An International Strategic Approach on In-Situ Resource ...€¦ · 01/12/2017 · Chandrayaan-2,...
Transcript of An International Strategic Approach on In-Situ Resource ...€¦ · 01/12/2017 · Chandrayaan-2,...
AnInternationalStrategicApproachonIn-SituResource
Utilization(ISRU)
JohnGruener,NASAJohnsonSpaceCenterNASACommunityWorkshopontheGlobalExplorationRoadmap
NASAAmesResearchCenter30November2017
ISRU:GlobalExplorationRoadmap
u MajorThemes:• WhileIn-SituResourceUtilization(ISRU)hasbeenproposedfordecadesasawaytolimitthecostandcomplexityoflong-termhumanpresencebeyondlowearthorbit,thisconceptofoperationisstillunproveninspace- ISRUcomponentsandsystemstestedonEarth(labs,environmentchambers,analogues)- ISECGagenciesseeISRUasanimportantcomponentoflong-term,sustainableexploration
• Wateristhemostimportantspaceresourcetopursue- Presentatthelunarpoles,asteroids,andontheMarssurface- Greatestpotentialforreducingcost/riskandimprovingsustainabilityofexploration
• TheMoonisagoodplacetostartISRUdemonstrations- ProximitytoEarth- Abundantanddiverseresources,includingwaterice- Commercialopportunities
• InitiallybuildstrategicknowledgearoundthreeISRUfunctions:- RoboticactivitycouldbesupportedbycrewattheGateway/surface
ResourceProspecting
ResourceProcessing
Demonstrations
ResourceAcquisition
Demonstrations
TheUseofSpaceResources– AShortHistory
u 1951– ArthurC.Clarke• “Thefirstlunarexplorerswillprobablybemainlyinterestedinthemineralresourcesof
theirnewworld,andupontheseitsfuturewillverylargelydepend.”
u 1985– LunarBasesandSpaceActivitiesofthe21st Century• Followedupbysecondconferencein1988• NASASP-509,SpaceResourcesreleasedin1991
u 1986thru2009– seriesofUSPresidentialappointedNASAadvisorystudiesadvocatingutilizinglocalplanetaryresources
u 1990– MarsDirectbyRobertZubrin• NASADRMs1to5(1991-2009)includeISRUpropellantforMarsascent
u ISRUCurrentlyDiscussedinManyForums• AmericanSocietyCivilEngineers,AmericaInstituteofAeronauticsandAstronautics• SpaceResourceRoundtable,Planetary&TerrestrialMiningScienceSymposium
u GlobalExplorationRoadmap• 2010– GlobalPointofDepartureincludesoxygenfromlunarregolith• 2011– ISRUlistedasakeysupportingobjective• 2013- Onepagedescriptionoftheuseoflocalresources• 2018- ThebeginningofinternationalframeworkforISRUandlunarpolarvolatiles
TheUseofSpaceResources– ACurrentPerspective
u Characterizingandeventuallyusingspaceresourcesisconsideredaimportantcomponentforlong-term,sustainablehumanexploration
u Despiteover65yearsofdiscussion,therehavebeenZEROdemonstrationsofISRUinspace
u UntilresourceavailabilityisassuredandISRUcapabilitieshavebeendemonstrated,spaceagenciesarehesitanttorelyonspaceresourcesandISRUforanymissioncriticalfunction
u SpaceAgenciesareplanningandinitiatingmissionsthatbegintobetterunderstandspaceresourcesanddemonstratekeyISRUtechnologiesandcapabilities• Initialfocusison:
- Lunarpolarvolatiles(i.e.,Luna27,ResourceProspector,Chandrayaan-2,SELENE-R)
- WateronMars(i.e.,Mars2020,ExoMars 2020)andasteroids- Marsatmosphereprocessing(i.e.,Mars2020)
Luna27
ResourceProspector
International Lunar Robotic Exploration Mission Timeline
2017 2019 2021 2023 2025 2027 2029
Participationw/Luna27
Chandrayaan 2
Chandrayaan 2(Nearside,+rover)
Chang’E-5(Nearside,Sample
Return)
Luna26Ressurs-1
Luna27Ressurs-1SouthPole
ResourceProspector(+rover)
Polar andnon-polarlandingandsamplereturnmissionconceptsunderstudy
Chang’E-4(Farside,+rover)
SLIM
=OrbitingMissions =PolarLandedMissions,(>85°lat)
=Non-polarLandedMissions,(≤85°lat)
Luna28GruntSampleReturn(After2025)
KPLO
SELENE-R(+rover)
Participationw/HERACLES
Participationw/HERACLES
Luna25Glob
(nearside)
Participationw/HERACLES
LunarFlashlightLunarIceCubeLunaH-MapSkyfire (flyby)
EQUULEUS(EML2)
OMOTENASHI(impactor)
ISRUDemo
LunarPathfinder
As of November 2017
=LandingRegionTBD
LunarPolarEnvironment
u Lowlunarobliquity(1° 32’)• Geometrystableforthelast~2billionyears• Grazingsunlightandextendedshadowsatthepoles• Terminatoralwaysnearby
u Areasofquasi-permanentlight• Localtopographichighsstandabovethelocalhorizon• Low,constantsurfacetemperatures(~220K± 10K)• Highsolarfluxonverticalsurfaces• Serveaslocationsforsolarpowergeneration
u Areasofpermanentdarkness• Localdepressionswithonlyscatteredlightorstarlight• Nodirectsolarillumination• Verylowtemperatures(~30-50K)• Serveas‘coldtraps’forvolatiles,includingwaterice
u ViewfromEarth• Sunlitareas– approx.twoweeksofvisibilityfollowedbytwo
weeksobscured• Shadowedareas– permanentlyobscured
Southpole
LunarPolarLightingStudies
u HistoricalPerspective• In1837,GermanastronomersBeerandMadler originatedtheideaof
somelunarpolarmountainpeaksreceiving“eternalsunshine”,latersupportedbyFrenchastronomerFlammarionin1879
• TheideaofpermanentlyshadowedcraterswasdiscussedbyUreyinThePlanets,TheirOriginandDevelopment(1952)
• ThepossibilityoficeexistingonthefloorsofpolarshadowedcraterssuggestedbyWatsonetal.,J.Geophys.Res.66,3033(1961)
u SpacecraftObservations• ImageryfromClementinewasfirstusedtounderstandthelunarpolar
lightingconditions- Bussey etal.,Geophy.Res.Let.26,1187(1999)• SimilarstudieshavebeenconductedusingimageryfromSMART-1,
SELENE-1,andLRO• LunarOrbiterLaserAltimeter(LOLA)andLunarReconnaissanceOrbiter
Camera(LROC)ontheLROspacecraftallowednewmodeledanalysesoflightingconditions– i.e.,Mazarico etal.,Icarus 211,1066(2011)
• Thearenopeaksof‘eternallight’,howevertherearenumerouslocationsthatareilluminated>75%ofthetimeatthesurface,someareilluminated>85%ofthetime
• Solararraysreaching10mabovethesurfacewouldreceiveevengreaterillumination,upto93%ofthetime
• Multiplelocationsworkingtogethercanprovide100%illumination,butthesearegenerallyseparatedby10sofkm
12
4
20
19
710
18
8
13
11
1
2
15
14
3
21
22
17
16
9
23
6 5
site average illumination longitude latitude altitude
1 87.94 222.69 -89.45 1.958
1 84.54 223.25 -89.45 1.955
1 83.86 222.08 -89.45 1.956
2 86.65 203.20 -89.79 1.733
2 85.54 202.38 -89.78 1.732
2 82.63 204.08 -89.80 1.728
3 85.57 123.11 -88.80 1.643
4 82.29 37.59 -85.54 6.111
5 82.28 2.44 -86.01 5.130
6 82.21 357.82 -85.96 4.991
7 82.03 31.76 -85.42 6.442
8 80.23 292.02 -88.68 1.800
9 80.07 243.27 -85.74 2.841
9 78.29 243.85 -85.83 2.675
10 78.41 29.37 -85.48 6.174
11 78.05 246.27 -89.32 1.682
12 77.57 39.41 -84.67 7.001
13 77.38 263.81 -89.01 1.546
14 77.15 193.79 -87.99 1.276
15 76.99 54.21 -89.79 1.433
16 76.79 245.01 -85.43 3.226
17 76.58 243.29 -85.09 3.751
18 76.51 292.54 -88.46 1.574
19 75.89 38.35 -84.84 6.880
20 74.65 37.11 -85.28 6.738
21 73.11 131.88 -88.87 1.435
21 71.62 132.18 -88.86 1.433
22 72.49 147.77 -87.98 0.936
23 72.29 337.15 -86.37 2.790
23 72.15 324.44 -83.68 5.532
(from E. Mazarico)
*NOTE: 87.94% at surface level, at 10 m above surface it increases to ~95%
LRO/LOLAResultsAverageIllumination:LunarSouthPoleRegion
LunarPolarWaterIce
u RadarExperiments• Clementinebi-staticradarexperiment;Chrandrayaan-1Mini-SAR
instrument;LROMini-RFinstrument• Spudis etal.,Sol.Sys.Res.32,17(1998);Spudis etal.,J.Geophys.Res.
Planets 118,1(2013)• Circularpolarizationratio(CPR)andcoherentbackscatteroppositioneffect
(CBOE)frompolarlocationsontheMoonsuggestthepresenceofwaterice
u NeutronSpectroscopy• NeutronspectrometersflownonbothLunarProspectorandLunar
ReconnaissanceOrbiter(LRO)• Feldmanetal.,Science 281,1496(1998);Mitrofanov etal.,Science 330,
483(2010)• Detected“excess”hydrogen(~2-3xglobalaverage)associatedwithlarge
polarregions,particularlypermanentlyshadowedregions• Enhancedhydrogenoverpolesconsistentwith~1-2%watericeor
increasedamountofretainedsolarwind• State,ornature,ofhydrogennotdetermined
u LunarCraterObservationandSensingSatellite(LCROSS)• ImpactedpermanentlyshadowedfloorofCabeus craternearsouthpole• Provideddirect evidenceofwatervaporinejecta plume• Colaprete etal.,Science 330,463(2010)• Averageconcentrationofwatericeintheregolithisestimatedtobe5.6±
2.9%bymass• Resultssuggestthereisspatialheterogeneityofwatericeatscales<10km
Redcurve=watervapor/icemodelfitYellowregions=waterabsorptionbands
LCROSSPolarVolatileAbundances
NOTE:fromColaprete etal.2010,DetectionofWaterintheLCROSSEjecta Plume,SCIENCE,Vol.330,22Oct.2010
u http://lunarvolatiles.nasa.gov
u InformationRepository• Thecaseforpolarvolatiles• Strategicissues• Knowledge/capabilitygaps• Agencyactivities• Calendar
u VirtualWorkshops• HostedbyNASASSERVI• Archivedaudio/video• Archivedpresentations(.pdf)• Findings
u Library• Scientificdata• Engineeringtests• Architecture/missionconcepts• Linkstojournals/meetings
ISECGLunarPolarVolatilesWebsite
ISRU:OverallScope
u ISRUoverallscopeincludesbroadarrayoffunctions:
InternationalNear-termFocusforSpaceResourcesandISRU
u ISRUoverallscopeincludesbroadarrayoffunctions:
GER ISRU approach to initially focus on these three functions
UnderstandingtheISRUPotential:TheInitialSteps
u ResourceProspecting• Objectives
- Groundtruththatresourcesarepresentandaccessible- Establishingthegradeandtonnageoftheresource‘ore’
• ISECGagenciesfocusinginitialeffortson;- lunarpolarvolatiles- SubsurfacewatericeonMars(ExoMars 2020WISDOM)- Hydratedminerals/watericeonnear-Earthasteroids
u ResourceAcquisitionDemonstrations• Physicallyacquiringidentifiedresources
- Subsurfacedrills(Luna27,ResourceProspector)• Demonstratingcriticaltechnologiesforlargerscaleoperations
- Marsatmosphere(MOXIE– Mars2020)
u ResourceProcessingDemonstrations• Objective:Turningrawmaterialsintousefulproducts• Waterproductionfromice-bearingregolithandhydratedminerals• Oxygenproductionfromregolith• OxygenandfuelproductionfromMarsatmosphere
ISRU:CommercialOpportunities
u Theproductionofmaterialgoodsandenergyfromnaturalresources,isroutinelydoneonEarthbycommercialenterprisesandentrepreneurs.
u AnimportantroleofspaceagenciesistodevelopnewISRUtechnologiestodrivedowntherisksassociatedwithusingspaceresources
u Iftheuseofspaceresourcesisproventobenotonlypossible,buteconomicallyadvantageous,itisenvisionedthatcommercialcompanieswillplayalargerroleinexecutingISRUcapabilitiesandneeds.
u Potentialcommercialopportunities• LunardeliveryofISRUpayloadsanddemonstrations• Utilityservices(i.e.,electricity,communications)• Productionofrocketpropellantsandlifesupportconsumables• Technologyspin-inandspin-offtoterrestrialindustryandapplicationsforminingand
renewableenergy