maghan Das
Respiratory System Functions
Transfer of O2 (Oxygen) from atmosphere to tissues
Transfer the CO2 ( Carbon Dioxide) from the tissues to the air
Produces sound
Contains receptors for smell
Maghan Das
Breathing
Breathing (pulmonary ventilation). consists of two cyclic phases:
Inhalation, also called inspiration - draws gases into the lungs.
Exhalation, also called expiration - forces gases out of the lungs
Maghan Das
Maghan Das
Pulmonary ventilation = exchange of gases between lungs and atmosphere
External respiration = exchange of gases between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries
Internal respiration = exchange of gases between systemic capillaries and tissue cells
Respiratory events
Maghan Das
Maghan Das
References
Tortora, J. G., Derrichson, B. (2006).Principles of Anatomy and Physiology. (11th ed). USA: New York. John Willey 7 sons , Inc.
Martini, H. F. (200). Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology. (2nd ed). USA: New Jersey. Prentice Hall.
Maghan Das