Analysis of the ‘probability of persistence’€¦ · species with low persistence ratings that...

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March 2019

Prepared by

Rodney van der Ree and Noemie Seck

Ecology & Infrastructure International

and

Port Phillip and Westernport Catchment

Management Authority

By

International Pty Ltd.

Analysis of the ‘probability of persistence’

of native animal species in the Port Phillip

and Western Port region from 1839 to 2016

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Acknowledgements

Thanks to Will Steele from Melbourne Water and Andrew Silcocks from BirdLife Australia for

extracting wildlife sighting records from their databases.

Rodney van der Ree and Noemie Seck (2019).

Analysis of the ‘probability of persistence’ of native animal species in the Port Phillip and

Western Port region from 1839 to 2016.

Report prepared with the Port Phillip & Westernport Catchment Management Authority.

Ecology and Infrastructure International Pty Ltd.

PO Box 6031 Wantirna 3152 Victoria Australia

Tel: 0412 562 429 – E: [email protected]

www.ecologyandinfructure.com

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Table of contents

Table of contents ................................................................................................................. 3

Key points ............................................................................................................................ 5

1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 8

2. Methods ........................................................................................................................ 9

2.1 Sources of data ......................................................................................................... 9

2.2 Quantitative methods to infer species persistence .................................................. 10

2.3 Reporting Areas ...................................................................................................... 11

2.4 Reporting Area indicative ratings ............................................................................ 12

3. Results ........................................................................................................................ 13

3.1 Results by taxonomic group .................................................................................... 14

3.1.1 Fish .............................................................................................................. 14

3.1.2 Amphibians ................................................................................................... 17

3.1.3 Reptiles ........................................................................................................ 20

3.1.4 Birds ............................................................................................................. 23

3.1.5 Mammals ...................................................................................................... 26

3.2 Results by Reporting Area ...................................................................................... 29

3.2.1 Bass Coast, South Gippsland & Islands ....................................................... 29

3.2.2 Casey, Cardinia and Baw Baw ..................................................................... 32

3.2.3 Macedon Ranges, Hume, Mitchell & Whittlesea ........................................... 35

3.2.4 Moorabool, Melton, Wyndham & Greater Geelong ....................................... 38

3.2.5 Mornington Peninsula ................................................................................... 41

3.2.6 Greater Melbourne ....................................................................................... 44

3.2.7 Yarra Ranges and Nillumbik ......................................................................... 47

3.2.8 Summary of Reporting Areas and overall indicative ratings ......................... 50

4. Discussion .................................................................................................................. 51

4.1 Overall findings ....................................................................................................... 51

4.2 Observations of sites of record collections .............................................................. 52

4.3 Major factors that may be impacting on species persistence .................................. 53

4.4 Limitations ............................................................................................................... 54

5. References ................................................................................................................. 56

Appendix 1. Probability of persistence of fish species by Reporting Area ......................... 57

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Appendix 2. Probability of persistence of amphibian species by Reporting Area ............... 59

Appendix 3. Probability of persistence of reptile species by Reporting Area ..................... 60

Appendix 4. Probability of persistence of bird species by Reporting Area. ........................ 63

Appendix 5. Probability of persistence of mammal species by Reporting Area ................. 78

List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... 80

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Key points

1. This report shines light on the diversity and persistence of native animal species in the Port

Phillip & Western Port region.

2. It calculates the probability that each species of native fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and

mammals are persisting in areas of the region at the end of 2016.

3. It is a repeat of the same analysis undertaken at 2005-06 and therefore provides an insight

into recent trends for individual species and the taxonomic groups.

4. An important change since 2005-06 is that there has been a substantial increase in species

records due to the contributions of government agencies that manage species databases

and the public through citizen science programs.

5. There were 425,443 records of native species for 1839 to 2006. In the past decade, the

number of records has increased by more than 7-fold.

6. This report now draws on 3,079,470 records from between 1839 and the end of 2016.

7. With the influx of data, this assessment sees 627 native species now recorded as having

occurred in the region at some time since 1839.

8. In general, birds and amphibians seem to have fared the best in retaining species whereas

fish species generally show the greatest declines.

9. Each of the seven terrestrial 'Reporting Areas' has an overall persistence rate of between 71-

78% of the total number of species recorded as occurring there (Table 1). Ratings for each

taxonomic group in each Reporting Area are shown in Figure 1.

Table 1: Summary of species persistence at the end of 2016 in each Reporting Area

Reporting Areas Number and percentage of species likely to be persisting

Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals Total

Bass Coast, South Gippsland & Islands 2/15

(13%)

6/10

(60%)

11/22

(50%)

217/274

(79%)

19/34

(56%)

255/355

(72%)

Casey, Cardinia & Baw Baw 8/26

(31%)

10/16

(63%)

19/30

(63%)

236/291

(81%)

29/41

(71%)

302/404

(75%)

Macedon Ranges, Hume, Mitchell &

Whittlesea

5/20

(25%)

13/16

(81%)

21/34

(62%)

235/279

(84%)

32/43

(74%)

306/392

(78%)

Moorabool, Melton, Wyndham &

Greater Geelong

4/20

(20%)

10/13

(77%)

18/34

(53%)

284/337

(84%)

33/41

(80%)

349/445

(78%)

Mornington Peninsula 5/18

(28%)

11/13

(85%)

16/26

(62%)

225/295

(76%)

17/33

(52%)

274/385

(71%)

Greater Melbourne 18/32

(56%)

15/20

(75%)

33/39

(82%)

303/374

(81%)

29/49

(59%)

397/514

(77%)

Yarra Ranges & Nillumbik 13/26

(50%)

11/14

(79%)

22/37

(59%)

228/277

(82%)

37/46

(80%)

311/400

(78%)

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Figure 1: Reporting Areas within the Port Philip & Westernport CMA region and their indicative ratings of species persistence for each taxonomic group

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10. This report includes a table in Section 3.2 for each of the Reporting Areas that identifies

species with low persistence ratings that are useful priorities for future professional, student

or community monitoring to ensure the ratings are as accurate as possible.

11. This study draws on existing databases and is an objective, repeatable method for

calculating the probability of a species persisting in a given area. However, there are

limitations to the methods used in this study, primarily that it doesn’t assess the health or

range of species populations. For example, a species such as the Helmeted Honeyeater can

have a small population, a confined range and be listed as a threatened species but have a

high persistence rating in that area because sightings are regularly recorded. Conversely,

some species may be relatively common in an area but if the databases do not contain

recent records of sightings then the probability of persistence can be low.

12. This analysis for the Port Phillip & Western Port region could be undertaken for local areas

across the other catchment management regions of Victoria to develop a state-wide picture

of species diversity, persistence and trends.

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1. Introduction

In 2008, the Port Philip & Westernport Catchment Authority (PPWCMA) commissioned a project to

calculate the probability of persistence of native vertebrate taxa within its region (Caryl et al. 2008).

This work was commissioned to analyse the diversity and persistence of native animal species as

a component of the PPWCMA's reporting on catchment condition and for use by many

organisations working together in environmental management.

The assessment of species persistance used all records of species sightings in the region from

accessible databases including the Atlas of Victorian Wildlife (now known as the Victorian

Biodiversity Atlas or VBA), Atlas of Australian Birds from Birds Australia, the Atlas of Living

Australia and the frog census data and fish census data from Melbourne Water.

Using a series of peer-reviewed formula (McCarthy 1998; van der Ree & McCarthy 2005), the

study analysed the patterns of records of each species within seven areas of the region and

assigned each species with a probability that it persisted at the end of 2005 or 2006 (depending on

the taxonomic group).

The report found that the proportion of species that were probably extant at the end of the study

period varied significantly across taxonomic groups (Caryl et al. 2008).

In 2018, Ecology and Infrastructure International Pty Ltd was engaged by the PPWCMA to

recalculate the likelihood that species were extant using an additional 10 years of data (i.e. from

2005 or 2006 to the end of 2016). This report summarises the probability of all native vertebrate

species previously recorded in the area remaining extant at the end of 2016.

The format and structure of this report is modelled on the earlier report to facilitate comparisons

between reporting periods.

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2. Methods

The methods used in this re-analysis are identical to those used in the 2005-06 analysis.

2.1 Sources of data

Records of vertebrate fauna within the PPWCMA region were obtained from:

the Victorian Biodiversity Atlas;

the Atlas of Living Australia

Melbourne Water Frog Census data;

Melbourne Water Fish Census data; and

the Birdlife Australia database.

Records were extracted from their respective data sources in April and May 2018 and were filtered

to ensure a minimum standard for all records. All records up to 31 December 2016 were used in

the analysis.

Records where species identification was tentative (e.g. identified only to genus level) or date of

observation was missing were deleted from the dataset before analysis, as were any duplicate

records. Multiple sightings of a species at a single site on the same day were recorded as a single

sighting in order to eliminate non-independence in the dataset before analysis (McCarthy, 1998).

Other records that were omitted from analysis were those where the location was obviously

incorrect (e.g. terrestrial species occurring in marine environments), and those of non-native

species that were introduced after initial European settlement (e.g. cats Felis catus). Fish were

only included in the analysis if they occurred in freshwater or used both freshwater and marine

habitats. Dingoes (Canis familiaris) were also excluded from the analyses due to the potential for

hybridisation with domestic dogs making it difficult to distinguish between the two (van der Ree,

2004). Other species that may have been wild or aviary escapees (e.g Budgerigar) were included

as it was beyond the scope of this project to inspect all records and attempt to determine the

source of the sighting behind the record. Records where subspecies were identified were typically

grouped as a single species. In marine Reporting Areas (Port Phillip Bay and Westernport Bay),

records of marine mammals, reptiles and fish were excluded from the analysis, meaning only

information about avian species was included for these two areas. Finally, all records were

assigned to a single Reporting Area after their location co-ordinates had been mapped using

QGIS.

The surge in citizen science programs over the past decade means that other databases of

species records may exist which may not have been added to the VBA or other readily-accessible

databases. For the future, there would be benefit in bringing such databases together so the data

is consolidated, up-to-date and easily accessible.

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2.2 Quantitative methods to infer species persistence

Several different methods have been used to infer species persistence (Solow 1993; Burgman et

al. 1995; McCarthy 1998; Solow & Roberts 2003), and each method is sensitive to different

characteristics of the collection record (van der Ree & McCarthy 2005). For example McCarthy’s

(1998) modified version of Solow’s (1993) original formulae takes into account changes in

collection effort, which may vary over time. These methods are essentially forms of time series

analysis run on species’ presence or absence data, which are sensitive to runs of absences of

sightings in collection records. The basic idea in each of these methods being that confidence in

the continued existence of a species is greater the more recently it has been sighted, or

conversely, species are less likely to be extant if they have not been observed for an extended

duration at the end of the observation period. However, the probabilities returned by these

equations do not provide the probability that the species is extant (van der Ree & McCarthy, 2005),

but rather the probability that a run of species absences at the end of an observation period would

occur by chance alone. Small P-values suggest that the observed run of absences at the end of a

recording period are unlikely to occur if the species is still extant, implying a decline in the range of

a species (McCarthy, 1998).

For the purpose of this report, the probability of a species being extant is more readily interpreted

measure than the probability that absences did not occur by chance, for which a Bayesian

formulation of Solow’s (1993) equation is required (van der Ree & McCarthy, 2005). The posterior

probability of the species being extant was calculated as:

)1/(]1)/[(1

11

NtT

pN

where N is the number of times the species was recorded between time 0 and time T, and t is the

time when the species was last recorded. The prior probability of the species being extant in the

last year of recording for each taxonomic group was assumed to be 0.5. This prior probability is the

probability of the species being extant in the last year of recording prior to considering the sighting

data. P-values resulting from this formula lie between 0 and 1.0, where P = 1.0 demonstrates that

the species was certainly still extant at the end of the recording period.

The probability of persistence (P) is a score between 0 and 1.0. It is assessed for each species in each area. P of 1.0 means the species was certain to be persisting at the end of the recording period. P >0.5 means it is more likely to be extant in that area rather than extinct, and P <0.5 means it is more likely to be extinct than extant.

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2.3 Reporting Areas

The following reporting areas have been selected by the PPWCMA to be used for this assessment.

These areas were selected because:

the scale of these areas was considered appropriate for this particular analysis;

Council boundaries are well-understood by communities of the region; and

the areas broadly relate to different ecological systems operating in the region today.

Figure 2: Reporting Areas

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2.4 Reporting Area indicative ratings

The Bayesian formula described in Section 2.2 was used to investigate the probability that each

faunal species known to have occurred within the Reporting Area was extant at the end of the

recording period (i.e. end of 2016). The probability of persistence was calculated for every faunal

species within each Reporting Area for which there were sufficient data to perform calculations;

this required a minimum of three or more independent observations per Reporting Area. Species

with fewer records than this were assigned as “inadequate records”. Inadequate records may result

from a species having a cryptic nature, making it difficult to survey and/or detect, or because the

species was transiently passing through the area and is not normally resident within the Reporting

Area. However, in a large number of cases inadequate records were likely to have occurred

because the species has gone extinct, or become so rare as to make detection unlikely.

The results for each species were then grouped taxonomically (as fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds

or mammals) and by Reporting Area, allowing for different aspects of interpretation of results. Each

species was allocated to a probability band for extantness, ≥0.95, 0.94-0.75, 0.74-0.50, <0.50 and

insufficient records (too few records to enable a score to be legitimately calculated).

A species in the highest band meant that that species was almost certain to still be extant within

that Reporting Area, whereas there was a greater chance that a species in the <0.50 probability

band would be extinct rather than extant. The proportion of species within each of these bands is

presented both by taxonomic group (Section 3.1) and by Reporting Area (Section 3.2).

To generate an indicative rating of faunal health for each Reporting Area, the number of species

that are most likely to be extant within that Reporting Area (i.e. those ≥0.50) are calculated as a

proportion of the number of species that have ever been recorded within that Reporting Area

(including those species with inadequate records):

A+ = ≥90%

A = 80-89%

B = 70-79%

C = 60-69%

D = 50-59%

E = <50%

For example, a Reporting Area with an indicative rating of A+ for a particular taxonomic group has

likely retained at least 90% of the native species of that group that have ever been recorded there,

whereas a Reporting Area with an indicative rating of E has likely retained less than half of its

species.

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3. Results

A total of 3,079,740 records of 627 species were made within the PPWCMA area between 1839

and the end of 2016. A full account of the probability of persistence of each species within each of

the seven reporting areas is given in Appendices 1 to 5.

In all tables of results, the results from the 2005-06 analysis are provided along with the 2016

results, with the latter always highlighted in light blue.

The first obvious difference between the 2005-06 and 2016 analyses was the increase in the total

number of records of wildlife, from 437,845 to over 3 million records. The probable reason for this

major increase is recent targeted surveys as part of various planning investigations by local and

state government and a proliferation of citizen science survey programs. A positive consequence

of this effort is a greater reliability in the results of the analysis.

The second major difference is the increase in the number of species recorded as having occurred

in the region, which increased from 504 to 627. This increase is likely due to a combination of:

splitting of some species into multiple species;

the arrival of new species into the area either as vagrants, deliberate introductions or

releases of pets;

first records of species being added to the databases for the area; and

potential misidentifications.

It would be a potentially-informative analysis to investigate the new species and attempt to discern

the source or cause of the new detection.

The results for each taxonomic group and Reporting Area are provided in Sections 3.1 and 3.2

respectively. The detailed results for each species are included in the appendices.

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3.1 Results by taxonomic group

3.1.1 Fish

A total of 8,248 records of 38 species of freshwater fish were utilised for this 2016 analysis (records collected between 1863 and the end of 2016),

compared with 5,106 records of the same 38 species available for the 2005-06 analysis (records collected between 1863 and 2006).

Table 2: Analysis of native freshwater fish species records within each Reporting Area

Reporting Area No. of records

No. of species

No. and % of species in probability bands Proportion of species ≥0.50

Indicative rating ≥0.95

(Almost certain to be extant)

0.75-O.94 (Highly likely to

be extant)

0.50-0.74 (Likely to be

extant)

<0.50 (Likely to be

extinct)

Insufficient records

Bass Coast, South Gippsland & Islands (2005-06) 57 13 1 1 5 6

Bass Coast, South Gippsland & Islands (2016) 167 15 1

(7%) 1

(7%) 6

(40%) 7

(47%) 13% E

Casey, Cardinia & Baw Baw (2005-06) 1,183 25 11 4 1 6 3

Casey, Cardinia & Baw Baw (2016) 1,534 26 3

(12%) 4

(15%) 1

(4%) 14

(54%) 4

(15%) 31% E

Macedon Ranges, Hume, Mitchell & Whittlesea (2005-06) 520 20 8 1 1 3 7

Macedon Ranges, Hume, Mitchell & Whittlesea (2016) 797 20 3

(15%) 2

(10%) 8

(40%) 7

(35%) 25% E

Moorabool, Melton, Wyndham & Greater Geelong (2005-06) 210 18 8 5 5

Moorabool, Melton, Wyndham & Greater Geelong (2016) 599 20 2

(10%) 2

(10%) 12

(60%) 4

(20%) 20% E

Mornington Peninsula (2005-06) 488 17 8 4 1 4

Mornington Peninsula (2016) 805 18 1

(6%) 4

(22%) 9

(50%) 4

(22%) 28% E

Greater Melbourne (2005-06) 1,223 32 17 5 2 5 3

Greater Melbourne (2016) 2,436 32 6

(19%) 7

(22%) 5

(16%) 12

(38%) 2

(6%) 56% D

Yarra Ranges & Nillumbik (2005-06) 1,425 26 12 1 3 2 8

Yarra Ranges & Nillumbik (2016) 2,060 26 6

(23%) 4

(15%) 3

(12%) 6

(23%) 7

(27%) 50% D

TOTAL (2005-06) 5,106 38

TOTAL (2016) 8,248 38

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Figure 3: Locations of 2006-2016 fish records in the Port Phillip & Westernport region

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Figure 4: Number of native fish species in each probability band in each Reporting Area 2016

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Bass Coast, SouthGippsland & Islands

Casey, Cardinia &Baw Baw

Macedon Ranges,Hume, Mitchell &

Whittlesea

Moorabool, Melton,Wyndham & Greater

Geelong

MorningtonPeninsula

Urban Melbourne Yarra Ranges &Nillumbik

No

. of

spec

ies

reco

rded

as

occ

urr

ing

in t

he

area

20

16

>0.95 - Almost certain to be extant 0.75-O.94 - Highly likely to be extant 0.50-0.74 - Likely to be extant

<0.50 - Likely to be extinct Insufficient records

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3.1.2 Amphibians

A total of 19,140 records of 20 species of amphibians were used for this 2016 analysis (records collected between 1856 and end of 2016), compared

with 10,547 records of 17 species available for the 2005-06 analysis (records collected between 1856 and end of 2005).

Table 3: Analysis of native amphibian species records within each Reporting Area

Reporting Area No. of

records No. of

species





be extant)


extant)

<0.50 (Likely to be

extinct)


Bass Coast, South Gippsland & Islands (2005-06) 298 10 9 1


(60%)

4 (40%)

60% C

Casey, Cardinia & Baw Baw (2005-06) 1269 12 8 1 2 1

Casey, Cardinia & Baw Baw (2016) 2914 16 10

(63%)

2 (13%)

4 (25%)

63% C

Macedon Ranges, Hume, Mitchell & Whittlesea (2005-06) 2198 15 9 1 1 3 1

Macedon Ranges, Hume, Mitchell & Whittlesea (2016) 3944 16 12

(75%) 1

(6%)

2 (13%)

1 (6%)

81%

A

Moorabool, Melton, Wyndham & Greater Geelong (2005-06) 1516 11 7 1 1 2

Moorabool, Melton, Wyndham & Greater Geelong (2016) 3431 13 9

(69%) 1

(8%)

2 (15%)

1 (8%)

77% B

Mornington Peninsula (2005-06) 747 12 9 1 1 1

Mornington Peninsula (2016) 1196 13 9

(69%)

2 (15%)

1 (8%)

1 (8%)

85% A

Greater Melbourne (2005-06) 2506 16 14 2

Greater Melbourne (2016) 4283 20 12

(60%)

3 (15%)

2 (10%)

3 (15%)

75% B

Yarra Ranges & Nillumbik (2005-06) 2013 13 9 1 1 2

Yarra Ranges & Nillumbik (2016) 3028 14 10

(71%)

1 (7%)

2 (14%)

1 (7%)

79% B

TOTAL (2005-06) 10,547 17

TOTAL (2016) 19,140 20

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Figure 5: Locations of 2006-2016 amphibian records in the Port Phillip & Westernport region

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Figure 6: Number of native amphibian species in each probability band in each Reporting Area 2016

0

5

10

15

20




Whittlesea


Geelong

MorningtonPeninsula


No

. of

spec

ies

reco

rded

as

occ

urr

ing

in t

he

area

20

16



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3.1.3 Reptiles

A total of 10,604 records of 45 species of reptiles were used for this 2016 analysis (records collected between 1860 and end of 2016), compared with

8,116 records of 40 species available for the 2005-06 analysis (records collected between 1860 and end of 2005).

Table 4: Analysis of native reptile species records within each Reporting Area


records No. of

species





be extant)


extant)

<0.50 (Likely to be

extinct)


Bass Coast, South Gippsland & Islands (2005-06) 282 22 12 2 1 1 6


(9%) 2

(9%) 7

(32%) 6

(27%) 5

(23%) 50% D

Casey, Cardinia & Baw Baw (2005-06) 672 26 8 5 3 6 4

Casey, Cardinia & Baw Baw (2016) 893 30 12

(40%) 6

(20%) 1

(3%) 4

(13%) 7

(23%) 63% C

Macedon Ranges, Hume, Mitchell & Whittlesea (2005-06) 1,557 34 7 7 3 13 4

Macedon Ranges, Hume, Mitchell & Whittlesea (2016) 2,082 34 19

(56%) 1

(3%) 1

(3%) 10

(29%) 3

(9%) 62% C

Moorabool, Melton, Wyndham & Greater Geelong (2005-06) 1,248 32 7 3 6 13 3

Moorabool, Melton, Wyndham & Greater Geelong (2016) 1,515 34 12

(35%) 4

(12%) 2

(6%) 12

(35%) 4

(12%)

53% D

Mornington Peninsula (2005-06) 801 25 9 10 2 1 3

Mornington Peninsula (2016) 1,074 26 8

(31%) 4

(15%) 4

(15%) 8

(31%) 2

(8%) 62% C



(54%) 8

(21%) 3

(8%) 3

(8%) 4

(10%) 82% A



(54%) 1

(3%) 1

(3%) 11

(30%) 4

(11%) 59% D

TOTAL (2005-06) 8,116 40

TOTAL (2016) 10,604 45

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Figure 7: Locations of 2006-2016 reptile records in the Port Phillip & Westernport region

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Figure 8: Number of native reptile species in each probability band in each Reporting Area

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40




Whittlesea


Geelong

MorningtonPeninsula


No

. of

spec

ies

reco

rded

as

occ

urr

ing

in t

he

area

20

16



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3.1.4 Birds

A total of 3,021,381 records of 463 species of birds were used for this 2016 analysis (records collected between 1856 and end of 2016), compared


Table 5: Analysis of bird species records within each Reporting Area


records No. of

species


Indicative rating

≥0.95 (Almost certain

to be extant)


be extant)


extant)

<0.50 (Likely to be

extinct)


Bass Coast, South Gippsland & Islands (2005-06) 4,330 230 56 53 27 34 60

Bass Coast, South Gippsland & Islands (2016) 96,318 274 188

(69%) 26

(9%) 3

(1%) 23

(8%) 34

(12%) 79% B



(72%) 19

(7%) 8

(3%) 22

(8%) 33

(11%) 81% A



(70%) 33

(12%) 8

(3%) 15

(5%) 29

(10%) 84% A

Moorabool, Melton, Wyndham & Greater Geelong (2005-06) 57,542 305 229 19 7 16 34


(77%) 18

(5%) 7

(2%) 23

(7%) 30

(9%)

84% A

Mornington Peninsula (2005-06) 21,415 251 135 33 18 12 53


(67%) 19

(6%) 7

(2%) 27

(9%) 43

(15%) 76% B


Greater Melbourne (2016) 1,644,783 374 270

(72%) 25

(7%) 8

(2%) 28

(7%) 43

(11%) 81% A



(73%) 18

(6%) 7

(3%) 20

(7%) 29

(10%) 82% A

Port Phillip Bay (2005-06) 6,496 283 48 63 41 46 85

Port Phillip Bay (2016) 53,110 305 194

(64%) 23

(8%) 18

(6%) 22

(7%) 48

(16%) 77% B

Western Port (2005-06) 6,015 258 16 50 35 77 80

Western Port (2016) 12,228 278 132

(47%) 31

(11%) 15

(5%) 50

(18%) 50

(18%) 64% C

TOTAL (2005-06) 399,800 396

TOTAL (2016) 3,021,381 463

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Figure 9: Locations of 2006-2016 bird records in the Port Phillip & Westernport region

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Figure 10: Number of bird species in each probability band in each Reporting Area

0

75

150

225

300

375




Whittlesea


Geelong

MorningtonPeninsula


No

. of

spec

ies

reco

rded

as

occ

urr

ing

in t

he

area

20

16



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3.1.5 Mammals

A total of 20,097 records of 61 species of mammals were used for this 2016 analysis (records collected between 1839 and end of 2016), compared


Table 6: Analysis of native mammal species records within each Reporting Area


records No. of

species





be extant)


extant)

<0.50 (Likely to be

extinct)


Bass Coast, South Gippsland & Islands (2005-06) 458 29 2 6 1 10 10

Bass Coast, South Gippsland & Islands (2016) 1,174 34 6

(18%) 8

(24%) 5

(15%) 9

(26%) 6

(18%) 56% D



(46%) 9

(22%) 1

(2%) 8

(20%) 4

(10%) 71% B



(49%) 8

(19%) 3

(7%) 6

(14%) 5

(12%) 74% B

Moorabool, Melton, Wyndham & Greater Geelong (2005-06) 1,390 35 15 7 8 5


(73%) 1

(2%) 2

(5%) 4

(10%) 4

(10%) 80% A

Mornington Peninsula (2005-06) 1,541 26 5 4 3 8 6


(33%) 3

(9%) 3

(9%) 11

(33%) 5

(15%) 52% D



(43%) 6

(12%) 2

(4%) 12

(24%) 8

(16%) 59% D



(52%) 7

(15%) 6

(13%) 7

(15%) 2

(4%) 80% A

TOTAL (2005-06) 14,276 49

TOTAL (2016) 20,097 61

27 | P a g e

Figure 11: Locations of 2006-2016 mammal records in the Port Phillip & Westernport region

28 | P a g e

Figure 12: Number of native mammal species in each probability band in each Reporting Area

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50




Whittlesea


Geelong

MorningtonPeninsula


No

. of

spec

ies

reco

rded

as

occ

urr

ing

in t

he

area

20

16



29 | P a g e

3.2 Results by Reporting Area

This section summarises the results for each of the seven Reporting Areas in the Port Phillip & Westernport region.

3.2.1 Bass Coast, South Gippsland & Islands

Table 7: Analysis of species within each taxonomic group for the Bass Coast, South Gippsland & Islands Reporting Area

Taxonomic group No. of

records No. of

species





be extant)


extant)

<0.50 (Likely to be

extinct)


Fish (2005-06) 57 13 1 1 5 6

Fish (2016) 167 15 1

(7%)

1 (7%)

6 (40%)

7 (47%)

13% E

Amphibians (2005-06) 298 10 9 1

Amphibians (2016) 344 10 6

(60%)

4 (40%)

60% C

Reptiles (2005-06) 282 22 12 2 1 1 6

Reptiles (2016) 304 22 2

(9%) 2

(9%) 7

(32%) 6

(27%) 5

(23%) 50% D

Birds (2005-06) 4,330 230 56 53 27 34 60

Birds (2016) 96,318 274 188

(69%) 26

(9%) 3

(1%) 23

(8%) 34

(12%) 79% B

Mammals (2005-06) 458 29 2 6 1 10 10

Mammals (2016) 1,174 34 6

(18%) 8

(24%) 5

(15%) 9

(26%) 6

(18%) 56% D

TOTAL (2005-06) 5,425 304

TOTAL (2016) 98,307 355

30 | P a g e

Table 8: Priority species for future survey effort in the Bass Coast, South Gippsland & Islands Reporting Area in order to improve the accuracy of the rating (species for which the probability of persistence rating is <0.75)

Probability band Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Mammals Insufficient records Species for which new records could enable a change to the assessment

Black Bream Blue-spot Goby Broad-finned Galaxias Flat-headed Gudgeon Mountain Galaxias Tamar River Goby Yelloweye Mullet

Tree Dragon/Jacky Dragon Black Rock Skink Bearded Dragon Glossy Grass Skink Eastern Brown Snake

Arctic Jaeger Australasian Bittern Australian Little Bittern Australian Owlet-nightjar Blue Petrel Broad-billed Prion Brown Gerygone Brown Songlark Budgerigar Cockatiel Diamond Firetail Eastern Grass Owl Gould's Petrel Helmeted Honeyeater Kerguelen Petrel Large-billed Scrubwren Lewin's Honeyeater Little Button-quail Little Lorikeet Long-toed Stint Major Mitchell's cockatoo Marsh Sandpiper Osprey Pectoral Sandpiper Restless Flycatcher Salvin's Prion Satin Bowerbird Scarlet Honeyeater Singing Bushlark Southern Fulmar Southern Giant-Petrel White-faced Storm Petrel Wood Sandpiper Yellow-plumed Honeyeater

Eastern Pygmy-possum Mountain Brushtail Possum Rufous-bellied Pademelon Southern Forest Bat Spot-tailed Quoll Swamp Antechinus

<0.50 Species currently likely to be extinct in the area but for which new records may change the assessment

Estuary Perch Flatback Mangrove Goby Macquarie Perch River Blackfish Southern Pigmy Perch Spotted Galaxias

Victorian Smooth Froglet Spotted Marsh Frog Growling Grass Frog Southern Toadlet

Southern Water Skink Weasel Skink / Southern Weasel Skink Garden Skink / Coventry's Skink Common Long-necked Turtle / eastern Long-necked Turtle Swamp Skink / Eastern Mourning Skink McCoy's Skink/Highlands Forest Skink

Baillon's Crake Orange-bellied Parrot Eurasian Skylark Greater Sand Plover Hooded Robin White-capped Albatross Pink-eared Duck Richard's Pipit Australian Reed Warbler

Long-nosed Potoroo Grey-headed Flying-fox Gould's Wattled Bat Yellow-bellied Glider Leadbeater's Possum Platypus Little Forest Bat Lesser Long-eared Bat Large Forest Bat

31 | P a g e

Red-kneed Dotterel Australian Spotted Crake Northern Giant-Petrel Noisy Friarbird House Crow White-shouldered Triller Grey-headed Albatross Black Kite White-fronted Tern Barking Owl Brush Bronzewing Long-billed Corella Fairy Prion Cape Petrel

0.50-0.74 Species currently likely to be extant in the area but for which the assessment may increase or decrease quickly depending on future record sightings

Tupong White's Skink Metallic Skink Tiger Snake Delicate Skink Common/Eastern Blue-tongued Lizard Southern Grass Skink White-lipped Snake

Black-tailed Godwit Jacky Winter Clamorous Reed Warbler

White-footed dunnart Sugar Glider New Zealand Fur-seal Feathertail Glider

32 | P a g e

3.2.2 Casey, Cardinia and Baw Baw

Table 9: Analysis of species within each taxonomic group for for Casey, Cardinia and Baw Baw Reporting Area

Taxonomic group No. of records

No. of species





be extant)


extant)

<0.50 (Likely to be

extinct)


Fish (2005-06) 1183 25 11 4 1 6 3

Fish (2016) 1534 26 3

(12%) 4

(15%) 1

(4%) 14

(54%) 4

(15%) 31% E

Amphibians (2005-06) 1269 12 8 1 2 1

Amphibians (2016) 2914 16 10

(63%)

2 (13%)

4 (25%)

63% C

Reptiles (2005-06) 672 26 8 5 3 6 4

Reptiles (2016) 893 30 12

(40%) 6

(20%) 1

(3%) 4

(13%) 7

(23%) 63% C

Birds (2005-06) 47,806 253 170 18 9 11 45

Birds (2016) 245,997 291 209

(72%) 19

(7%) 8

(3%) 22

(8%) 33

(11%) 81% A

Mammals (2005-06) 1,264 39 12 11 4 7 5

Mammals (2016) 2,459 41 19

(46%) 9

(22%) 1

(2%) 8

(20%) 4

(10%) 71% B

TOTAL (2005-06) 52,194 355

TOTAL (2016) 253,797 404

33 | P a g e

Table 10: Priority species for future survey effort in the Casey, Cardinia & Baw Baw Reporting Area in order to improve the accuracy of the rating (species for which the probability of persistence rating is <0.75)


Australian Mudfish Chinook Salmon Mountain Galaxias Western Carp Gudgeon

Dendy's Toadlet Eastern Dwarf Tree Frog Plains Froglet Smooth Frog

Bearded Dragon Common Scaly-foot Cunningham's Skink Eastern Water Skink Marbled Gecko Southern Grass Skink Spencer's Skink

Antarctic Prion Arctic Tern Atlantic Yellow-nosed Albatross Australasian Figbird Australian Little Bittern Australian Painted Snipe Australian Ringneck Banded Stilt Black Bittern Black-tailed Godwit Budgerigar Chestnut-breasted Mannikin Fuscous Honeyeater Gilbert's Whistler Great Knot Grey-tailed Tattler Helmeted Guineafowl Letter-winged Kite Little Curlew Major Mitchell's cockatoo Marsh Sandpiper New Zealand Fantail Orange-bellied Parrot Oriental Pratincole Pacific Golden Plover Purple-crowned Lorikeet Red Knot Short-tailed Shearwater Singing Bushlark Spectacled Monarch Tawny Grassbird Western Gerygone White-breasted Woodswallow

Brush-tailed Phascogale Eastern False Pipistrelle Eastern Quoll White-footed dunnart


Pouched Lamprey Southern Pigmy Perch Common Galaxias Short-headed Lamprey River Blackfish Black Bream Estuary Perch Broad-finned Galaxias Ornate Galaxias Macquarie Perch

Common Spadefoot Toad Victorian Smooth Froglet

Southern Water Skink Black Rock Skink Highland Copperhead Bougainville's Skink

Richard's Pipit Clamorous Reed Warbler White-shouldered Triller Song Thrush Brown Treecreeper (south-eastern ssp.) Black-faced Woodswallow Terek Sandpiper King Quail Whimbrel White-browed Woodswallow

White-striped Freetail Bat New Holland Mouse Platypus Swamp Antechinus Common Bent-wing Bat Broad-toothed Rat Gould's Long-eared Bat Mountain Brushtail Possum

34 | P a g e

Yelloweye Mullet Long-finned Eel Tamar River Goby Australian Smelt

Magpie Goose Plains-wanderer Baillon's Crake Zebra Dove Stubble Quail Dollarbird Peaceful Dove Broad-billed Sandpiper Yellow-plumed Honeyeater Red-capped Plover Red-necked Avocet Pied Butcherbird


Murray Cod

Glossy Grass Skink Black-tailed Native-hen Banded Lapwing Noisy Friarbird Diamond Dove Helmeted Honeyeater Grey-crowned Babbler Black Kite Scarlet Honeyeater

Water Rat

35 | P a g e

3.2.3 Macedon Ranges, Hume, Mitchell & Whittlesea

Table 11: Analysis of species within each taxonomic group for Macedon Ranges, Hume, Mitchell & Whittlesea Reporting Area


records No. of

species No. and % of species in probability bands Proportion of

species ≥0.50 Indicative

rating ≥0.95 (Almost certain

to be extant)


be extant)


extant)

<0.50 (Likely to be

extinct)


Fish (2005-06) 520 20 8 1 1 3 7

Fish (2016) 797 20 3

(15%) 2

(10%) 8

(40%) 7

(35%) 25% E

Amphibians (2005-06) 2198 15 9 1 1 3 1

Amphibians (2016) 3944 16 12

(75%) 1

(6%)

2 (13%)

1 (6%)

81% A

Reptiles (2005-06) 1,557 34 7 7 3 13 4

Reptiles (2016) 2,082 34 19

(56%) 1

(3%) 1

(3%) 10

(29%) 3

(9%) 62% C

Birds (2005-06) 31,625 241 161 21 8 6 45

Birds (2016) 153,289 279 194

(70%) 33

(12%) 8

(3%) 15

(5%) 29

(10%) 84% A

Mammals (2005-06) 1,443 38 6 12 6 6 8

Mammals (2016) 1,836 43 21

(49%) 8

(19%) 3

(7%) 6

(14%) 5

(12%) 74% B

TOTAL (2005-06) 37,343 348

TOTAL (2016) 161,948 392

36 | P a g e

Table 12: Priority species for future survey effort in the Macedon Ranges, Hume, Mitchell & Whittlesea Reporting Area in order to improve the accuracy of the rating (species for which the probability of persistence rating is <0.75)


Australian Grayling Chinook Salmon Estuary Perch Scary's Tasmangoby Silver Perch Spotted Galaxias Yelloweye Mullet

Plains Brown Tree Frog Bearded Dragon Lace Goanna / Lace Monitor Stumpy-tailed Lizard/Shingleback Lizard

Australasian Gannet Australian Little Bittern Australian Pratincole Banded Stilt Black-browed Albatross Black-chinned Honeyeater Black-faced Cormorant Black-faced Monarch Blue-breasted Fairywren Blue-faced Honeyeater Chestnut-rumped Heathwren Dollarbird Fluttering Shearwater Forest Kingfisher Gilbert's Whistler Grey-crowned Babbler Masked Owl Pacific Gull Plumed Whistling Duck Rufous bristlebird Shy Albatross Singing Bushlark Southern Emu-wren Superb Parrot White-browed Babbler White-browed Treecreeper White-fronted Tern White-headed Pigeon Wood Sandpiper

Common Dunnart Eastern False Pipistrelle Freetail Bat (eastern form) Long-nosed Potoroo Southern Brown Bandicoot


Broad-finned Galaxias Southern Pigmy Perch Common Galaxias Ornate Galaxias Macquarie Perch Twospine Blackfish Flat-headed Gudgeon Murray Cod

Brown Toadlet Southern Toadlet

Striped Legless Lizard Eastern Small-eyed Snake Red-bellied Black Snake McCoy's Skink/Highlands Forest Skink Grassland Earless Dragon Weasel Skink / Southern Weasel Skink White-lipped Snake Mountain Dragon Southern Grass Skink Delicate Skink

Richard's Pipit Red-whiskered Bulbul Eurasian Skylark Large-billed Scrubwren Lewin's Honeyeater Bush Stone-curlew Brown Treecreeper (south-eastern ssp.) Eastern Koel Eastern Whipbird Emu Glossy Ibis Tawny-crowned Honeyeater Regent Honeyeater Crested Tern

Eastern Bettong Southern Myotis White-striped Freetail Bat Eastern Quoll Platypus Gould's Long-eared Bat

37 | P a g e

Satin Bowerbird


Australian Smelt Yarra Pigmy Perch

White's Skink White-winged Tern Song Thrush Diamond Dove Barn Owl Scarlet Honeyeater Letter-winged Kite Black-eared Cuckoo

Common Bent-wing Bat Little Red Flying-fox Greater Glider

38 | P a g e

3.2.4 Moorabool, Melton, Wyndham & Greater Geelong

Table 13: Analysis of species within each taxonomic group for the Moorabool, Melton, Wyndham and Greater Geelong Reporting Area


records No. of




to be extant)


be extant)


extant)

<0.50 (Likely to be

extinct)


Fish (2005-06) 210 18 8 5 5

Fish (2016) 599 20 2

(10%) 2

(10%) 12

(60%) 4

(20%) 20% E

Amphibians (2005-06) 1516 11 7 1 1 2

Amphibians (2016) 3431 13 9

(69%) 1

(8%)

2 (15%)

1 (8%)

77% B

Reptiles (2005-06) 1,248 32 7 3 6 13 3

Reptiles (2016) 1,515 34 12

(35%) 4

(12%) 2

(6%) 12

(35%) 4

(12%) 53% D

Birds (2005-06) 57,542 305 229 19 7 16 34

Birds (2016) 517,075 337 259

(77%) 18

(5%) 7

(2%) 23

(7%) 30

(9%) 84% A

Mammals (2005-06) 1,390 35 15 7 8 5

Mammals (2016) 1,795 41 30

(73%) 1

(2%) 2

(5%) 4

(10%) 4

(10%) 80% A

TOTAL (2005-06) 61,906 401

TOTAL (2016) 524,415 445

39 | P a g e

Table 14: Priority species for future survey effort in the Moorabool, Melton, Wyndham & Greater Geelong Reporting Area in order to improve the accuracy of the rating (species for which the probability of persistence rating is <0.75)


Broad-finned Galaxias Estuary Perch Short-headed Lamprey Yelloweye Mullet

Plains Froglet Metallic Skink Murray River Turtle Pink-tailed Worm-Lizard Spencer's Skink

Arctic Tern Australian Bustard Australian Little Bittern Beautiful Firetail Black-breasted Buzzard Black-browed Albatross Black-faced Woodswallow Black-winged Petrel Brown Booby Brown Gerygone Brown Honeyeater Common Diving-Petrel Forest Raven Grey Falcon Hooded Plover House Crow Letter-winged Kite Little Friarbird Major Mitchell's cockatoo Malleefowl Orange Chat Oriental Plover Pied Butcherbird Red-backed Kingfisher Satin Bowerbird Scarlet Honeyeater Splendid Fairywren Wandering Tattler White-cheeked Honeyeater White-fronted Honeyeater

Common Dunnart Eastern free-tailed Bat Spot-tailed Quoll Swamp Rat


Macquarie Perch Flat-headed Gudgeon Blue-spot Goby Freshwater Catfish Scary's Tasmangoby Pouched Lamprey Common Galaxias Tupong Ornate Galaxias Chinook Salmon Black Bream Tamar River Goby

Common Spadefoot Toad Brown Toadlet

Blotched Blue-tongued Lizard Southern Water Skink White's Skink Mountain Dragon Southern Grass Skink Eastern Small-eyed Snake Bearded Dragon Weasel Skink / Southern Weasel Skink McCoy's Skink/Highlands Forest Skink Grassland Earless Dragon Black Rock Skink Lace Goanna / Lace Monitor

Richard's Pipit Stilt Sandpiper Singing Bushlark Northern Shoveler Hudsonian Godwit Gilbert's Whistler Square-tailed Kite Oriental Pratincole Clamorous Reed Warbler Australian Ringneck White-faced Storm Petrel Common Cicadabird Greater Sand Plover

Long-nosed Potoroo Eastern False Pipistrelle Eastern Barred Bandicoot Lesser Long-eared Bat

40 | P a g e

Song Thrush White-browed Babbler Australian Pratincole Southern Giant-Petrel Brown Treecreeper (south-eastern ssp.) Yellow Wagtail Northern Giant-Petrel Little Curlew Plumed Whistling Duck Regent Honeyeater


Southern Pigmy Perch Australian Smelt

Red-bellied Black Snake Lowland Copperhead

Grey-crowned Babbler Peaceful Dove Chestnut-rumped Thornbill Western Gerygone Plains-wanderer

Eastern Quoll White-striped Freetail Bat

41 | P a g e

3.2.5 Mornington Peninsula

Table 15: Analysis of species within each taxonomic group for the Mornington Peninsula Reporting Area


records No. of




to be extant)


be extant)


extant)

<0.50 (Likely to be

extinct)


Fish (2005-06) 488 17 8 4 1 4

Fish (2016) 805 18 1

(6%) 4

(22%) 9

(50%) 4

(22%) 28% E

Amphibians (2005-06) 747 12 9 1 1 1

Amphibians (2016) 1196 13 9

(69%)

2 (15%)

1 (8%)

1 (8%)

85% A

Reptiles (2005-06) 801 25 9 10 2 1 3

Reptiles (2016) 1,074 26 8

(31%) 4

(15%) 4

(15%) 8

(31%) 2

(8%) 62% C

Birds (2005-06) 21,415 251 135 33 18 12 53

Birds (2016) 115,886 295 199

(67%) 19

(6%) 7

(2%) 27

(9%) 43

(15%) 76% B

Mammals (2005-06) 1,541 26 5 4 3 8 6

Mammals (2016) 2,133 33 11

(33%) 3

(9%) 3

(9%) 11

(33%) 5

(15%) 52% D

TOTAL (2005-06) 24,992 331

TOTAL (2016) 121,094 385

42 | P a g e

Table 16: Priority species for future survey effort in the Mornington Peninsula Reporting Area in order to improve the accuracy of the rating (species for which the probability of persistence rating is <0.75)


Chinook Salmon Flatback Mangrove Goby Short-headed Lamprey Western Carp Gudgeon

Plains Froglet

Green Turtle Marbled Gecko

Antarctic Petrel Australian Little Bittern Azure Kingfisher Barking Owl Black-faced Monarch Black-tailed Godwit Blue-winged Kookaburra Buller's Albatross Channel-billed Cuckoo Chestnut-rumped Heathwren Diamond Dove Dollarbird Eastern Whipbird Fiordland Penguin Great Frigatebird Hooded Robin Kerguelen Petrel King Quail Light-mantled Albatross Little Friarbird Noisy Friarbird Northern Rockhopper Penguin Orange-bellied Parrot Pied Butcherbird Pomarine Jaeger Red-necked Avocet Rockhopper Penguin Ruff Salvin's Prion Snow Petrel Southern Whiteface Speckled Warbler Square-tailed Kite Striated Grasswren Tawny-crowned Honeyeater Western Gerygone Western Wattlebird Whimbrel White-faced Storm Petrel White-headed Pigeon White-shouldered Triller Wonga Pigeon Yellow Wattlebird

Bush Rat Chocolate Wattled Bat Eastern Pygmy-possum Leopard seal Little Red Flying-fox

43 | P a g e


Broad-finned Galaxias Blue-spot Goby Tupong Common Galaxias Spotted Galaxias Southern Pigmy Perch Black Bream Tamar River Goby Macquarie Perch

Peron's Tree Frog Southern Grass Skink Weasel Skink / Southern Weasel Skink Delicate Skink Bougainville's Skink Tree Dragon / Jacky Dragon Eastern Small-eyed Snake McCoy's Skink/Highlands Forest Skink Lowland Copperhead

Eurasian Skylark Richard's Pipit White-capped Albatross Satin Bowerbird Rufous Songlark Clamorous Reed Warbler Little Egret Horsfield's Bushlark Rainbow Bee-eater Grey-tailed Tattler Indian Yellow-nosed Albatross Black-tailed Native-hen Osprey Grey-crowned Babbler Common Cicadabird Black-browed Albatross White-backed Swallow Common Tern Spotted Quail-thrush Southern Fulmar Blue Petrel Australian Owlet-nightjar Atlantic Yellow-nosed Albatross Great-winged Petrel Wandering Albatross Arctic Tern White-headed Petrel

New Holland Mouse White-striped Free-tailed Bat White-striped Freetail Bat Common Bent-wing Bat Gould's Long-eared Bat Gould's Wattled Bat Little Forest Bat Feathertail Glider Southern Forest Bat Agile Antechinus


Murray Cod River Blackfish Dwarf Galaxias Yelloweye Mullet

Victorian Smooth Froglet Eastern Dwarf Tree Frog

Swamp Skink / Eastern Mourning Skink Common Scaly-foot Eastern Brown Snake Tiger Snake

Song Thrush Eastern Osprey Cockatiel Masked Woodswallow Restless Flycatcher Sharp-tailed Sandpiper Hutton's Shearwater

Large Forest Bat Water Rat Common Wombat Dusky Antechinus

44 | P a g e

3.2.6 Greater Melbourne

Table 17: Analysis of species within each taxonomic group for the Greater Melbourne Reporting Area

Taxonomic group No. of records

No. of species





be extant)


extant)

<0.50 (Likely to be

extinct)


Fish (2005-06) 1223 32 17 5 2 5 3

Fish (2016) 2436 32 6

(19%) 7

(22%) 5

(16%) 12

(38%) 2

(6%) 56% D

Amphibians (2005-06) 2506 16 14 2

Amphibians (2016) 4283 20 12

(60%)

3 (15%)

2 (10%)

3 (15%)

75% B

Reptiles (2005-06) 1,671 37 18 6 4 3 5

Reptiles (2016) 2,533 39 21

(54%) 8

(21%) 3

(8%) 3

(8%) 4

(10%) 82% A

Birds (2005-06) 163,968 328 220 21 10 13 64

Birds (2016) 1,644,783 374 270

(72%) 25

(7%) 8

(2%) 28

(7%) 43

(11%) 81% A

Mammals (2005-06) 3,995 40 15 5 1 11 8

Mammals (2016) 4,437 49 21

(43%) 6

(12%) 2

(4%) 12

(24%) 8

(16%) 59% D

TOTAL (2005-06) 173,364 453

TOTAL (2016) 1,658,472 514

45 | P a g e

Table 18: Priority species for future survey effort in the Greater Melbourne Reporting Area in order to improve the accuracy of the rating (species for which the probability of persistence rating is <0.75)


Murray Hardhead Trout Cod

Smooth Frog Western Banjo Frog Plains Brown Tree Frog

Highland Copperhead leatherback sea turtle Metallic Skink Spencer's Skink

Antarctic Prion Bar-shouldered Dove Black-browed Albatross Black-chinned Honeyeater Black-faced Woodswallow Bridled Tern Brown Honeyeater Common Koel Eclectus Parrot Forest Kingfisher Forest Raven Greater Sand Plover Green Rosella Grey-faced Petrel Hudsonian Godwit Lemon-bellied flyrobin Letter-winged Kite Light-mantled Albatross Little Curlew Little Shearwater Oriental Plover Oriental Pratincole Pomarine Jaeger Radjah Shelduck Red-eared Firetail Salvin's Prion Scarlet-chested Parrot Shy Albatross Slender-billed Prion Soft-plumaged Petrel Sooty Shearwater Southern Fulmar Southern Giant-Petrel Southern Whiteface Superb Fruit-Dove Tasmanian Scrubwren Wandering Albatross White-breasted Woodswallow White-browed Babbler White-throated Nightjar Wonga Pigeon Yellow-throated Honeyeater Yellow-throated Miner

Black Flying-fox Mountain Brushtail Possum New Zealand Fur-seal Southern Freetail Bat (long penis) Southern Myotis Swamp Antechinus White-footed dunnart Yellow-bellied Glider

46 | P a g e


Silver Perch Dwarf Galaxias Blue-spot Goby Black Bream Yarra Pigmy Perch Flat-headed Gudgeon Yelloweye Mullet Large Mouth Goby Common Galaxias Long-finned Eel Freshwater Catfish Australian Smelt

Common Spadefoot Toad Plains Froglet

Grassland Earless Dragon Stumpy-tailed Lizard/Shingleback Lizard Lace Goanna / Lace Monitor

Richard's Pipit Song Thrush Tawny Grassbird Australian Little Bittern Little Button-quail Clamorous Reed Warbler Superb Parrot White-headed Petrel Red-vented Bulbul Arctic Tern Spotted Quail-thrush Sooty Owl Eastern Barn Owl Yellow Wagtail Pilotbird Great Skua Singing Bushlark Regent Honeyeater Grey-crowned Babbler Brown Treecreeper (south-eastern ssp.) Common Cicadabird Plains-wanderer Hooded Plover Buff-breasted Sandpiper White-headed Pigeon Brown Treecreeper White-throated Gerygone Pale-headed Rosella

Gould's Long-eared Bat Brush-tailed Phascogale Gould's Wattled Bat New Holland Mouse Long-nosed Bandicoot Eastern Quoll Eastern Bettong Eastern Barred Bandicoot Dusky Antechinus Fat-tailed Dunnart Common Bent-wing Bat Broad-toothed Rat


Sea Mullet Australian Mudfish Chinook Salmon Golden Perch Tupong

Lesueur’s Frog Haswell’s Froglet Dendy's Toadlet

Eastern Small-eyed Snake Bougainville's Skink Common Scaly-foot

Red-backed Kingfisher Southern Emu-wren Red-whiskered Bulbul White-fronted Tern Speckled Warbler White-fronted Honeyeater Orange-bellied Parrot Short-tailed Shearwater

Southern Forest Bat Little Forest Bat

47 | P a g e

3.2.7 Yarra Ranges and Nillumbik

Table 19: Analysis of species within each taxonomic group for the Yarra Ranges and Nillumbik Reporting Area


records No. of




to be extant)


be extant)


extant)

<0.50 (Likely to be

extinct)


Fish (2005-06) 1425 26 12 1 3 2 8

Fish (2016) 2060 26 6

(23%) 4

(15%) 3

(12%) 6

(23%) 7

(27%) 50% D

Amphibians (2005-06) 2013 13 9 1 1 2

Amphibians (2016) 3028 14 10

(71%)

1 (7%)

2 (14%)

1 (7%)

79% B

Reptiles (2005-06) 1,885 34 13 7 1 9 4

Reptiles (2016) 2,203 37 20

(54%) 1

(3%) 1

(3%) 11

(30%) 4

(11%) 59% D

Birds (2005-06) 60,603 246 145 35 8 12 46

Birds (2016) 182,695 277 203

(73%) 18

(6%) 7

(3%) 20

(7%) 29

(10%) 82% A

Mammals (2005-06) 4,185 45 19 7 3 12 4

Mammals (2016) 6,263 46 24

(52%) 7

(15%) 6

(13%) 7

(15%) 2

(4%) 80% A

TOTAL (2005-06) 70,111 364

TOTAL (2016) 196,249 400

48 | P a g e

Table 20: Priority species for future survey effort in the Yarra Ranges & Nillumbik Reporting Area in order to improve the accuracy of the rating (species for which the probability of persistence rating is <0.75)


Blue-spot Goby Chinook Salmon Freshwater Catfish Long-finned Eel Murray River Rainbowfish Trout Cod Yelloweye Mullet

Eastern Dwarf Tree Frog Gippsland Water Dragon / Australian Water Dragon Gray's Blind Snake Murray River Turtle Tussock Skink

Arctic Jaeger Australasian Gannet Australian Bustard Black-breasted Buzzard Brolga California Quail Chestnut-breasted Mannikin Common Koel Crimson Chat Diamond Dove Dusky Grasswren Letter-winged Kite Little Button-quail Magpie Goose Pacific Robin Plains-wanderer Red-backed Kingfisher Red-necked Avocet Red-tailed Black Cockatoo Southern Whiteface Splendid Fairywren Star Finch Western Wattlebird Western Yellow Robin Whiskered Tern White-backed Swallow White-breasted Woodswallow White-cheeked Honeyeater Zebra Dove

Eastern Bettong Eastern free-tailed Bat


Mountain Galaxias Black Bream Australian Bass Golden Perch Australian Smelt Murray Cod

Common Spadefoot Toad Brown Brown Toadlet

Spencer's Skink Highland Copperhead Little Whip Snake Swamp Skink / Eastern Mourning Skink Large Striped Skink Bougainville's Skink Stumpy-tailed Lizard/Shingleback Lizard Broad-shelled Turtle Southern Grass Skink White-lipped Snake White's Skink

Helmeted Honeyeater Channel-billed Cuckoo Song Thrush King Quail Australasian Bittern Freckled Duck Richard's Pipit Grey-crowned Babbler Australian Ringneck Budgerigar Black-chinned Honeyeater Singing Bushlark Banded Lapwing Blue-breasted Fairywren

Southern Myotis Dusky Antechinus Eastern False Pipistrelle Southern Freetail Bat (long penis) Eastern Quoll Gould's Long-eared Bat Large Forest Bat

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Black-tailed Native-hen Emerald Dove Bush Stone-curlew White-shouldered Triller White-bellied Cuckoo-Shrike


Tupong Broad-finned Galaxias Short-headed Lamprey

Lesueur’s Frog

Cunningham's Skink Horsfield's Bushlark Tawny-crowned Honeyeater Chestnut-rumped Heathwren Red-chested Button-quail Rufous Songlark White-throated Honeyeater Peaceful Dove Speckled Warbler

Broad-toothed Rat Southern Brown Bandicoot White-striped Free-tailed Bat Eastern Horseshoe Bat Spot-tailed Quoll Southern Forest Bat

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3.2.8 Summary of Reporting Areas and overall indicative ratings

The following table provides an overall summary for each Reporting Area. Remarkably, it shows that each Reporting Area has a similar overall

persistence rate of between 71-78% of the total number of species recorded as occurring there.

It should be noted that the overall indicative rating is significantly influenced by the persistence rates for birds because there is a high number of bird

species compared to the other taxanomic groups.

Table 21: Summary and overall indicative ratings for each Reporting Area

(Note: the number preceded by the plus symbol shows the increase in species since the 2005-06 analysis)

Reporting area Total number of species recorded as occurring in the

Reporting Area

Number of species with probability score ≥0.5

Proportion of species with probability score ≥0.5

Overall indicative rating

Bass Coast, South Gippsland & Islands (2005-06) 304 172

Bass Coast, South Gippsland & Islands (2016) 355 (+51) 255 (+83) 72% B

Casey, Cardinia & Baw Baw (2005-06) 355 265

Casey, Cardinia & Baw Baw (2016) 404 (+49) 302 (+37) 75% B

Macedon Ranges, Hume, Mitchell & Whittlesea (2005-06) 348 252

Macedon Ranges, Hume, Mitchell & Whittlesea (2016) 392 (+44) 306 (+54) 78% B

Moorabool, Melton, Wyndham and Greater Geelong (2005-06) 401 310

Moorabool, Melton, Wyndham and Greater Geelong (2016) 445 (+44) 349 (+39) 78% B

Mornington Peninsula (2005-06) 331 242

Mornington Peninsula (2016) 385 (+54) 274 (+32) 71% B

Greater Melbourne (2005-06) 453 338

Greater Melbourne (2016) 514 (+61) 397 (+59) 77% B

Yarra Ranges & Nillumbik (2005-06) 364 265

Yarra Ranges & Nillumbik (2016) 400 (+36) 311 (+46) 78% B

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4. Discussion

4.1 Overall findings

In the Port Phillip & Western Port region, and indeed across all regions of Australia, there are many

government bodies, non-government organisations, researchers, community groups, landholders

and others working to contribute to the science and understanding of our natural enviroment and to

stabilise and improve its condition. This analysis and report is a contribution to the improved

science and understanding of this region's biodiversity.

The main findings from this analysis are:

The 3,079,470 records that were accessed and analysed in this report were significantly more

than the 425,443 records that formed the basis of the 2005-06 report. The additional records

were collected just between 2005 and 2016, and represent a massive increase in the

collection and curation of field data. There were also an additional 87 new species recorded

within the Port Phillip & Western Port region, bringing the total to 627.

There has been a massive increase in the number of sightings of wildlife and reporting of

these into government databases. Some of these databases take records without any

verification (i.e. ALA) while others scrutinise and validate records before adding them to the

database (e.g. VBA). The recent rise in interest in citizen science projects and monitoring by

community groups has further increased the number of records. Based on this increase in

surveys and reporting, it is likely that some databases will include erroneous records, including

species mis-identifications, even if the record is scrutinised before inclusion in the database.

The analysis in this report should therefore be used with caution and with understanding of the

limitations for tracking the status of individual species. Nevertheless, this analysis is useful at

identifying overall trends for species in taxonomic groups and broad areas.

Fish species appear to have persisted relatively poorly with only between 13% (Bass Coast,

South Gippsland & Islands) and 56% (Greater Melbourne) of species still likely to be occurring

in any of the Reporting Areas.

Amphibian species appear to have persisted relatively well with between 60% (Bass Coast,

South Gippsland & Islands) and 85% (Mornington Peninsula) of species still likely to be

occurring across the Reporting Areas.

Reptile species appear to have persisted relatively poorly with only between 50% (Bass Coast,

South Gippsland & Islands) and 63% (Casey, Cardinia & Baw Baw) of species still likely to be

occurring across the Reporting Areas except for the Greater Melbourne area which has

retained 82% of its species.

Bird species appear to have persisted relatively well with between 64% (Western Port) and

84% (Macedon Ranges, Hume, Mitchell & Whittlesea and Moorabool, Melton, Wyndham and

Greater Geelong) of species still likely to be occurring across the Reporting Areas.

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Mammal species appear to have persisted relatively poorly in the Bass Coast, South

Gippsland & Islands (56%), Mornington Peninsula (52%) and Greater Melbourne (59%)

Reporting Areas but relatively well in the other areas with between 71% (Casey, Cardinia &

Baw Baw) and 80% (Moorabool, Melton, Wyndham & Greater Geelong and Yarra Ranges &

Nillumbik) of species still likely to be occurring.

All of the Reporting Areas have had a similar overall result with between 71% (Mornington

Peninsula) and 78% (Macedon Ranges, Hume, Mitchell & Whittlesea, Moorabool, Melton,

Wyndham & Greater Geelong and Yarra Ranges & Nillumbik) of the total species recorded

there likely to be persisting.

4.2 Observations of sites of record collections

Records of species have been collected from across the region as illustrated in the map below.

There appears to be a higher concentration of records in urban and coastal areas which may

reflect the emergence of citizen science records and the accessibility of these areas for citizens to

observe and record the occurrence of species.

Conversely, there appears to be a lower concentration of records in rural and forested areas where

there is a lower level of access for collection of records and generally less urban development-

generated requirement for surveying.

Figure 13: Records for all taxa throughout the PPWCMA region

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4.3 Major factors that may be impacting on species persistence

Declines in terrestrial vertebrate fauna across Australia have resulted from a combination of factors

including habitat loss, modification and fragmentation, exotic diseases, the effects of pesticides,

competition with introduced herbivores and predation by introduced predators.

In the Port Phillip & Western Port region, habitat loss and fragmentation are considered to have

been important factors in species losses but various other factors have also been at play and have

impacted taxonomic groups and individual species in different ways.

The major threats to fish biodiversity may be flow modification, destruction of habitats, invasion by

exotic species and pollution (including eutrophication and sedimentation).

The greatest threats to amphibian populations may be changes in landscape structure that results

in decreased wetland area and density, increased wetland isolation, and decreased wetland

vegetation or forest cover. Many amphibian populations are patchily distributed at local scales and

the ability of amphibians to disperse can be significantly restricted because of infrastructure such

as roads, buildings and fences. Waterbodies in proximity to humans are often limited in their

suitability for amphibians for a variety of reasons such as their being stocked with exotic fish,

having inappropriate hydrological regimes, receiving contaminated runoff (i.e. fertilisers, sediment,

pesticides, heavy metals) or having depleted vegetation. Chytrid fungus is also likely a significant

contributor to amphibian declines.

On the whole, reptiles do not respond well to urbanisation, but the diversity of species within reptile

taxa means that some species are affected by human-modified landscapes more than others.

Generalist species with broad habitat requirements can persist in small habitat patches and

corridors of native vegetation but species with more specific habitat requirements may be less

likely to persist. A reduction in the density of resources, such as hollow bearing trees, affects the

persistence of species which depend on such resources. The wide-ranging movements of some

species combined with the sun-basking habits of reptiles make them particularly susceptible to

accidental or deliberate death by humans and traffic. Species of snakes may be more likely to be

adversely affected by direct human intervention through deliberate killing or removal of ‘nuisance’

individuals in urban areas.

Whilst species of birds haven’t suffered the same losses from the Australian continent as observed

in mammals, the impact of European settlement on bird fauna may be more significant than is

generally acknowledged. Ground-dwelling and ground-foraging species are particularly sensitive to

the degradation of ground vegetation, over-grazing by livestock, destruction of the litter layer

through prescriptive burning and soil-erosion; each of which removes cover for protection from

predators as well as diminishing the availability of nesting sites and food resources.

One of the greatest impacts of human settlement in Australia on native fauna has been on

mammals. Of these, it is small-to-medium sized ground-dwelling mammals that have been most

affected in terms of range reduction and declining species abundance, largely attributable to the

conversion of Australia’s natural habitats to pastoral and agricultural lands and the use of forests

for timber products as well as the introduction of exotic predators such as cats and foxes.

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4.4 Limitations

This report is based on data contained within the VBA and ALA and several other biological

records databases. The data contains biases that need to be considered before accepting

apparent trends in the status of species.

For example, variations in the effort of record collecting within and between databases may

confound analysis of trends in the distribution and abundance of species. The annual recording

rate of mammals within the VBA varied considerably between 1839 and 2016, with a peak in the

late 1980s coinciding with a period of detailed fauna surveys conducted in the outer suburbs of

Melbourne by the Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research (van der Ree, 2004) and then

anotherr major peak in the past decade with the surge of citizen science progtams. In addition,

records are entered into the different databases in a variety of ways; incidental sightings tend to

form the bulk of VBA and ALA records, whereas fish data from the Melbourne Water Fish Census

are from systematic surveys by qualified biologists, which are repeated at the same locations over

various time periods. Records from organised surveys will be more regular than those submitted by

encounters from the general public, though may be less frequent across all Reporting Areas.

There are also likely to be biases in the databases related to human population density; probability

values for more sparsely populated rural areas may be more conservative because there is a

greater chance that a species remains undetected. As the public becomes more aware about the

conservation status of species, some more common species may be less frequently reported in

favour of more ‘novel’ sightings. Following on from this, species surveys by zoological consultants

may bias record collection towards species that are often associated with land ear-marked for

development, or those that have protected status, as legislation increasingly demands priority

species be targeted during planning processes.

The development and application of improved survey techniques used by consultants, researchers

and enthusiastic volunteers may have biased sightings records as we are now able to detect

species which would previously have been impossible. For example, ultrasonic call detectors for

identifying species of insectivorous bats (Microchiroptera) have been developed since the 1970s,

coinciding with an apparent range expansion of several bat species (van der Ree & McCarthy,

2005). Similarly, camera-trapping is now probably one of the most commonly used techniques to

survey wildlife and mammals in particulalr, and cameras are becoming cheaper, smaller, more

reliable and easily deployed, significantly increasing the use of this technology across numerous

user-groups (Meek and Fleming 2014).

As the formula used to infer persistence is inherently biased towards more recent records, several

species that were recorded as highly likely to persist within a Reporting Area may have been

based on a single isolated sighting recorded within the last year of the observation period.

However, the inference that collection effort has become more frequent and effective in recent

decades increases the likelihood that any documented range changes in the past few decades are

real, and not a sampling effect. See van der Ree & McCarthy (2005) for more thorough discussion

on the biases associated with the formulae used to infer species persistence.

It is impossible to be certain that the lack of a record of a species in these databases represents an

actual absence on the ground (van der Ree, 2004), as the absence of a species cannot be

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‘proven’. It therefore remains possible that some species, particularly those that occur at very low

densities, or are highly cryptic and elusive, may be wrongly determined to be absent. These

species may persist in small and/or isolated habitats that have escaped high-intensity disturbance

(McKinney, 2002). Rediscovery of animals previously thought to be extinct has occurred frequently

during the past few decades as the level of field research and biological survey throughout

Australia has increased along with the development of appropriate sampling procedures. However,

while there is the potential for misclassifying the status of common but cryptic species, it is unlikely

that a significant number of species classed as endangered will be found to be abundant (Recher

& Lim, 1990). More frequently, rare fauna will not be listed as additional data are required before a

decision can be reached about their status.

Not all species range contractions are the result of increased human activity and many species are

on the periphery of their natural range in the greater Melbourne area, therefore it remains unclear

whether fluctuations in the distribution of these species are naturally occurring or caused by

anthropogenic factors. The effect of natural range change precludes our ability to assess the

impact of urbanisation as their historical distribution may have been unrelated to the expansion of

human settlement. It also should be remembered that not all species that show a decline are at

considerable conservation risk, as they may still be abundant elsewhere in the greater geographic

region, but restricted in distribution by climate or habitat (Recher & Lim, 1990).

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5. References

Burgman, M. A., R. C. Grimson, and S. Ferson. 1995. Inferring threat from scientific collections.

Conservation Biology 9:923-928.

Caryl, F., R. van der Ree, and K. Holland. 2008. An assessment of the conservation status of

terrestrial fauna across Melbourne. A report for the Port Phillip and Westernport Catchment

Management Authority. Australian Research Centre for Urban Ecology, Royal Botanic Gardens

Melbourne., Melbourne.

McCarthy, M. A. 1998. Identifying declining and threatened species with museum data. Biological

Conservation 83:9-17.

Solow, A. R. 1993. Inferring extinction from sighting data. Ecology 74:962-964.

Solow, A. R., and D. L. Roberts. 2003. A nonparametric test for extinction based on a sighting

record. Ecology 84:1329-1332.

van der Ree, R., and M. A. McCarthy. 2005. Inferring persistence of indigenous mammals in

response to urbanisation. Animal Conservation 8:309-319.

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Appendix 1. Probability of persistence of fish species by Reporting Area

Bas08 – Bass Coast, South Gippsland and Islands (2005-06) Bas16 – Bass Coast, South Gippsland and Islands (2016) Cas08 – Casey Cardinia and Baw Baw (2005-06) Cas16 – Casey Cardinia and Baw Baw (2016) Mac08 – Macedon Ranges, Hume, Mitchell & Whittlesea (2005-06) Mac16 – Macedon Ranges, Hume, Mitchell & Whittlesea (2016) Moo08 – Moorabool, Melton, Wyndam and Greater Geelong (2005-06) Moo16 – Moorabool, Melton, Wyndam and Greater Geelong (2016) MP08 – Mornington Peninsula (2005-06) MP16 – Mornington Peninsula (2016) UM08 – Greater Melbourne (2005-06) UM16 – Greater Melbourne (2016) Yar08 – Yarra Ranges and Nillumbik (2005-06) Yar16 – Yarra Ranges and Nillumbik (2016)

PP08 – Port Phillip Bay (2005-06)

PP16 – Port Phillip Bay (2016)

WP08 – Western Port Bay (2005-06)

WP16 – Western Port Bay (2016)

Note: The raw data for fish from the 2005-06 analysis was not found during the preparation of this 2016 report, so the probability of persistence of fish to the end of 2006 was re-calculated using the VBA

data (with the assumption that the fish sightings to the end of 2006 in the Melbourne Water Fish Atlas had now been entered into the VBA).

Common Name Scientific Name Bas08 Bas16 Cas08 Cas16 Mac08 Mac16 Moo08 Moo16 MP08 MP16 UM08 UM16 Yar08 Yar16

Black Bream Acanthopagrus butcheri IR IR 0.21 0.14 0.23 0.47 1.00 0.29 1.00 0.00 0.23 0.15

Tamar River Goby Afurcagobius tamarensis IR IR 1.00 0.40 IR 0.48 IR 0.30 1.00 0.94

Yelloweye Mullet Aldrichetta forsteri IR 0.87 0.38 IR IR IR IR 0.50 0.74 1.00 0.21 IR IR

Long-finned Eel Anguilla reinhardtii 0.95 0.39 0.44 0.34 IR IR

Silver Perch Bidyanus bidyanus IR IR 0.01 0.00

Murray Hardhead Craterocephalus fluviatilis IR IR

Twospine Blackfish Gadopsis bispinosus 0.95 0.24

River Blackfish Gadopsis marmoratus 0.63 0.38 1.00 0.10 0.87 0.89 1.00 0.93 0.70 0.58 0.85 0.89 1.00 0.76

Broad-finned Galaxias Galaxias brevipinnis IR IR 1.00 0.21 0.05 0.01 IR IR 1.00 0.00 1.00 0.84 1.00 0.68

Common Galaxias Galaxias maculatus 0.46 1.00 1.00 0.03 1.00 0.05 1.00 0.23 1.00 0.08 1.00 0.22 1.00 0.98

Mountain Galaxias Galaxias olidus IR IR IR IR 1.00 0.00

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Ornate Galaxias Galaxias ornatus 0.78 0.29 1.00 0.14 1.00 0.43 0.98 0.93 1.00 1.00

Spotted Galaxias Galaxias truttaceus 0.40 0.28 1.00 0.88 IR IR 1.00 0.88 1.00 0.13 1.00 0.97 0.98 0.90

Dwarf Galaxias Galaxiella pusilla 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.69 1.00 0.00

Pouched Lamprey Geotria australis 0.19 0.01 0.21 0.13 1.00 0.96 0.95 1.00

Western Carp Gudgeon Hypseleotris klunzingeri IR IR IR IR

Trout Cod Maccullochella macquariensis IR IR IR IR

Murray Cod Maccullochella peelii 0.64 0.57 0.55 0.40 0.60 0.54 0.96 0.99 0.72 0.44

Golden Perch Macquaria ambigua 0.30 0.88 0.96 0.73 0.74 0.23

Macquarie Perch Macquaria australasica 0.48 0.41 0.45 0.33 0.30 0.20 0.01 0.01 0.56 0.48 0.90 0.98 1.00 0.98

Estuary Perch Macquaria colonorum 0.07 0.04 0.21 0.14 IR IR IR IR 0.89 0.78 IR 0.85

Australian Bass Macquaria novemaculeata 0.00 0.89 0.44 0.21

Murray River Rainbowfish Melanotaenia fluviatilis IR IR

Short-headed Lamprey Mordacia mordax 1.00 0.07 IR IR IR IR 1.00 0.97 0.84 0.72

Sea Mullet Mugil cephalus 0.93 0.56

Flatback Mangrove Goby Mugilogobius platynotus IR 0.37 0.32 0.91 IR

Southern Pigmy Perch Nannoperca australis 0.46 0.39 1.00 0.02 1.00 0.05 1.00 0.62 1.00 0.19 0.97 0.85 1.00 0.80

Yarra Pigmy Perch Nannoperca obscura 1.00 0.73 0.04 0.03

Australian Mudfish Neochanna cleaveri IR IR 0.63

Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha IR IR IR IR 0.48 0.45 IR IR 0.78 0.69 IR IR

Flat-headed Gudgeon Philypnodon grandiceps IR 0.97 0.93 1.00 0.29 1.00 0.05 1.00 0.89 1.00 0.17 0.98 0.99

Australian Grayling Prototroctes maraena 0.94 0.96 IR IR 0.96 0.99 0.97 0.99

Tupong Pseudaphritis urvillii 0.77 0.61 1.00 0.96 0.96 0.85 1.00 0.42 1.00 0.05 1.00 0.74 0.60 0.51

Blue-spot Goby Pseudogobius olorum IR IR 0.39 0.91 0.33 0.11 0.25 0.05 0.73 0.00 IR IR

Large Mouth Goby Redigobius macrostoma 0.35 0.22

Australian Smelt Retropinna semoni 1.00 0.44 0.95 0.71 1.00 0.72 1.00 0.42 1.00 0.26

Freshwater Catfish Tandanus tandanus 0.12 0.70 0.36 IR IR

Scary's Tasmangoby Tasmanogobius lasti IR IR 0.12

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Appendix 2. Probability of persistence of amphibian species by Reporting Area


Plains Froglet Crinia parinsignifera IR 0 1 IR IR 0.4

Common Froglet Crinia signifera 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Smooth Frog Geocrinia laevis IR IR

Victorian Smooth Froglet Geocrinia victoriana 1 0.47 0.98 0.18 0.61 1 0.69 1 0.91 0.74 1 1 1.00 1

Western Banjo Frog Limnodynastes dorsalis IR

Southern Bullfrog Limnodynastes dumerilii 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Striped Marsh Frog Limnodynastes peronii 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.91 1 1 1 1 1 1.00 1

Spotted Marsh Frog Limnodynastes tasmaniensis 1 0.12 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Southern Brown Tree Frog Litoria ewingii 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.95 1 1 1 1 1 1.00 1

Eastern Dwarf Tree Frog Litoria fallax IR 1 IR 0.71 1.00 1 IR

Lesueur's Frog Litoria lesueuri 0.83 0.87 0.00 0.89 IR 0.53 0.86 0.74

Plains Brown Tree Frog Litoria paraewingi IR IR IR IR

Peron's Tree Frog Litoria peronii IR 1 0.28 1 1 1 0.48 1 1 1.00 1

Growling Grass Frog Litoria raniformis 0.55 0.22 1 1 1 1 1.00 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Verreaux's Tree Frog Litoria verreauxii verreauxii 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1.00 1 1 1 1 1

Common Spadefoot Toad Neobatrachus sudelli 0.16 0.01 1 1 1 0 1.00 0.09 0.00 0

Haswell's Froglet Paracrinia haswelli 1 0.67 0.97 1.00 1 1.00 0.53

Brown Toadlet Pseudophryne bibronii 1 1 0.00 0.02 0 1.00 0.9 0.73 0.3

Dendy's Toadlet Pseudophryne dendyi IR 0.62

Southern Toadlet Pseudophryne semimarmorata 1 0.05 0 1 0.00 0.00 0.60 0.97 0.99 0.99 0.04 1

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Appendix 3. Probability of persistence of reptile species by Reporting Area


Bearded Dragon

Pogona barbata IR IR IR 0.52 IR IR 0.04

Black Rock Skink

Egernia saxatilis IR IR 0.95 0.00 0.51 0.98 0.79 0.35 IR 0.75 0.99 1.00

Blotched Blue-tongued Lizard

Tiliqua nigrolutea 1.00 0.97 0.84 0.92 0.48 1.00 0.00 0.00 0.94 0.93 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Bougainville's Skink

Lerista bougainvillii IR 0.42 1.00 1.00 0.00 0.96 IR 0.06 0.97 0.63 0.10 0.20

Broad-shelled Turtle

Chelodina expansa IR 0.83 0.38

Common Long-necked Turtle / eastern Long-necked Turtle

Chelodina longicollis 1.00 0.06 1.00 1.00 0.47 1.00 0.48 1.00 0.89 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.55 1.00

Common Scaly-foot

Pygopus lepidopodus IR IR 0.91 0.55 IR 0.73

Common/Eastern Blue-tongued Lizard

Tiliqua scincoides IR 0.55 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.79 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.98

Cunningham's Skink

Egernia cunninghami IR IR 0.88 1.00 0.33 0.96 0.94 0.99 1.00 0.51

Delicate Skink

Lampropholis delicata 1.00 0.53 0.43 0.94 0.05 0.46 1.00 0.01 0.95 0.96 1.00 1.00

Eastern Brown Snake

Pseudonaja textilis IR IR 1.00 1.00 0.98 1.00 1.00 0.61 1.00 0.99 1.00 0.97

Eastern Small-eyed Snake

Cryptophis nigrescens 0.48 0.95 0.13 0.01 0.22 0.03 0.53 0.24 0.89 0.54 1.00 0.98

Eastern Three-lined Skink

Bassiana duperreyi 1.00 0.83 0.56 1.00 0.80 0.96 0.01 1.00 0.86 0.97 0.99 0.99 0.00 0.92

Eastern Water Skink

Eulamprus quoyii IR

Garden Skink / Coventry's Skink

Lampropholis guichenoti 1.00 0.05 1.00 1.00 0.10 1.00 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.97 1.00

Gippsland Water Dragon / Australian Water Dragon

Intellagama lesueurii 0.68 0.95 IR IR

Glossy Grass Skink

Pseudemoia rawlinsoni IR IR 0.56 0.74 0.03 1.00 0.92 0.76 0.59 0.92 0.92 0.97

Grassland Earless Dragon

Tympanocryptis pinguicolla IR 0.07 0.55 0.26 0.08 0.02

Gray's Blind Snake

Indotyphlops braminus IR

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Green Turtle Chelonia mydas IR

Highland Copperhead

Austrelaps ramsayi IR 0.39 IR 0.01 0.00

Lace Goanna / Lace Monitor Varanus varius 1.00 0.93 0.87 1.00 IR IR IR 0.40 0.77 0.95 0.58 0.30 1.00 1.00

Large Striped Skink

Ctenotus robustus 1.00 1.00 0.39 1.00 1.00 0.85 IR 0.07

leatherback sea turtle

Dermochelys coriacea IR

Little Whip Snake

Parasuta flagellum 1.00 1.00 0.95 0.83 1.00 0.84 0.22 0.02

Lowland Copperhead

Austrelaps superbus 1.00 0.98 0.99 1.00 0.96 1.00 1.00 0.53 0.94 0.48 0.99 1.00 0.91 1.00

Marbled Gecko

Christinus marmoratus IR 0.57 1.00 0.73 0.91 IR IR 1.00 1.00 0.78 1.00

McCoy's Skink/Highlands Forest Skink

Anepischetosia maccoyi 0.89 0.12 0.89 0.98 0.81 0.06 0.56 0.21 1.00 0.25 1.00 0.97 0.00 1.00

Metallic Skink

Niveoscincus metallicus 1.00 0.51 0.44 1.00 0.05 IR 0.91 1.00 IR IR 0.93 0.99

Mountain Dragon

Rankinia diemensis 0.95 0.23 0.16 0.01 0.31 1.00

Murray River Turtle

Emydura macquarii IR 1.00 IR IR 1.00 IR

Pink-tailed Worm-Lizard

Aprasia parapulchella IR

Red-bellied Black Snake

Pseudechis porphyriacus 0.97 0.84 0.00 0.01 0.51 0.50 IR 1.00 0.62 1.00 0.07 0.96

Southern Grass Skink

Pseudemoia entrecasteauxii 1.00 0.60 IR 0.45 0.26 0.73 0.02 1.00 0.00 0.01 0.91 0.00 0.38

Southern Water Skink

Eulamprus tympanum 0.65 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.12 1.00 0.14 0.00 0.57 0.91 1.00 1.00 0.87 1.00

Spencer's Skink

Pseudemoia spenceri 0.00 IR 0.19 1.00 IR IR IR IR 0.00 0.00

Striped Legless Lizard Delma impar 0.03 0.00 0.98 1.00 1.00 0.97

Stumpy-tailed Lizard/Shingleback Lizard Tiliqua rugosa IR IR 0.43 0.94 0.35 0.08 IR 0.28

Swamp Skink / Eastern Mourning Skink

Lissolepis coventryi 0.50 0.10 0.77 0.84 0.80 0.52 0.87 0.79 0.95 0.04

Tiger Snake

Notechis scutatus 1.00 0.52 0.96 1.00 0.01 0.95 1.00 1.00 0.89 0.61 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Tree Dragon / Jacky Dragon

Amphibolurus muricatus IR IR 0.00 1.00 1.00 0.93 0.95 0.89 0.33 0.15 0.77 1.00 1.00 1.00

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Tussock Skink

Pseudemoia pagenstecheri 0.93 1.00 0.97 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR IR

Weasel Skink / Southern Weasel Skink

Saproscincus mustelinus 0.97 0.03 0.96 1.00 0.00 0.08 0.54 0.13 1.00 0.01 1.00 1.00 0.99 0.99

White-lipped Snake

Drysdalia coronoides 0.93 0.60 0.92 0.92 0.89 0.10 0.11 0.98 0.98 0.93 0.89 0.99 0.79 0.40

White's Skink Egernia whitii 1.00 0.50 0.66 0.80 0.83 0.52 0.11 0.00 0.98 0.99 0.77 0.99 0.84 0.41

63 | P a g e

Appendix 4. Probability of persistence of bird species by Reporting Area

Common Name Scientific Name Bas08 Bas16 Cas08 Cas16 Mac08 Mac16 Moo08 Moo16 MP08 MP16 UM08 UM16 Yar08 Yar16 PP08 PP16 WP08 WP16

Spiny-cheeked Honeyeater Acanthagenys rufogularis

1.00 0.85 0.76 0.97 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 0.82 0.95 1.00 0.32 1.00

Yellow-rumped Thornbill Acanthiza chrysorrhoa 0.94 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.92 1.00 0.68 1.00

Striated Thornbill Acanthiza lineata 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.36 0.87 IR 0.98

Yellow Thornbill Acanthiza nana 0.94 0.93 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.97 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.94 1.00 IR 1.00 0.26 1.00

Brown Thornbill Acanthiza pusilla 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.96 1.00 0.70 1.00

Buff-rumped Thornbill Acanthiza reguloides 0.74 0.96 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.23 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.98 1.00 IR IR 0.07 0.01

Chestnut-rumped Thornbill Acanthiza uropygialis

0.89 0.60

Eastern Spinebill Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.76 0.98 0.05 1.00

Collared Sparrowhawk Accipiter cirrocephalus 0.91 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.94 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 0.98 0.70 0.98

Brown Goshawk Accipiter fasciatus 0.85 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.97 1.00 0.68 1.00 0.94 1.00

Grey Goshawk Accipiter novaehollandiae

1.00 0.75 1.00 IR 0.88 1.00 1.00 IR 0.99 1.00 1.00 0.96 0.87 IR 0.07 IR IR

Australian Reed Warbler Acrocephalus australis

0.01 1.00

1.00

1.00 1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

IR

Clamorous Reed Warbler Acrocephalus stentoreus 1.00 0.69 1.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.02 1.00 0.02 1.00 0.00 1.00 0.92 IR 0.00 0.94 0.81

Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos 0.80 1.00 0.64 1.00 1.00 0.92 1.00 0.36 0.97 1.00 1.00

1.00 1.00 0.64 0.64

Australian Owlet-nightjar Aegotheles cristatus IR IR 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.96 1.00 1.00 0.33 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

IR 0.54

Eurasian Skylark Alauda arvensis

0.00

0.00

0.00

IR

Azure Kingfisher Alcedo azurea / Ceyx azureus

0.97 1.00 IR 0.94 IR 0.95 IR 1.00 1.00 0.94 1.00 IR IR IR IR

Australian King-Parrot Alisterus scapularis IR 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.72 1.00 0.95 1.00 0.80 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 0.99

IR

Dusky Grasswren Amytornis purnelli

IR

Striated Grasswren Amytornis striatus

IR

Chestnut Teal Anas castanea 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.96 1.00 0.85 1.00

Northern Shoveler Anas clypeata

0.08 0.00 IR

Grey Teal Anas gracilis 0.72 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.06 1.00 0.10 1.00 0.82 1.00

Garganey Anas querquedula

IR IR

Australasian Shoveler Anas rhynchotis 0.63 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.96 1.00 0.67 1.00 0.56 0.86

Pacific Black Duck Anas superciliosa 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.75 1.00

Australasian Darter Anhinga novaehollandiae 0.76 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.97 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.93 1.00

0.00 IR 1.00

Black Noddy Anous minutus

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Magpie Goose Anseranas semipalmata 0.99 0.85 IR 0.07 0.12 1.00 0.16 0.78 1.00 1.00 IR IR IR 1.00 IR 0.81

Red Wattlebird Anthochaera carunculata 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.96 1.00 0.85 1.00

Little Wattlebird Anthochaera chrysoptera 0.93 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.98 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.95 1.00 0.98 1.00

Western Wattlebird Anthochaera lunulata

IR 0.82

IR

Yellow Wattlebird Anthochaera paradoxa

IR IR

0.83

Regent Honeyeater Anthochaera phrygia

0.58 0.35 0.55 0.39

IR 0.19 0.88 1.00

Australasian Pipit Anthus novaeseelandiae IR 1.00 IR 1.00 0.84 1.00 0.67 1.00 0.51 1.00 IR 1.00 0.88 1.00 0.88 1.00 0.48 0.93

Richard's Pipit Anthus richardi 0.29 0.01 1.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 0.81 0.00 1.00 0.00 1.00 0.02 IR 0.12

Southern Whiteface Aphelocephala leucopsis

0.89 0.81 1.00 1.00 IR IR

IR IR IR

Fork-tailed Swift Apus pacificus IR 0.95 0.50 0.98 1.00 0.94 0.92 0.96 IR 1.00 0.99 0.99 0.94 0.98 0.83 0.97 0.31 0.08

Wedge-tailed Eagle Aquila audax 0.85 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.33 1.00 0.02 1.00

Great Egret Ardea alba 0.25 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.58 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 1.00 IR 1.00 IR 1.00

Eastern Cattle egret Ardea ibis 0.75 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.95 1.00 0.53 1.00 0.27 1.00

Intermediate Egret Ardea intermedia IR 1.00 IR 0.80 0.97 0.97 1.00 0.90 0.93 0.97 1.00 1.00

1.00 0.86 0.91

0.15

Eastern Great Egret Ardea modesta 0.71 1.00 0.68 1.00 0.97 1.00 0.85 1.00 0.80 1.00 0.97 1.00 0.37 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 1.00

White-necked Heron Ardea pacifica 0.83 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.97 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.37 1.00 0.92 0.99

Sooty Shearwater Ardenna grisea

IR 1.00 IR

IR 0.81 IR 0.41

Wedge-tailed shearwater Ardenna pacifica / Puffinus pacificus

IR IR

IR IR

Short-tailed Shearwater

Ardenna tenuirostris/ Puffinus tenuirostris

0.89 1.00

IR IR

0.74 1.00

1.00 1.00 0.96 0.72

0.94 1.00

0.90 1.00

Australian Bustard Ardeotis australis

IR IR

IR IR

Ruddy Turnstone Arenaria interpres 0.38 1.00

1.00 1.00 IR 1.00 0.42 1.00

1.00 1.00 0.59 1.00

Black-faced Woodswallow Artamus cinereus

0.00 IR 0.76

IR

IR

Dusky Woodswallow Artamus cyanopterus 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.80 1.00 0.01 1.00

White-breasted Woodswallow Artamus leucorynchus

IR

IR 0.83 IR IR IR IR

Masked Woodswallow Artamus personatus IR 0.94 0.96 0.97 1.00 0.97 0.01 1.00 0.78 0.67 IR 0.99 0.33 0.82

White-browed Woodswallow Artamus superciliosus IR 0.93 1.00 0.04 1.00 0.83 0.96 1.00 IR 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.95 1.00 IR 0.99 0.46 0.22

Hardhead Aythya australis 0.77 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.44 1.00 0.39 0.92

Australian Ringneck Barnardius zonarius

IR IR 0.77 IR 0.03

0.68 1.00 0.30 0.04 0.17 0.02 IR 0.16

Musk Duck Biziura lobata 0.93 1.00 0.85 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 1.00 0.95 1.00 IR 1.00

Australasian Bittern Botaurus poiciloptilus IR IR 0.96 1.00 0.88 0.98 1.00 1.00 0.85 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.11 0.01 0.49 0.99 IR 0.68

Bush Stone-curlew Burhinus grallarius

0.14 0.03 0.06 0.95

0.96 0.97 IR 0.47

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Sulphur-crested Cockatoo Cacatua galerita 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.02 1.00 0.13 1.00

Little Corella Cacatua sanguinea IR 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.96 1.00 0.93 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

1.00 IR 0.94

Long-billed Corella Cacatua tenuirostris

0.30 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 1.00 IR IR

Fan-tailed Cuckoo Cacomantis flabelliformis 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.06 1.00 0.60 1.00

Pallid Cuckoo Cacomantis pallidus 0.78 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 0.99 1.00 1.00 0.88 1.00 0.49 0.90 0.72 0.86

Brush Cuckoo Cacomantis variolosus

1.00 0.98 1.00 IR 1.00 0.89 1.00 0.98 0.95 0.97 1.00 0.97 1.00 IR IR

Striated Fieldwren Calamanthus fuliginosus

1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 0.93 1.00 1.00 0.38 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.17 1.00 IR 1.00

1.00

Chestnut-rumped Heathwren Calamanthus pyrrhopygius / Hylacola pyrrhopygia

0.38 0.79 IR

0.97 1.00

IR IR 0.92

0.83 0.59

IR 1.00

Sharp-tailed Sandpiper Calidris acuminata 0.96 1.00 0.08 0.90 0.74 0.95 1.00 1.00 0.72 1.00 1.00

1.00 1.00 0.60 1.00

Sanderling Calidris alba 0.66 0.98

IR 1.00 IR 0.97 0.91 0.98

0.74 1.00 0.42 0.98

Red Knot Calidris canutus 0.26 0.91 IR IR 1.00 1.00

0.87 1.00

0.71 1.00 0.04 0.73

Curlew Sandpiper Calidris ferruginea 0.73 1.00 0.80 1.00 1.00 1.00

1.00 1.00

0.80 1.00 0.02 1.00

Stilt Sandpiper Calidris himantopus

0.00

Pectoral Sandpiper Calidris melanotos IR IR

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

0.09 1.00

Little Stint Calidris minuta

1.00 0.96

IR IR

Red-necked Stint Calidris ruficollis 0.51 1.00 IR 1.00 IR 0.91 1.00 1.00 0.91 1.00 1.00 1.00

0.86 1.00 0.39 1.00

Long-toed Stint Calidris subminuta

IR

1.00 1.00 0.76 0.92

IR 0.98

Great Knot Calidris tenuirostris 0.79 0.93 IR IR 1.00 1.00

IR 1.00

0.02 1.00 0.15 0.02

California Quail Callipepla californica

IR

Gang-gang Cockatoo Callocephalon fimbriatum 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.59 0.88 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.30 0.08 IR 0.38

Red-tailed Black Cockatoo Calyptorhynchus banksii

IR

Yellow-tailed Black-Cockatoo Calyptorhynchus funereus 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 1.00 0.56 1.00

Cape Barren Goose Cereopsis novaehollandiae 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 0.98 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

0.96 1.00 0.66 1.00

Emerald Dove Chalcophaps indica

IR 0.41

Double-banded Plover Charadrius bicinctus 0.73 1.00 0.80 1.00 IR 0.92 1.00 1.00 0.70 1.00 1.00 1.00

0.82 1.00 0.86 0.98

Greater Sand Plover Charadrius leschenaultii IR 0.00

0.26 0.06

IR

0.98 1.00 0.64 0.20

Lesser Sand Plover Charadrius mongolus IR 0.92

0.64 0.75

0.93 0.64 0.91 0.79

Red-capped Plover Charadrius ruficapillus 0.21 1.00 0.43 IR 0.92 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

0.99 1.00 0.93 1.00

Oriental Plover Charadrius veredus

IR

IR

IR IR

Australian Wood Duck Chenonetta jubata 0.25 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.89 1.00 0.89 1.00

White-backed Swallow Cheramoeca leucosterna

IR 0.81 0.40 0.86 0.78 0.77 0.20 IR 1.00

IR IR IR IR IR

66 | P a g e

Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybrida IR 1.00 IR 0.93 1.00 0.97 1.00 1.00 0.96 0.97 1.00 1.00 IR IR 0.82 1.00 0.42 0.97

White-winged Tern Chlidonias leucopterus

0.50 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.97

0.85 1.00

Silver Gull Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae 0.94 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.94 1.00 0.97 1.00 0.99 1.00

Horsfield's Bronze-Cuckoo Chrysococcyx basalis 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.94 1.00 0.79 0.89

Shining Bronze-Cuckoo Chrysococcyx lucidus 0.86 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.44 1.00 0.69 1.00

Black-eared Cuckoo Chrysococcyx osculans

IR 0.97 0.97 0.74 0.98 0.99 0.99 0.99 IR 0.84

IR

Brown Songlark

Cincloramphus cruralis / Megalurus cruralis

IR

0.85 0.89 1.00 1.00

1.00 1.00

0.59 0.98 1.00 1.00

0.49 0.98

0.82 1.00

0.25 0.70

Spotted Quail-thrush Cinclosoma punctatum

1.00 0.98 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 0.24 0.11 0.03 0.97 0.98 IR IR IR IR

Swamp Harrier Circus approximans 0.45 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.96 1.00 0.99 1.00 0.92 1.00

Spotted Harrier Circus assimilis IR 0.95 IR 1.00 0.91 1.00 0.65 1.00 IR 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 0.92 IR 0.97 IR 0.98

Golden-headed Cisticola Cisticola exilis 0.96 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.77 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 IR 1.00 0.93 0.98

Banded Stilt Cladorhynchus leucocephalus

1.00 IR

IR 1.00 1.00 0.98 1.00

0.89 1.00

1.00

White-browed Treecreeper Climacteris affinis

1.00 0.90 IR

Red-browed Treecreeper Climacteris erythrops

1.00 1.00 0.76 0.98 1.00 1.00 IR 1.00 1.00 1.00

Brown Treecreeper Climacteris picumnus

IR 1.00 IR 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.41 0.38 1.00

Brown Treecreeper (south-eastern ssp.) Climacteris picumnus vitoriae

0.00 0.04

0.12

0.25

0.84

Grey Shrike-thrush Colluricincla harmonica 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.12 1.00 0.95 1.00

White-headed Pigeon Columba leucomela

IR

1.00 IR IR 0.40 0.78 1.00

Black-faced Cuckoo-shrike Coracina novaehollandiae 0.94 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.83 1.00 0.82 1.00

White-bellied Cuckoo-Shrike Coracina papuensis

IR 1.00 IR 0.88 1.00 0.92 IR 0.92 1.00 0.48 IR IR

Common Cicadabird Coracina tenuirostris

0.22 1.00

0.05 0.29 0.17 IR 0.27 0.94 1.00

White-winged Chough Corcorax melanorhamphos

IR 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

White-throated Treecreeper Cormobates leucophaea 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 0.96 0.11 0.87

Little Crow Corvus bennetti

IR 0.83

1.00 1.00

IR

Australian Raven Corvus coronoides 0.61 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.90 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.92 0.96 0.62 1.00

Little Raven Corvus mellori 0.87 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.40 1.00 0.66 1.00

House Crow Corvus splendens

0.08

IR

Forest Raven Corvus tasmanicus

0.84

IR

IR

IR

Stubble Quail Coturnix pectoralis 0.94 1.00 1.00 0.20 0.97 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.88 0.79 1.00 1.00 0.99 0.99 0.91 0.99 0.11 0.91

Brown Quail Coturnix ypsilophora 0.34 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.96 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.91 0.98 1.00 1.00 0.92 0.98 0.10 1.00 IR 0.86

Pied Butcherbird Cracticus nigrogularis

0.44

1.00

IR IR IR 1.00

1.00

IR

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Australian Magpie Cracticus tibicen 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.32 1.00 0.66 1.00

Grey Butcherbird Cracticus torquatus 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.95 1.00 0.87 1.00

Black Swan Cygnus atratus 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 0.97 1.00

Blue-winged Kookaburra Dacelo leachii

IR

Laughing Kookaburra Dacelo novaeguineae 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.48 0.99 0.88 1.00

Varied Sittella Daphoenositta chrysoptera 0.82 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.90 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR IR 0.02 0.00

Cape Petrel Daption capense IR 0.40

IR 0.83

IR 0.91 IR 0.16

Rufous bristlebird

Dasyornis (Maccoyornis) broadbenti

IR

Plumed Whistling Duck Dendrocygna eytoni

IR

0.30 0.69 1.00 IR 0.85

Mistletoebird Dicaeum hirundinaceum 0.94 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.96 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.69 0.52 0.72 0.98

Spangled Drongo Dicrurus bracteatus IR 0.94

IR 1.00 IR 0.99

IR IR

Royal Albatross Diomedea epomophora

0.03 0.00

Wandering Albatross Diomedea exulans

0.55 0.35 IR IR

0.40 0.19 IR 0.00

Emu Dromaius novaehollandiae

0.67 1.00 IR 0.26

1.00 1.00 IR 1.00 0.86 1.00

Eclectus Parrot Eclectus roratus

IR

Little Egret Egretta garzetta 0.80 1.00 0.11 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.02 1.00 1.00 IR 1.00 0.91 1.00 0.22 1.00

White-faced Heron Egretta novaehollandiae 0.04 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.98 1.00 0.83 1.00

Black-shouldered Kite Elanus axillaris 0.08 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.97 1.00 0.06 1.00 0.72 1.00

Letter-winged Kite Elanus scriptus

IR IR IR 0.70 IR IR IR IR IR IR

IR 0.15

Black-fronted Dotterel Elseyornis melanops 0.75 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 0.66 1.00 0.10 0.93

Blue-faced Honeyeater Entomyzon cyanotis

IR

1.00

Galah Eolophus roseicapilla 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 1.00 0.97 1.00

Eastern Yellow Robin Eopsaltria australis 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.08 0.90 IR 1.00

Western Yellow Robin Eopsaltria griseogularis

IR

White-fronted Chat Epthianura albifrons 0.78 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.94 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.75 0.97

Orange Chat Epthianura aurifrons

IR

Crimson Chat Epthianura tricolor

IR IR

Red-kneed Dotterel Erythrogonys cinctus 0.73 0.01 IR 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.63 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.68 0.96 0.92 0.97 IR 0.58

Eastern Koel Eudynamys orientalis

1.00 1.00

0.04

0.78 IR 1.00 0.92 1.00 IR 1.00

0.56

Common Koel Eudynamys scolopaceus

0.04 IR IR IR

Rockhopper Penguin Eudyptes chrysocome

IR IR

IR IR

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Northern Rockhopper Penguin Eudyptes moseleyi

IR

Fiordland Penguin Eudyptes pachyrhynchus

IR

IR IR IR

Erect-crested Penguin Eudyptes sclateri

IR IR

Little Penguin Eudyptula minor 0.30 1.00

0.12 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00

0.86 1.00 0.92 1.00

White-throated Nightjar Eurostopodus mystacalis

0.90 1.00 0.83 0.92 0.93 1.00 1.00 IR IR 0.92 0.99

Dollarbird Eurystomus orientalis IR 1.00 1.00 0.30 IR IR 0.76 0.96 IR IR 0.98 0.97 0.83 0.99

IR

King Quail Excalfactoria chinensis 0.97 0.94 0.07 0.01

IR 0.79 0.91 0.06 0.01 IR IR IR IR

Brown Falcon Falco berigora 0.75 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.97 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.69 1.00 0.94 0.99

Nankeen Kestrel Falco cenchroides 0.94 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 0.59 1.00 0.35 1.00

Grey Falcon Falco hypoleucos

IR IR

Australian Hobby Falco longipennis IR 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.97 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 0.98 1.00 IR 0.90

Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.89 1.00 0.95 1.00

Black Falcon Falco subniger 0.67 1.00 0.80 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.97 1.00 0.98 1.00 0.88 0.95 0.43 0.94 0.66 0.86

Crested Shrike-tit Falcunculus frontatus 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.97 1.00 IR 1.00 IR 0.64

Lesser Frigatebird Fregata ariel

IR IR

Great Frigatebird Fregata minor

IR IR IR 1.00

IR IR

Eurasian Coot Fulica atra 0.50 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.55 1.00 0.92 1.00

Southern Fulmar Fulmarus glacialoides IR IR

IR 0.29 IR IR

0.89 0.95 0.75 0.73

Latham's Snipe Gallinago hardwickii 0.59 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.98 1.00 0.61 0.98 0.38 0.98

Dusky Moorhen Gallinula tenebrosa 0.69 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.28 1.00 0.93 1.00

Buff-banded Rail Gallirallus philippensis 0.89 0.93 1.00 1.00 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.97 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.86 1.00 0.98 1.00 IR 0.78

Grey-backed Storm-Petrel Garrodia nereis

IR IR

Gull-billed Tern Gelochelidon nilotica IR 1.00 0.09 0.97 0.04 1.00

0.98 1.00

IR 1.00 IR 1.00

Diamond Dove Geopelia cuneata

0.65 IR 0.59 0.93 0.98 IR IR 0.95 0.92

IR

Bar-shouldered Dove Geopelia humeralis

IR

Peaceful Dove Geopelia placida

0.30 IR 0.87 0.95 0.53

0.98 0.94 1.00 0.70

Zebra Dove Geopelia striata

0.17

IR

Western Gerygone Gerygone fusca

IR IR 0.88 IR 0.70

IR 0.82 0.96 IR 1.00

Brown Gerygone Gerygone mouki

IR 0.02 1.00

IR

1.00 1.00 IR 1.00

White-throated Gerygone Gerygone olivacea

IR 0.96 1.00 0.97 0.95 0.99 IR 0.42 0.95 1.00

Oriental Pratincole Glareola maldivarum

IR IR 0.91 0.01

IR

Tawny-crowned Honeyeater Gliciphila melanops IR 1.00 1.00 0.89 IR 0.30 0.96 0.91 IR IR IR 0.88 IR 0.55

69 | P a g e

Musk Lorikeet Glossopsitta concinna

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.98 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.94 1.00 IR 0.45

Purple-crowned Lorikeet

Glossopsitta porphyrocephala / Parvipsitta porphyrocephala

IR 1.00 1.00

1.00 1.00

IR 0.91 0.99 1.00

0.58 1.00

IR 0.98

Little Lorikeet

Glossopsitta pusilla / Parvipsitta pusilla

IR

0.96 1.00 1.00 1.00

0.96 1.00

0.81 1.00 1.00 1.00

0.99 1.00

0.21 0.58

IR IR

Magpie-lark Grallina cyanoleuca 0.88 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.63 1.00 0.86 1.00

Painted Honeyeater Grantiella picta

0.96 0.86 IR 0.99

IR 0.99

Brolga Grus rubicunda

0.83 0.97 1.00 1.00

IR 0.91

IR 0.96 1.00

South Island oystercatcher Haematopus finschi

IR

Sooty Oystercatcher Haematopus fuligino 0.81 1.00

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.07 1.00

0.96 1.00 0.94 1.00

Pied Oystercatcher Haematopus longirostris 0.76 1.00 IR 0.89 0.85 1.00 1.00 0.85 1.00 1.00 1.00

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

White-bellied Sea-Eagle Haliaeetus leucogaster 1.00 1.00 0.37 0.96 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.89 1.00 0.93 1.00 1.00 0.94 0.97 0.99 0.93 0.99

Whistling Kite Haliastur sphenurus 0.92 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.84 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.90 1.00

Blue Petrel Halobaena caerulea IR IR

0.64 0.30

IR IR 0.14 0.79

Black-breasted Buzzard Hamirostra melanosternon

IR IR

IR

Little Eagle Hieraaetus morphnoides 0.01 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.91 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.81 1.00 IR 1.00 0.35 0.98

Black-winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus 0.16 1.00 0.30 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.97 0.97 1.00 1.00 IR 1.00 0.97 1.00 IR 1.00

White-throated Needletail Hirundapus caudacutus 0.44 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.98 1.00 0.98 1.00 0.98 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.98 1.00 0.73 0.99 0.03 0.93

Welcome Swallow Hirundo neoxena 0.83 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.65 1.00 0.99 1.00

Caspian Tern Hydroprogne caspia 0.46 1.00 0.90 1.00 IR 0.95 1.00 1.00 0.97 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 0.86 0.33 1.00 IR 1.00

Australian Little Bittern Ixobrychus dubius

IR IR

IR

IR IR

0.00

Black Bittern Ixobrychus flavicollis

IR

Little Bittern Ixobrychus minutus

0.96 0.87

0.97 0.96 0.95 0.86 0.82 0.74

White-shouldered Triller Lalage sueurii

0.08 0.00

1.00

1.00 IR

1.00

0.47

IR

White-winged Triller Lalage tricolor 0.08 0.83 1.00 0.96 1.00 0.96 1.00 0.75 0.97 0.98 1.00 1.00 0.81 1.00 0.73 0.55 IR IR

Kelp Gull Larus dominicanus IR 1.00 1.00

IR 0.97 0.78 1.00 1.00

0.40 1.00 0.68 1.00

Pacific Gull Larus pacificus 0.96 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 1.00 1.00 0.54 1.00 1.00 1.00

0.98 1.00 1.00 1.00

Swift Parrot Lathamus discolor 0.37 0.90 0.71 0.97 0.57 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 0.99 0.99 1.00 0.95 1.00 IR 0.77

Malleefowl Leipoa ocellata

IR IR

Wonga Pigeon Leucosarcia melanoleuca

1.00 1.00 IR 0.91

IR IR IR 1.00 1.00

IR IR

Lewin's Rail Lewinia pectoralis 0.83 0.93 0.96 1.00 IR 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.86 1.00 1.00 0.72

Yellow-faced Honeyeater

Lichenostomus chrysops / Caligavis chrysops

1.00 1.00

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

1.00 1.00

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

1.00 1.00

IR 0.99

0.72 1.00

Fuscous Honeyeater Lichenostomus fuscus

1.00 IR 0.96 0.99 0.93 0.99 IR 1.00 0.98 0.99

70 | P a g e

White-eared Honeyeater

Lichenostomus leucotis/Nesoptilotis leucotis

1.00 1.00

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

1.00 1.00

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

1.00 1.00

0.90 0.94

0.96 1.00

Yellow-tufted Honeyeater Lichenostomus melanops IR 0.96 0.83 1.00 0.96 0.96 0.97 1.00 IR 0.81 IR 1.00 IR 1.00 IR 0.68

Helmeted Honeyeater Lichenostomus melanops cassidix 0.50 IR 0.72 0.67

IR 0.00

IR IR

Yellow-plumed Honeyeater

Lichenostomus ornatus / Ptilotula ornata

IR

0.42 1.00

IR 0.99

1.00 0.99

IR

IR

White-plumed Honeyeater

Lichenostomus penicillatus / Ptilotula penicillata

0.94 1.00

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

1.00 1.00

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

1.00 1.00

0.46 1.00

0.84 1.00

Singing Honeyeater

Lichenostomus virescens / Gavicalis virescens

1.00

1.00 IR 1.00

1.00 1.00

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

IR 1.00

0.95 1.00

0.85 1.00

Brown Honeyeater Lichmera indistincta

IR

IR

Broad-billed Sandpiper Limicola falcinellus

IR 0.39 0.48 1.00

1.00 1.00

IR 0.98 IR IR

Asian Dowitcher Limnodromus semipalmatus

IR 0.02 IR IR

Hudsonian Godwit Limosa haemastica

IR 0.00

IR

IR

Bar-tailed Godwit Limosa lapponica 0.65 1.00

1.00 1.00 0.87 1.00

0.90 1.00 0.11 1.00

Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa

0.55 IR IR 1.00 1.00 IR IR 0.95 1.00

0.96 1.00 IR 0.96

Chestnut-breasted Mannikin Lonchura castaneothorax

1.00 IR

IR 0.98 IR IR

Major Mitchell's cockatoo Lophochroa leadbeateri

IR IR

IR IR 0.98 0.88

Square-tailed Kite Lophoictinia isura

IR 1.00 IR 0.98 0.04 0.00 IR IR 1.00 IR 1.00

IR IR

Kerguelen Petrel Lugensa brevirostris IR IR

IR IR

IR IR

Southern Giant-Petrel Macronectes giganteus IR IR

0.30 0.09 IR 0.94 IR

0.42 0.74 IR 0.00

Northern Giant-Petrel Macronectes halli

0.02

IR 0.25 1.00 IR 1.00

IR 0.98 0.45 0.07

Pink-eared Duck Malacorhynchus membranaceus 0.60 0.00 0.94 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 0.75 1.00 1.00 0.77 1.00 0.92 1.00 0.31 0.08

Superb Fairy-wren Malurus cyaneus 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 0.93 1.00

Blue-breasted Fairywren Malurus pulcherrimus

IR

0.30

Splendid Fairywren Malurus splendens

0.88

IR 1.00 1.00

IR

Yellow-throated Miner Manorina flavigula

IR

Noisy Miner Manorina melanocephala 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.53 1.00 0.92 1.00

Bell Miner Manorina melanophrys IR 0.94 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 IR 0.87 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 0.96

IR

Little Grassbird Megalurus gramineus 0.83 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.91 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.92 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.55 1.00

Rufous Songlark

Megalurus mathewsi / Cincloramphus mathewsi

IR 0.96 0.88 0.82

0.96 0.95

0.11 0.01 IR 0.98

0.90 0.64

IR IR

IR IR

Tawny Grassbird Megalurus timoriensis

IR

0.00

Hooded Robin Melanodryas cucullata 0.21 0.00 0.99 0.97 IR 0.98 0.90 0.82 IR IR 0.24 0.92 0.53 0.98 0.75 0.64 IR 0.33

Lewin's Honeyeater Meliphaga (Meliphaga) lewinii

IR 1.00 1.00 0.67 0.01

IR 1.00 1.00 1.00

White-throated Honeyeater Melithreptus albogularis

0.68

71 | P a g e

Brown-headed Honeyeater Melithreptus brevirostris 0.71 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.62 0.40 0.82 0.75

Black-chinned Honeyeater Melithreptus gularis

IR 1.00 1.00 IR IR IR 0.21

White-naped Honeyeater Melithreptus lunatus 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.72 0.92 0.62 1.00

Budgerigar Melopsittacus undulatus IR IR IR IR 0.99 IR 1.00

0.78 0.99 IR 0.17

Superb Lyrebird Menura novaehollandiae 0.01 0.99 1.00 1.00 0.93 1.00

0.93 1.00 1.00 1.00

Rainbow Bee-eater Merops ornatus

IR 0.86 0.93 0.90 1.00 1.00 IR 0.02 0.97 1.00 0.79 0.82 IR IR

Little Pied Cormorant Microcarbo melanoleucos 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.64 1.00 0.83 1.00 0.14 1.00

Jacky Winter Microeca fascinans 0.25 0.60 0.93 1.00 0.79 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.94 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 0.98 0.05 0.01

Lemon-bellied flyrobin Microeca flavigaster

IR

Black Kite Milvus migrans

0.10 IR 0.72 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.92 1.00 0.96 0.96

1.00

Singing Bushlark Mirafra cantillans IR IR IR IR 0.42 IR 1.00 0.00 IR 0.18 IR 0.24 0.66

Horsfield's Bushlark Mirafra javanica

1.00 0.85

1.00

1.00 IR 0.02 1.00

0.50

1.00

Black-faced Monarch Monarcha melanopsis

1.00

IR

IR IR IR 0.94 0.86 0.99

Cape Gannet Morus capensis

0.04 0.00

Australasian Gannet Morus serrator 0.21 1.00

IR 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

IR 0.85 1.00 0.49 1.00

Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava

IR 0.19 1.00 0.10

Satin Flycatcher Myiagra cyanoleuca 0.78 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.26 1.00 0.96 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 0.84 0.17 0.03

Restless Flycatcher Myiagra inquieta

IR 1.00 1.00 0.95 0.81 1.00 1.00 IR 0.71 0.66 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR IR 0.41 0.20

Leaden Flycatcher Myiagra rubecula

1.00 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.96 1.00 0.93 1.00 0.98 1.00 0.99 1.00 IR 0.84 IR IR

Scarlet Honeyeater Myzomela sanguinolenta

IR IR 0.73 0.68

IR IR 1.00 IR 1.00 0.94 1.00

Star Finch Neochmia ruficauda

IR IR

Red-browed Finch Neochmia temporalis 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.90 1.00 0.48 1.00

Orange-bellied Parrot Neophema chrysogaster IR 0.00 IR IR 1.00 1.00 IR IR 0.86 0.63

1.00 0.83 0.21 0.02

Blue-winged Parrot Neophema chrysostoma 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.98 0.99 1.00 1.00 0.78 0.98 1.00 1.00 0.80 1.00 0.94 1.00 0.96 0.87

Turquoise Parrot Neophema pulchella

IR 0.96

IR 1.00 IR 1.00

Scarlet-chested Parrot Neophema splendida

IR

Yellow-throated Honeyeater Nesoptilotis flavicollis

IR

Southern Boobook Ninox boobook 0.94 0.99 1.00 1.00 0.98 0.98 0.99 0.99 0.95 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00 0.93 0.65 0.50 0.12 0.02

Barking Owl Ninox connivens IR 0.26 0.97 0.91 0.87 0.89 0.95 1.00 IR IR 0.97 1.00 0.95 0.98

IR IR

Morepork Ninox novaeseelandiae

0.77 1.00

1.00

1.00 1.00

1.00

1.00

Powerful Owl Ninox strenua 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.85 1.00 0.95 0.98 0.68 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

IR IR IR

Eastern Curlew Numenius madagascariensis 0.43 1.00 0.76 1.00 0.92 1.00 0.67 1.00 0.90 1.00

0.86 1.00 0.66 1.00

72 | P a g e

Little Curlew Numenius minutus

IR IR IR 0.25

IR IR

0.80 0.69

Whimbrel Numenius phaeopus 0.12 1.00 IR 0.03 IR 1.00

IR

0.52 0.97 0.03 0.97

Helmeted Guineafowl Numida meleagris

IR

Nankeen Night Heron Nycticorax caledonicus IR 1.00 0.89 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.97 1.00 0.54 1.00 0.45 0.97

Cockatiel Nymphicus hollandicus IR IR IR 0.97 0.98 0.99 0.95 1.00 0.67 1.00 1.00 0.55 0.98 IR IR IR IR

Crested Pigeon Ocyphaps lophotes

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.94 1.00 1.00 1.00

0.74

Bridled Tern Onychoprion anaethetus

0.11 IR

Sooty Tern Onychoprion fuscata

IR

Crested Bellbird Oreoica gutturalis

0.98 1.00

Olive-backed Oriole Oriolus sagittatus 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.98 1.00 0.80 0.93 IR 0.92

Blue-billed Duck Oxyura australis 0.39 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.96 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.95 1.00 0.09 1.00 0.32 0.92

Gilbert's Whistler Pachycephala inornata

IR IR IR 0.21 0.00

Olive Whistler Pachycephala olivacea 0.56 1.00 0.98 1.00 IR 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 0.75 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00

IR IR

Golden Whistler Pachycephala pectoralis 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.07 0.91 IR 0.93

Rufous Whistler Pachycephala rufiventris 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.29 0.96 0.13 0.03

Slender-billed Prion Pachyptila belcheri

0.33 0.88 IR IR

0.67 0.47 0.08 0.84

Antarctic Prion Pachyptila desolata IR IR

0.89 0.76 IR IR

0.58 0.33 0.37 0.13

Salvin's Prion Pachyptila salvini IR IR

IR IR 0.02 IR

0.73 0.58 0.12 0.97

Fairy Prion Pachyptila turtur IR 0.34

0.86 0.95 IR 0.97

0.96 0.89 0.33 0.06

Broad-billed Prion Pachyptila vittata IR IR

Snow Petrel Pagodroma nivea

IR IR

Eastern Osprey Pandion cristatus

0.62

Osprey Pandion haliaetus IR IR

0.25 1.00 IR 0.09

0.21

0.75

Spotted Pardalote Pardalotus punctatus 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.72 1.00 0.20 1.00

Striated Pardalote Pardalotus striatus 0.88 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.60 1.00 0.75 1.00

Plains-wanderer Pedionomus torquatus

IR 0.14 0.94 0.75 0.98 0.71 0.65 0.32 IR IR IR IR

White-faced Storm Petrel Pelagodroma marina

IR

IR 0.03 IR IR 0.97

0.01 1.00 IR IR

Common Diving-Petrel Pelecanoides urinatrix IR 0.86

IR 0.44 0.96 IR 0.87

0.85 0.57 0.13 0.02

Australian Pelican Pelecanus conspicillatus 0.03 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.98 1.00 0.01 1.00

Fairy Martin Petrochelidon ariel 0.77 1.00 0.97 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.88 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.87 1.00 IR 1.00 0.01 0.89

Tree Martin Petrochelidon nigricans 0.82 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.30 1.00 IR 1.00

Scarlet Robin Petroica boodang 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.28 0.09 0.64 0.41

73 | P a g e

Red-capped Robin Petroica goodenovii

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

0.94 0.99 0.87 1.00

Pacific Robin Petroica multicolor

1.00

IR

Flame Robin Petroica phoenicea 0.96 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.23 1.00 0.91 0.96

Pink Robin Petroica rodinogaster 0.72 0.82 0.99 1.00 0.91 1.00 0.99 1.00 0.94 1.00 0.92 1.00 0.80 1.00 IR 0.96 IR IR

Rose Robin Petroica rosea IR 0.99 1.00 1.00 0.81 1.00 0.94 1.00 0.89 0.94 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 0.93 0.31 0.08

Ground Parrot Pezoporus wallicus

IR IR

Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo 0.53 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.95 1.00 0.82 1.00 0.96 1.00

Black-faced Cormorant Phalacrocorax fuscescens 0.86 1.00 IR IR IR 1.00 0.73 1.00 IR 1.00

0.96 1.00 0.91 1.00

Little Black Cormorant Phalacrocorax sulcirostris 0.55 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.85 1.00 0.69 1.00

Pied Cormorant Phalacrocorax varius 0.97 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.97 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.85 1.00 0.94 1.00 0.91 1.00

Red-necked Phalarope Phalaropus lobatus

1.00 1.00 1.00 0.75

IR 1.00

Wilson's Phalarope Phalaropus tricolor

IR IR

Common Bronzewing Phaps chalcoptera IR 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 0.99 0.05 1.00

Brush Bronzewing Phaps elegans

0.30 1.00 1.00 0.81 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR IR 0.30 0.98

Noisy Friarbird

Philemon (Tropidorhynchus) corniculatus

0.04

IR 0.61 IR 0.92

1.00

IR 1.00 0.99

0.75 1.00

Little Friarbird Philemon citreogularis

IR IR IR 1.00 0.76 IR 0.98

Ruff Philomachus pugnax

0.35 0.79 IR IR 0.87 0.96

IR 0.84

Sooty Albatross Phoebetria fusca

IR IR IR

Light-mantled Albatross Phoebetria palpebrata

IR IR IR

White-cheeked Honeyeater Phylidonyris niger

IR IR

IR

New Holland Honeyeater Phylidonyris novaehollandiae 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.93 1.00 0.90 1.00

Crescent Honeyeater Phylidonyris pyrrhopterus 0.87 1.00 0.98 1.00 0.96 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR IR 0.20 0.98

Yellow-billed Spoonbill Platalea flavipes 0.77 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.94 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.97 1.00 0.93 1.00 0.91 0.79

Royal Spoonbill Platalea regia 0.14 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.97 1.00 0.77 1.00 0.51 1.00

Pale-headed Rosella Platycercus adscitus

0.83 0.49

Green Rosella Platycercus caledonicus

IR

Crimson Rosella Platycercus elegans 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.94 1.00 0.09 1.00

Eastern Rosella Platycercus eximius 0.90 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.95 1.00

1.00

Striped Honeyeater Plectorhyncha lanceolata

IR 0.99

Glossy Ibis Plegadis falcinellus IR 0.96 IR 0.82 1.00 0.30 1.00 1.00 IR 0.97 1.00 1.00

1.00 0.66 0.98 IR IR

American Golden Plover Pluvialis dominica

IR

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Pacific Golden Plover Pluvialis fulva IR 1.00 IR IR 1.00 1.00

0.98 1.00

0.98 1.00 0.23 0.97

Grey Plover Pluvialis squatarola 1.00 0.90

0.65 1.00 IR 1.00 0.59 0.96

0.68 1.00 0.08 0.00

Tawny Frogmouth Podargus strigoides 0.93 0.98 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.86 0.95 0.30 0.84

Great Crested Grebe Podiceps cristatus 0.78 0.95 0.66 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.82 1.00 0.94 1.00 0.39 0.15

Hoary-headed Grebe Poliocephalus poliocephalus 0.72 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.61 1.00 0.81 0.97

Princess Parrot Polytelis alexandrae

1.00

Regent Parrot Polytelis anthopeplus

IR 0.95

Superb Parrot Polytelis swainsonii

IR IR 0.95 0.88

0.25 0.01

White-browed Babbler Pomatostomus superciliosus

IR IR 0.19 0.07

IR

Grey-crowned Babbler Pomatostomus temporalis

0.87 0.70 IR IR 0.67 0.51 0.87 0.11 0.92 0.23 0.14 0.04 0.78 0.65 IR IR

Australasian Swamphen Porphyrio melanotus

1.00 1.00

1.00

1.00 1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

1.00

Purple Swamphen Porphyrio porphyrio 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.74 1.00 0.84 0.97

Australian Spotted Crake Porzana fluminea IR 0.02 0.96 0.98 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.61 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 1.00 0.92 1.00 0.28 0.91

Baillon's Crake Porzana pusilla

0.00 1.00 0.17 1.00 0.90 0.96 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.95 0.99 0.92 0.98 1.00 0.84

Spotless Crake Porzana tabuensis IR 0.79 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.92 1.00 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 1.00 IR 1.00 1.00 0.02

Red-rumped Parrot

Psephotus (Psephotus) haematonotus

0.91 1.00 1.00 1.00

1.00 1.00

0.95 1.00 1.00 1.00

1.00 1.00

0.74 1.00

IR 0.16

Eastern Whipbird Psophodes olivaceus 0.60 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.21 0.04

IR 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Mottled Petrel Pterodroma inexpectata

IR IR

White-headed Petrel Pterodroma lessonii

0.64 0.45 0.12 0.01

IR 0.28 0.24 0.04

Gould's Petrel Pterodroma leucoptera IR IR

Great-winged Petrel Pterodroma macroptera

0.56 0.34

0.09 0.01

Grey-faced Petrel Pterodroma macroptera gouldi

IR

Soft-plumaged Petrel Pterodroma mollis

IR

Black-winged Petrel Pterodroma nigripennis

IR IR

Superb Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus superbus

IR IR

Satin Bowerbird Ptilonorhynchus violaceus IR IR 0.99 1.00 0.63 0.46 IR IR 0.00 IR 1.00 1.00 1.00

IR IR

Little Shearwater Puffinus assimilis

IR

IR IR

Flesh-footed Shearwater Puffinus carneipes

IR IR IR IR

Fluttering Shearwater Puffinus gavia

1.00

IR 1.00 1.00 0.69 1.00 0.57 1.00

1.00 1.00 IR 0.74

Hutton's Shearwater Puffinus huttoni

1.00 0.72 IR 1.00

IR 0.12 0.01

White-fronted Honeyeater Purnella albifrons

IR IR 0.63

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Red-vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer

0.02

Red-whiskered Bulbul Pycnonotus jocosus

0.00

0.57

IR

Pilotbird Pycnoptilus floccosus

0.99 1.00

IR 0.15 0.79 1.00

Speckled Warbler

Pyrrholaemus sagittatus / Chthonicola sagittata

0.90 0.97

1.00 1.00

IR IR IR 0.60

0.93 0.71

IR IR

Red-necked Avocet Recurvirostra novaehollandiae IR 1.00 0.43

1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 1.00 1.00

IR 0.95 1.00 0.09 1.00

Grey Fantail Rhipidura albiscapa 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.75 1.00 0.21 1.00

New Zealand Fantail Rhipidura fuliginosa

IR

Willie Wagtail Rhipidura leucophrys 0.88 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.50 1.00 0.54 1.00

Rufous Fantail Rhipidura rufifrons 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.71 0.57 0.42 0.16

Australian Painted Snipe Rostratula australis

IR IR 0.92 0.14 0.79

0.33 0.85

IR 0.88 IR 0.16

Channel-billed Cuckoo Scythrops novaehollandiae

1.00

IR IR IR 1.00

0.00

White-browed Scrubwren Sericornis frontalis 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 1.00 0.98 1.00 0.95 1.00

Tasmanian Scrubwren Sericornis humilis

IR

Large-billed Scrubwren Sericornis magnirostra IR IR 0.96 1.00 0.09 0.00

0.98 0.98 1.00 1.00

Weebill Smicrornis brevirostris

1.00 0.63 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.01 1.00 IR 0.38

Australasian Figbird Sphecotheres vieilloti

IR IR

Magellanic Penguin Spheniscus magellanicus

IR IR

Beautiful Firetail Stagonopleura bella

1.00 0.93 1.00

IR IR 0.88 IR 0.95 0.96 1.00 IR 0.50

Diamond Firetail Stagonopleura guttata

IR IR 0.93 1.00 1.00

IR 0.86 IR 0.87

Red-eared Firetail Stagonopleura oculata

IR

Brown Skua Stercorarius antarcticus

IR

Long-tailed Jaeger Stercorarius longicaudus

IR IR IR IR

Arctic Jaeger Stercorarius parasiticus IR IR

1.00 1.00 IR 1.00 0.96 1.00

IR 0.91 1.00 0.28 0.07

Pomarine Jaeger Stercorarius pomarinus

IR 0.96 IR IR

IR

IR 0.98 IR 0.06

Great Skua Stercorarius skua

IR 1.00 0.35 0.15

0.39 0.15 0.54 0.33

Common Tern Sterna hirundo

1.00 1.00 0.47 0.22 1.00 1.00

0.59 1.00 0.77 0.43

Arctic Tern Sterna paradisaea IR IR

IR IR IR 0.45 0.47 0.02

IR 0.71 0.47 0.23

White-fronted Tern Sterna striata IR 0.12

IR IR 0.92 0.89 1.00 0.08 0.59

0.86 1.00 0.73 0.15

Little Tern Sternula albifrons IR 1.00

1.00 1.00 IR 0.94 IR 1.00

0.40 1.00 0.58 0.64

Fairy Tern Sternula nereis 0.91 1.00

1.00 1.00 IR 1.00 0.63 1.00

0.89 1.00 0.84 1.00

Freckled Duck Stictonetta naevosa IR 1.00 1.00 IR 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

0.01 0.77 1.00

IR

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Australian Pratincole Stiltia isabella

IR IR 0.32 0.07

IR 0.33

Southern Emu-wren Stipiturus malachurus 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR

0.12 1.00 IR 0.57 1.00 0.99 0.12 0.02 IR 0.71

Black Currawong Strepera fuliginosa

0.83

Pied Currawong Strepera graculina 0.14 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.98 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 1.00

IR

Grey Currawong Strepera versicolor 0.91 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 0.56 IR 1.00

Black Honeyeater Sugomel nigrum

IR 0.94

IR 0.77

Brown Booby Sula leucogaster

IR

IR 0.92 IR IR

Spectacled Monarch Symposiachrus trivirgatus

IR

Australasian Grebe Tachybaptus novaehollandiae 0.68 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.97 1.00 0.91 0.83

Radjah Shelduck Tadorna radjah

IR

Australian Shelduck Tadorna tadornoides 0.01 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.97 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.97 1.00 0.21 1.00 IR 0.96

Zebra Finch Taeniopygia guttata

IR 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 1.00 IR 0.98 IR 1.00

Buller's Albatross Thalassarche bulleri

IR

IR

Indian Yellow-nosed Albatross Thalassarche carteri

0.03

Shy Albatross Thalassarche cauta 0.24 1.00

IR

IR 1.00 IR

0.50 0.99 0.86 1.00

Atlantic Yellow-nosed Albatross

Thalassarche chlororhynchos

IR

0.34

IR IR

IR IR

Grey-headed Albatross Thalassarche chrysostoma 0.29 0.10

0.42 0.17

Black-browed Albatross Thalassarche melanophris IR 0.80

IR IR IR 0.17 IR IR

0.20 1.00 0.66 0.08

White-capped Albatross Thalassarche steadi

0.00

0.00

IR

Crested Tern Thalasseus bergii 0.83 1.00 0.54 1.00 0.40 1.00 1.00 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.00

0.90 1.00 0.77 1.00

Antarctic Petrel Thalassoica antarctica

0.51 IR

Hooded Plover Thinornis rubricollis 0.98 1.00

IR IR 1.00 1.00 0.51 0.36

0.90 1.00 0.93 0.97

Australian White Ibis Threskiornis molucca 0.01 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.88 1.00 0.71 1.00

Straw-necked Ibis Threskiornis spinicollis 0.77 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.98 1.00 0.74 1.00

Forest Kingfisher Todiramphus macleayii

IR IR

IR IR

Red-backed Kingfisher Todiramphus pyrrhopygius

IR IR 0.76 0.57 IR IR

Sacred Kingfisher Todiramphus sanctus IR 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.98 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.70 0.98 0.03 0.98

Black-tailed Native-hen Tribonyx ventralis IR 1.00 IR 0.51 0.67 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.05 1.00 1.00 IR 0.32 0.52 0.50

Scaly-breasted Lorikeet Trichoglossus chlorolepidotus

0.82 IR 1.00 0.90 1.00 IR 1.00 0.58 1.00 1.00 1.00 IR 1.00 0.79 0.97

Rainbow Lorikeet Trichoglossus moluccanus

1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.96 1.00 IR 1.00

Grey-tailed Tattler Tringa brevipes IR 1.00 IR IR 0.90 1.00

0.02 IR 0.96

0.26 1.00 0.01 1.00

Lesser Yellowlegs Tringa flavipes

IR IR

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Wood Sandpiper Tringa glareola IR IR IR IR 1.00 1.00

1.00 1.00

0.55 1.00

Wandering Tattler Tringa incana

IR

Common Greenshank Tringa nebularia 0.33 1.00 IR 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.32 0.90 1.00 1.00

0.99 1.00 0.89 1.00

Marsh Sandpiper Tringa stagnatilis IR IR IR IR 1.00 1.00 IR 0.85 1.00 1.00

0.24 1.00 IR IR

Buff-breasted Sandpiper Tryngites subruficollis

0.59 0.39

0.32 0.10

Song Thrush Turdus philomelos

0.00

0.51

0.07 0.52

0.00

0.01

0.01

Red-chested Button-quail Turnix pyrrhothorax

IR 0.83 0.98 0.96

IR 0.92 IR 0.62

Painted Button-quail Turnix varius 0.89 0.88 0.99 0.89 0.94 0.96 0.99 0.91 0.81 0.83 0.99 1.00 0.73 0.98 IR 0.99

Little Button-quail Turnix velox IR IR IR 0.83 0.94 0.98

0.00

IR

IR IR

Barn Owl Tyto alba

1.00 0.90 IR 0.61 1.00 1.00 0.33 0.92 1.00 1.00 IR 0.77

IR

Eastern Barn Owl Tyto javanica / Tyto delicatula 0.69 0.96 0.98 0.88 0.72 1.00 0.98 1.00 0.89 1.00 0.96 0.05 0.66 0.87 0.74 0.33 0.92 0.64

Eastern Grass Owl Tyto longimembris

IR

1.00 0.88

IR IR

Masked Owl Tyto novaehollandiae

0.47 1.00 IR IR 0.87 0.76 0.91 0.75 0.40 0.81

Sooty Owl Tyto tenebricosa

0.91 1.00

0.56 0.04 1.00 1.00

Masked Lapwing Vanellus miles 0.02 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.17 1.00

Banded Lapwing Vanellus tricolor IR 0.92 1.00 0.52 0.97 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.65 0.29 0.11 0.86 0.54 0.93

Terek Sandpiper Xenus cinereus 0.71 0.89 0.05 0.00 0.75 1.00

0.91 0.97

0.59 1.00 0.01 0.00

Bassian Thrush Zoothera lunulata 0.40 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.83 0.76 IR 0.31

Silvereye Zosterops lateralis 0.96 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.93 1.00 0.39 1.00

78 | P a g e

Appendix 5. Probability of persistence of mammal species by Reporting Area


Feathertail Glider Acrobates pygmaeus IR 0.74 0.74 0.95 0.85 0.97 0.99 0.99 0.62 0.33 0.00 0.97 0.86 1.00

Agile Antechinus Antechinus agilis 0.37 0.84 0.99 1.00 0.34 1.00 0.02 1.00 0.98 0.38 0.08 0.95 0.97 1.00

Swamp Antechinus Antechinus minimus IR IR IR 0.06 IR

Dusky Antechinus Antechinus swainsonii 0.54 1.00 0.92 0.77 0.49 1.00 0.87 0.74 0.25 0.06 0.92 0.09

New Zealand Fur-seal Arctocephalus forsteri 0.73 IR

Australian Fur-seal Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus 1.00 1.00 1.00

White-striped Freetail Bat Austronomus australis 0.00 0.07 0.68 0.02 1.00

Eastern Bettong Bettongia gaimardi IR 0.01 IR 0.01 IR IR

Eastern Pygmy-possum Cercartetus nanus IR IR 0.92 1.00 0.71 1.00 IR IR 0.58 0.97 0.91 1.00

Gould's Wattled Bat Chalinolobus gouldii 0.08 0.00 0.71 0.93 0.69 1.00 0.18 1.00 0.30 0.24 1.00 0.00 0.97 1.00

Chocolate Wattled Bat Chalinolobus morio IR 0.76 1.00 0.78 0.80 1.00 0.57 1.00 IR 1.00 0.98 1.00 0.83

Spot-tailed Quoll Dasyurus maculatus maculatus IR 0.97 0.87 0.88 0.79 IR IR IR 0.98 0.93 0.67

Eastern Quoll Dasyurus viverrinus IR IR 0.18 0.08 0.56 0.03 0.01 IR 0.37

Eastern False Pipistrelle Falsistrellus tasmaniensis IR IR IR IR 0.18 0.00 0.19

Leadbeater's Possum Gymnobelideus leadbeateri IR 0.22 0.99 1.00 0.07 1.00

Water Rat Hydromys chrysogaster 0.03 0.75 0.83 0.67 0.91 1.00 1.00 0.97 IR 0.67 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Leopard seal Hydrurga leptonyx IR

Southern Brown Bandicoot Isoodon obesulus 0.69 0.82 1.00 1.00 IR IR IR 0.98 0.19 0.88 0.93 0.97 0.97 0.53

Eastern Grey Kangaroo Macropus giganteus 0.32 0.75 0.98 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00

Broad-toothed Rat Mastacomys fuscus 0.38 0.15 IR 0.17 0.00 0.51

Common Bent-wing Bat Miniopterus schreibersii IR 0.13 1.00 0.62 0.60 1.00 IR 0.07 0.31 0.08 0.04 1.00

Freetail Bat (eastern form) Mormopterus norfolkensis IR

Southern Freetail Bat (long penis) Mormopterus planiceps IR 1.00 1.00 IR 0.85 0.34

Eastern free-tailed Bat Mormopterus ridei IR IR

Southern Myotis Myotis aelleni IR 0.06 IR IR 0.45 0.03

Lesser Long-eared Bat Nyctophilus geoffroyi 0.04 0.39 0.02 0.93 0.57 1.00 0.32 0.43 0.94 1.00 0.89 0.90 0.89 1.00

Gould's Long-eared Bat Nyctophilus gouldi 0.46 0.18 IR 0.39 0.73 0.84 0.08 0.00 0.96 0.37

Platypus Ornithorhynchus anatinus IR 0.38 0.83 0.01 0.55 0.39 1.00 0.98 0.83 1.00 0.05 0.94

Eastern Barred Bandicoot Perameles gunnii 0.71 0.82 0.47 0.20 IR 0.02

Long-nosed Bandicoot Perameles nasuta IR 0.91 0.75 1.00 0.47 0.92 0.75 0.99 0.09 0.01 0.79 1.00

Greater Glider Petauroides volans 0.99 1.00 0.86 0.73 0.99 1.00 0.67 1.00

Yellow-bellied Glider Petaurus australis IR 0.06 0.95 1.00 IR 0.96 1.00

Sugar Glider Petaurus breviceps 0.81 0.69 0.99 1.00 0.79 1.00 0.35 1.00 0.00 0.97 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.00

Brush-tailed Phascogale Phascogale tapoatafa IR IR 0.99 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.00 0.00 1.00 1.00

79 | P a g e

Koala Phascolarctos cinereus 0.21 0.85 0.97 1.00 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.39 1.00 0.99 1.00

Long-nosed Potoroo Potorous tridactylus 0.83 0.00 IR 0.00

Common Ringtail Possum Pseudocheirus peregrinus 0.89 1.00 0.97 1.00 0.03 1.00 0.99 1.00 0.01 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.97 1.00

Smoky Mouse Pseudomys fumeus 0.14 0.83

New Holland Mouse Pseudomys novaehollandiae 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.00

Black Flying-fox Pteropus alecto IR

Grey-headed Flying-fox Pteropus poliocephalus 0.07 0.00 0.92 0.82 0.77 1.00 0.95 0.99 0.55 0.89 0.00 1.00 0.63 0.98

Little Red Flying-fox Pteropus scapulatus IR 0.65 IR IR 0.88

Bush Rat Rattus fuscipes 0.00 0.97 0.48 1.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 1.00 IR IR 0.85 0.92 1.00 1.00

Swamp Rat Rattus lutreolus 0.89 0.98 0.88 1.00 IR IR 0.11 1.00 0.97 1.00 0.02 0.97

Eastern Horseshoe Bat Rhinolophus megaphyllus IR 0.58

Yellow-bellied Sheathtail Bat Saccolaimus flaviventris 0.95 0.79

Inland Broad-nosed Bat Scotorepens balstoni IR 0.86 1.00

Eastern Broad-nosed Bat Scotorepens orion IR 0.93 IR 0.76

Fat-tailed Dunnart Sminthopsis crassicaudata 0.88 0.76 0.96 1.00 0.21 0.08

White-footed dunnart Sminthopsis leucopus 0.50 IR 0.00 0.85 IR 0.21 0.90

Common Dunnart Sminthopsis murina IR IR IR IR 0.00 0.93

Short-beaked Echidna Tachyglossus aculeatus 0.97 1.00 0.94 1.00 0.98 1.00 0.67 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

White-striped Free-tailed Bat Tadarida australis 0.88 1.00 0.75 1.00 0.98 1.00 0.00 1.00 0.99 0.52 0.56

Rufous-bellied Pademelon Thylogale billardierii IR IR

Mountain Brushtail Possum Trichosurus cunninghami IR IR 0.90 0.38 0.59 0.87 0.97 1.00 IR IR 0.98 1.00

Common Brushtail Possum Trichosurus vulpecula 0.43 0.94 0.94 1.00 0.96 1.00 1.00 0.99 0.87 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.23 1.00

Large Forest Bat Vespadelus darlingtoni 0.80 0.48 0.29 0.84 0.12 1.00 0.02 1.00 IR 0.50 0.47 1.00 1.00 0.49

Southern Forest Bat Vespadelus regulus IR 0.86 0.82 0.88 0.83 0.54 1.00 IR 0.36 0.78 0.57 0.04 0.74

Little Forest Bat Vespadelus vulturnus 0.00 0.38 0.22 0.87 1.00 0.61 1.00 0.05 0.32 1.00 0.74 1.00 0.78

Common Wombat Vombatus ursinus 0.95 0.87 0.97 1.00 0.57 1.00 0.99 1.00 0.69 0.72 0.99 1.00 1.00 1.00

Black Wallaby Wallabia bicolor 1.00 1.00 0.96 1.00 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

List of Tables

Table 1: Summary of species persistence at the end of 2016 in each Reporting Area .......... 5

Table 2: Analysis of indigenous freshwater fish species records within each Reporting

Area. .................................................................................................................................. 14

Table 3: Analysis of indigenous amphibian species records within each Reporting Area .... 17

Table 4: Analysis of indigenous reptile species records within each Reporting Area .......... 20

Table 5: Analysis of bird species records within each Reporting Area ................................ 23

Table 6: Analysis of indigenous mammal species records within each Reporting Area ...... 26

Table 7: Analysis of species within each taxonomic group for the Bass Coast, South

Gippsland & Islands Reporting Area ................................................................................... 29

Table 8: Priority species for future survey effort in the Bass Coast, South Gippsland &

Islands Reporting Area in order to improve the accuracy of the rating ................................ 30

Table 9: Analysis of species within each taxonomic group for for Casey, Cardinia and Baw

Baw Reporting Area ........................................................................................................... 32

Table 10: Priority species for future survey effort in the Casey, Cardinia & Baw Baw

Reporting Area in order to improve the accuracy of the rating ............................................ 33

Table 11: Analysis of species within each taxonomic group for Macedon Ranges, Hume,

Mitchell & Whittlesea Reporting Area ................................................................................. 35

Table 12: Priority species for future survey effort in the Macedon Ranges, Hume, Mitchell &

Whittlesea Reporting Area in order to improve the accuracy of the rating ........................... 36

Table 13: Analysis of species within each taxonomic group for the Moorabool, Melton,

Wyndham and Greater Geelong Reporting Area ................................................................ 38

Table 14: Priority species for future survey effort in the Moorabool, Melton, Wyndham &

Greater Geelong Reporting Area in order to improve the accuracy of the rating ................. 39

Table 15: Analysis of species within each taxonomic group for the Mornington Peninsula

Reporting Area ................................................................................................................... 41

Table 16: Priority species for future survey effort in the Mornington Peninsula Reporting

Area in order to improve the accuracy of the rating ............................................................ 42

Table 17: Analysis of species within each taxonomic group for the Greater Melbourne

Reporting Area ................................................................................................................... 44

Table 18: Priority species for future survey effort in the Greater Melbourne Reporting Area in

order to improve the accuracy of the rating ........................................................................ 45

Table 19: Analysis of species within each taxonomic group for the Yarra Ranges and

Nilumbik Reporting Area .................................................................................................... 47

Table 20: Priority species for future survey effort in the Yarra Ranges & Nillumbik Reporting

Area in order to improve the accuracy of the rating ............................................................ 48

Table 21: Summary and overall indicative ratings for each Reporting Area ........................ 50

Analysis of the ‘probability of persistence’€¦ · species with low persistence ratings that...

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