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1. What do you mean by Titration?

Sir, Titration is the process of adding the certain reactants to achieve the equilibrium. Those who

have taken college chemistry are familiar with the acid-base titration involving a color changingindicator. There are many other types of titrations such as potentiometric titrations. These

titrations may use different types of indicators to reach some equivalence point.

2. What do you mean by Gravimetric analysis?

Sir, Gravimetric analysis involves in the determination of the amount of material present by

weighing the sample before and after some transformation.

3. What are the functions of Spectroscopy?

Sir, the functions of Spectroscopy is to measures the interaction of the molecules with

electromagnetic radiation. It consists of many different applications such as atomic absorptionspectroscopy, atomic emission spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, -ray fluorescence

spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, !aman spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance

spectroscopy, photoemission spectroscopy etc.

4. What do you mean by Crystalloraphy?

Sir, it is a technique that characteri"es the chemical structure of materials at the atomic level byanaly"ing the diffraction patterns of usually -rays that have been deflected by atoms in the

material. #rom the raw data the relative placement of atoms in space may be determined.

!. What do you mean by the process of Separation?

Sir, separation processes are used to decrease the compleity of material mitures.

$hromatography and electrophoresis is representative of this field.

". What do you mean by #icroscopy?

%ell sir, the microscopy is the visuali"ation of single molecules, single cells, biological tissues

and nano- micro materials which is a very important and attractive approach in analyticalscience.

$. What do you mean by Calibration Curve?

This is the standard method which allows for determination of the amount of a chemical in a

material by comparing the results of unknown sample to those of a series known standards.

%& What is the difference bet'een Colorimetry and Spectrophotometry?

Colorimetry

This is the technique used to determine the concentration of a solution having color. It measuresthe intensity of color and relates the intensity to the concentration of the sample. In colorimetry,

the color of the sample is compared with a color of a standard in which the color is known.

$olorimeter is the equipment used to measure the colored samples and give the appropriate

absorptions.

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Spectrophotometry

Spectrophotometer is the instruments used in this technique. It has two main parts, the

spectrometer, which produces the light with a selected color, and the photometer, whichmeasures the intensity of light. There is a cuvette where we can place our liquid sample. The

liquid sample will have a color, and it absorbs the complementary color of it when a light beamis passed through that. The color intensity of the sample is related to the concentration of the

substance in the sample. Therefore, that concentration can be determined by the etent of absorption of light at the given wavelength.

&ain diff'-

( ) colorimeter quantifies color by measuring three primary color components of light *red,

green, blue+, whereas spectrophotometer measures the precise color in the human-visible lightwavelengths. .

( $olorimetry uses fied wavelengths, which are in the visible range only, but spectrophotometrycan use wavelengths in a wider range * and I! also+.

( $olorimeter measures the absorbance of light, whereas the spectrophotometer measures the

amount of light that passes through the sample.