An Anatomical Description of the Heart of Land Tortoises from America. By Mr. Paul Bussiere,...

An Anatomical Description of the Heart of Land Tortoises from America. By Mr. PaulBussiere, Surgeon, F. R. S.Author(s): Paul BussiereSource: Philosophical Transactions (1683-1775), Vol. 27 (1710 - 1712), pp. 170-185Published by: The Royal SocietyStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/103110 .

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( 170 )

I. / XnatoStcal I)eficrttion of tbe Heart of Lvttd %6rtoi,fes frora America. By Mr. Paul }3uEzerej, Str,?;eon, F. (t. S.

N the I3eScriprion that X give of ehe H^are of thelve t Animaliv I have in no wifeany defign to criticiSc

upon wbat N5r. Mery hath publifhed in tlle Memoirs of -the Roval Academy of Sciences, AZro s703. but leave .vt to the Deternlination of the PublicI* I nevel was a friend tO Difputations it contributing oftentimes more to tntanble the SubjeAs that are treared, than tc) exo

plain the Veracsty of tle FaAs that are Searcl-ed after ;

and I llad entirely al3andoned this, wllich hath been {ome Years betsvreen Mr. lfere and myfelf, concerning the Ufe of the Valves, -whicll cover the forar^wen Ovale in

the Heart of an Htlman ftBtws, if Mr. lMerg had ticat pre-

tended to maintain his Opinion by the comparifon of the pretended Malvew, which lle inagines to be in the Eleart of the Land Tortoi(es of A"erzca, (apparently

that he llath invented them benfelf) In tlze pretended Ecxt3Ftcles of the E{eart of-tlaat Aninlal; and if at- tEze ame t.1me t1;ree Commi«aries of Reputation deputed by that AcademyX 11and nor give-n anAuthcntick Approba- tion to what is advanced by tbat Anatomift. Thts -fiort of Autherity migllt impofe-an tlle Putzlick, tlle gxate(t part whereot-beliezre every £hxng upou fxch teAiaony, and the otlers remain in furpenfe 00£ want of ehe neceItary means to infor0 tllcnzGelves of tbe truth g the Land TowroSes of Aaer-z*ra being rery rare in Exropey arld the greatea part of Anatomi{is want- irg tither the Means w Canveniencses to >et themZ I

llave



t7l ) have then ReaGon to hope, that thofe ewho concern themCelves in theSe Marters, will nor difapprove the Care I have takt to have Come brought froan Axwerica; and to let thWQm know tbe Stru2<ure Qt the Heart of this Animal which, of all tZlat m ghe llave lDeen chofens is tlle mo(} proper to convince blr. AIery cf his miftake, and confirm the uRe of wheh Slve of the Foragen Ovele in the Hcart of an Human Stgs, eftablifh'd firft by Dr. Har£scy, and confirmed and demorsltrated by all Anato- mifts fince bis<time. The StruAure of the Heart of this A<nimal beirlg; very fimple, and the uSe of the double YwZve, which covers the tWo iorawna of the Axriale, in the Sole Veatricxle of the EAcart, CO plain and Co tna nifelts that 'tis noc poElble to miliakes as it wili be acknowledg3d by ttle Defcription of its Parts and lts principal Veflels. I diffe&cd tlaree Succffi1vely of tlae fiYC 1 received from Xaicd in 5'epteayber laff, being yet alive, in the Prefence of Dr. 'loanes Dr. SytueJ2rc Mra PxjoZasX and blr. Lafge, an ablc Surgeon of Loxdor a all besllg occulazr Witneffies of what I aXert. Tlae other two beingfdead by that time, I cauSed eheir [Iearts to be takBll outw entire; one of whicl) I fent to be diffieEted in Parws and I kept tlueQotller to fatisfy- tbe (:uriolity of thofe who will fee it

X Dervri2tian of the F]ear of a La>d Tortoife of Amorica.

The Heart In this- Animal is fituated in the dntertar part of the capacity that maketb the Abdower, fepara- red froul all. the other Yifera by a large pericardzttws whicEl encloSeth it. Tbis PerisarXignw is {alined by 3tS

*Mperior part to the Spine of the BackX by the owntcrior

to the M^uCcles nof the- Neck; whicb is the caufE that t1ze Heart moveth forward when the Animal putterll forth llis Head out of tlle Shcll and ba-cl;ward wlzen

he



( i72 ) he drars it in: By the Inferior palrt it adEeres to the PeZ - riton-euwX wllich is faRtled to the lower Shell ; fo that by all tlzete l,igaments the Pericardixm is ̂ eprdiltended fuf ficientl-y, that tize; Heart hath ari entire liberty xn it.

In t}sis Pericarcliaeaw there is found a good guantity of a very clts-ar and t4anfparetlt Wter, which hath the Sa7ut nfe there, as t;hat u hich ls found in the Pericor- ditfw Qf other A;nim<ts.

sTis in the mlddie of this Pericdrdfiars that tlle Heart is fXfpe<rrded; tc) wit, at its B/<s by the Arteries, and at its Interior part by a litfsle Tetzdon, or a very tl:3in Li gametlt, wh& from the Point or Co?e of thO Heart, aScendeth to i/:^cre it felf to that part of the Psticar- dxaw whlch adheres to the Back.

'rhis little L;gamznt is very remarkable in tbis7 that bsy its means tbe J-oint of t!e Heart is fiuSpended ors tbe Level of its BayPs; Without which 'tis vifible that the Point of the Heart w-ould fall lower, and bend the Vef: Sels of the Bafr, wIlich might have interrt: pted the fre: Circulation of the Blood, and by conSequence wtould ha ze endanger'd the Life of the Anitsal.

The Pericardi being opnned, the Heart appeareth as it it was {kanding by itSelE, beinb only fixXd to the Arteries ssrllich go out of it (fsppoG3g the Animal turned upon sts Back) its Sgricles being feparated and hid under its Ba/>s and Arterles, towards the 13ack of the Animal ? whiCh is very different ftom tho Sea Tor toifes- where the rictes are fituated on the Righe and Left Angle of its B4fs) by which way they pu(h tlze Blood into tlle Heart.

The Figure of tlld Heart of tllis Antmal is almoffi lentficular; n:zakillg neverthelefs tlaret obtufe Angles, two on tlle BaJ^s, one to tlze Right, and the other tothe Left; the third as at the lt5-ferior part, where tbe littTe Tendon, grlliclz- I;3fpendcth the Hcart on the level of its B#s, is ;nErted



( 17g ) If*this Animal be opened aliveS yeu have tIze fatosi*-

{tiorl to See elle Girculatxotl of the Blood by rezIbn of the tranSparency s3f the Membaancs of the Vexn¢) and tie Altetnative MIottonss or Dilatations of the Heart and AuriclesS and elle Arteries and tVJeins>-which are vcry dow in this Animal.

From the lSvis of the E4eart paEs out fbur great

ArreriZes) that app;War dllRinStly Separated one fron3 t1Re other; whereas on vLzat of hc Sea TortoiCe} thefe Atu teries are introlsed, for *E: iength of an Inclz? in a cdpw rBla common to tllem a11? svl jch *malzeth them to appear as if they weirebut- one Trunk. If tlleSe four Artercs be entirely cut, the EIeart ss tr80 tNOte fufpendedy but by tlie ronjunEion of tile ts^70 waf#laSs condXvts oi t5e

AxrlevsX wh7ch pierce the Heart in its poJictior party toZ

wards the middle of.the HeartX t) the teft {1le; by which the Blood r}nneth from the Auricles -into the gentricle of the Heart.

There ArtAries being elzus dividedX and tne Heart turned overX the Agriales appear Iying tranforerliely az,ntt. the Bacls, in tbe capacity of tlze Pericardiz7n: Thty luake but one cotltinued flF{hy Bod5tX a little extendWd, about two tilirds inclinXng tO tile Left Ede. 'I*is in this Bo- dy that the Caxrlties of the ;Xxricles are (Scparated tJae one frem the other) l)y a tgrcglar SepXa¢) t;uated In terrlally to that Place, xrhichappears contraAed E:xteF nalls7. TheSe AgricZes make a nwfcalar Produdon about fix Lines long) WlliclS uniteth them to the H*at, toZ wards the middle and left of its backrd>v. This Pra du&Xon Xs comofed of two Condut pep3A(z4 otslly

from one anofher by tllC Extvn6x of te Xt?/2gtos

vvhich divideh the tvzo -Auricics: It i) by ttr5saft t-s-Vo

Conduits tlat the B1Q0t1 floweth hom tbe ̂utit{-lots 8ttk0

tize Heart The Body of ttzere SUrscles b<}£5 n"O ad heren>ce to the -Pericardix7XX nor any falppoi<^ 5ffi!ut t*{z3s,

of ehe Veins,. which end iIl it; for if ArOu dvide th..<fe

Z ' . w cIniX



( t74 ) t-ln* tte [4eart ancl 2#rialew comes 0ut of the-Body > ancl then if ye>n Enfpend the Heart by the Agric!ewX they fe(C>m5}4 tWO F5unnels joyI-Xed tCether3 the little end of whicll ot)tn5 into thp +Zeatris/e i the [iCartX tO pour E1]P- Blood into at. And tis in thisc manner we are

4->6¢¢l tlwnr^7 £ ftJA Nl*lll situagion 0t the A

nimal

ARer l.zav-ing thus confideredsl1-e External P-arts of tlle Heart and its W;riafewX we are to yr ceed to the ExanznatitJn of tlle infi-de of beth of tllem. In or der to thatX it mutt be aptwned at it-s Inierior SurEace (fiuppoHng the An.Xmtal turned upon- lts Bacl) becaute all the 0rifices oi eItXiltr the ALrteries and \7eil257 and their 7flbes, are in the oppotit: lide: Thcrelore a }?robe may be intreduced through one of the 24rteries -nto the Hea1ut and it opP ned upon it i after t3,3t, }tou cut a}1 thls t:ide tourld about the Infertor 63XrcumferenceX 5om one Angle to tbe othern and tIze-n; tt;rrl QVCZ all that part slYlaich is c-Ut otl ths B.M4s of t1<W FIean: ;or then it is cify to remaial; and rCvv aIZ.tiie Internal LParts of an Heart and obrerve t55t tlzore ls but one X1e Yexl7fliste whid copte5etlds the svholic extent of tizc Heartg and xs as unfftortu atAd ;-;Xtatn as t;t;er of tIve Ac2t-Zslew>+ of ttlt 194U3<);n. tXartX Or Of arlY t£1XCr An- ma.l ss+thats:Otstcr; and that it is rBpoEw51e to tern^Jwh any Kitld of Se2Wxf3>> eitef ,tUrcLlIolls Or 4tnzlbranous, that mfght make any Dsv jrion cr CeV!le in ts iS Vertri X#: Asnct 9ts tetyw lwiA-.p^+izis^$.g7 t1nt; tia: AnatonaiRs of

the gOr.at Ai-ad(;&mty C> Partw- hase SzevrnX the one tIlrees and t: otlacr four btsrt-rle itl the ESeart of a Land PXorFos19 c35 Aa.Uerir. I coljfLi:ie this l)XEcalty is to ma and tEze Gentlemen oho 1zaste. feen them d,INzCt- <q2? 3 ;4W/ANRet ze svrthf Ch tXAcce wina<eonasSs and their Apo prov&rs wilD dli^^ovcr to us -+when vley (haSl thinIt _,,, 4.

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( t75 ) After Izavi-ng confider, tlze extent of t C3tity Of

the Fleart, there remaltl tsro things to be exarninedO Ttle hrR is that- in its back-part ebere are Sste EIoles or OritEcesf two whereof are on the Left S jde* TlleSe are the Oriiices of tht two Ftlrlnels of the 24xricles: They are colrered by a large SEve Iying flat upon themX fupported sn its middle by the Prolongation of the 5Uptam whith dilrides rlle Aer¢lelwX in fuch a manner9 tlaat llalf of it covers the OriSce of the Riht Aerifsle atld tlle other half tllat of the Left; rO vlaa-t this Slve re;fcml31es two foldinb Doors of a PQRCbS N6T1];CI1 have ta> fame frlpport ansl 6vhereof one opens or (lnu+.s to the ftiglat, and the othcx to the Lett. I£ is witlble that -- this hIve pernflIts tlae Entrance of the Etood int:3 th; Pettrxclt of the Eleartn but oppoScs it$ recurn itto the Arrisgewf becauSe this Bleod being once in tt-ze Heart5, FreSes by its own Feigbt upon th dou 5le nise^ a-nd keepfs it clofe: ared Rzt upon theCe 0ficCS S W t*ith COIl6rtBS perfaly svch thv 0ffiN>e ei the Yalsen svhivh is in thxe Earagea 0sdZe Xn the Heate of an Human FbtGr> the DJrpol!ition betng entirely the finze. Tule other threv Floles-lying on the Pvight fide of sthe 7/e,utricle of tut Heartn ate tl5 Otifices of tlle Eur Arteries which come out of thO sars Of tlleSe thrce Holes) that which is CLle luoa Le5e is the OriSce of the Pulmenary Artery; thaF sstnich is the hightftX -is the Orifiv< cf the Aor> J>rxfrd dejceadens; and that wlricSl is the noCt to the Riht tide is common to the Arterzfiz 22ortd lextr4 and to the Jaerior v4-orta Each of thefe OrfiSC>s 15 furnthed Wit8>l t%70 S milunary [TalvewX vhich pUf tM1t th5 700 tO paS tW5ithOWt diMculty from tlle - tricle cDf the IE4eart into the ArterlesX but hinder its tatt7ffi.0 <ntO t5O Heart. vTis a pur23 Illufion3 to place th<S HJoI;Js in tesicrent [4ntrzcZes ; they are a} n one anG the fa*nle Caxtir\t ; fo that the Biood enters lnco ehis on jy GwYtyX by the two Holes bh are on the LeR

Z 2 Sie}



( 174 ) Side: 3nd >oes c>tIt of this fame,*Kentriclf; by the thre Holes whish are on -tlle Righc Side.

blue I;:cond thIng remarkat)le in this Ventricle is he Fibres of the Hcart. They are of two orts; fome

are lAxterna!) dilpofed under the conumon Mcmbran: ir} fever.M*l Plans} vcry imall, but obliqxlely circular extendZ st,g rorn the 13vpk, but particul4rly about the Arteries, which ferve thetu inkead of Tend-ons or Points of fupport - towards thz -ItlfUrior CircurnSerence of the Hearg: The other Mettt,10us Flbres whch compote the 3geart-) Et& iN the matlutr of -cevDra1 Column-s9 as theSe of th; [luman Hearr; tatv8arc fittaated Internally tn botll fides lying oblsqucly from tIze lAiSght7+ wlzere their

Cr,Ol s are abovt ttle Arterit) to thn Lelit ) which demetr88Rrates that their ahi-Otl xs irom -t11e teft to the S;ght Sid> wnere tbe Or;tices of the Arteries lye open t O R - g t X e B 3 ood pL' fi 6 u t *

Ic l>:3sbeen faid before, that thetwoSariclesofthe Hetart oftheLand fortoife of x9twer;Ctmake Externally but one cor-Xtixfued BoK8ts-; but tllat It has Incernally tWo C3VI ties) Xr.eparattd from one another by a M jEculetIs Septnta 'tT5is SepX-*t8¢ epatts t11eln 0 eXaaly, t1iat tlzere is not tTae lea!; Gemmunication of tlre ctne wtth the other fc3 thar vAc Blood ti eitner Axrirk does not tnx with tlart of elle ot]zer but i-n tht Ventncle of the Heare tThe I?tgllt @urxcle is as biS a"in as the Lcf; all the Blood of the Animal (rhat of the Lungs excepted) pang; tLArc-Ugh it to gc} jnto tht Hert ) the LeEt As ti3C1d lC£ti-Niiti5sg only ttj£: FAlood whb cometh fr<3nz the tw?5g5> the PulSlOafft Veins being tery Enzjall Tbe tnternal Part, of thc Axrialet are turn;ffied wstEz littTe faI-culous CUll;mnsf 12t-t particularly at their Etremt^ ties fltuated itl fuch 2 tn3nnt? that k as zlEble thexr a-aon tnd5 to pulh the EC1ood againA tlle 4>eff#%

whe4re the Conduits. wlaich cvnvey lt snto the Hearty a.re .dtUated.).

* agre



( t77) There is in the bottom ef the lKioht Aurcte an obX

jong OriSee by svhtch tIle Blood comer:h in*o ts (:8as vity from the ;reat ReirsroAr of thv VeinsX tuate>t on tlle leack-part of the Heart. This Orifice is funA^F*id with tWo SC9ilL7n3f tbilOGg nIt¢W9 dilpefed in 2(] manner7 t11at wh£n the Auri^le is rtItsedX fhe BIco3d enters its Cavity, but wlzen contradedS they th}Ac cloGe to hinder tke Bleed from returning lntv th; Yelrzs Th Orefite of the Funn}> or ttAt Cond^<it into t}-lv H-4artX is to be Seen agaXluSt tut Septas. The 14eR ̂utiCtO

11Xat1 esadly the Hat$e Stru5ute as the Wi5ht . aTis ia the betenl (3t tbis A}tics tht tlle QriS>e cl<3t]]m0

to t{55 tWo pdXn8Or5kry VelsssX is to be oWSer-vP;ds tur- niRl*w<d tvit3z rwo Semilunar S1Wes; atsd aaintt tt:o

S¢twaSt to tbt W;ght that the Funne1 tt Co-taislCit It'tO the Ht@-<"trF 7S fitUnX-23> }< nit) Mryith the Fvrucl cwf the Wight. AurcIA, There tso Cond} alits zre Cepar.^.ter3 {eem one fan<*thcr by the continuarioi of the Septe>XX hich divides the Asâc1Cs to the very Frtri.-Z!e cBf the EX;earrt arld is as a fspport to the tridule (}f t1Rv double Fa1ec -whictl covSrs thf3ir-OriSces 1n thn H4avstw

X the YegeVs < tke ge:e,

T has b>en Rid b< -forcs thse fio*m the > of etac L X4<ârt of tbe tad Tori<3tSe;E AaerU} <h.*re <<;(3eJ

oue four grw<?-t tNorej s. Ot rs1eS th i+t *t< t;Xi

pte!\nts itSelt> f the TortoE lîn¢? +ux Dud upta:r bas Back) iS; til^-t. P82tCO22Rr f\rt*'Ry It s moxs on ths teR Sicle th3n thP otherss and is ans5uCh biDget tor the 5p $ itC ot an Irch ) thPn it dsvides ;tS-l.f itltQ tsve Pt*3r1< 2tf3 (he mo-4t aDparent -smhereof con1erh Som the Rig{lt Sde of its Trunkv and turns itSelf oner rowards ttle L#>it; Sdet ac conzpanTting the Aartd irtor }Xur> vill lt hath pterc- ed the 2erindrAiSJ 2 aRer that- 1t usites with the Leti lSranch of vlae TirkeJ kers^.whsch 1 accompfiis

throut,,



(178 )

through all tbe -Extent of the Lefit lSobe of tbe Lungs. Tlle other X?ultronary Branch going out of tbe Left fide of lts Trunk, turns lt0elf over immediately croSs upon -tE3e orhgr Arteries) from th: Wi:,t £0 the LefiX to joyn the Aprta erior dXtr47 till lt lzas plWrced the Ari-

car«litatw5 sh.7tlere tt )3tjNS t4;) the Right Bran.*h of the Trachea A>^terga whici it accomparlies through tlle svhole extnt of the Wi¢1:lt kobe of the Ltlngs

One tilitig feeXmJ to lne sery realtarliable in this Pul- notlary Artery 5 it is thist that thougll its Trtunk, in going otlt of the l:4eart hat}} more tIzal twice thc Dia- Illetfsr OF the Arterig AerAa/@@*aX yet the two Branches which it Sends tO ti8t LungsX have not either of them cne tlliri of the L)iatneLer of ttse Aorta JX0ra In the Arteri;s} w*llicll 1 bave &Ild wth \;YaxX the Trunk of the Plnollary Arcery lsath bWtween feven aad eight Lin<s Diumetcr; Ehsn Arta ra fbur and a half; a,od th* Ptt>morarr Banicl<ns) afier having picrced tlle Perz- sg47dizAs) haNte rlOt cither of tt9etll but Qne Line and a halet L)iatutter: Nesterthesefs th$s Artery dotLi .ao; pto- duce any otler Branch *} 311 the Bl9ods which enters

* * tifl * * ts<()tr1 X sn H;)art teo sts t run s C3rt41et . ntO the two

GLC)t4\e5 of tho Lung¢? an] no wleere elfi. l Sle rCAXOn of LMl1 clif.opoitton I catlnot gat&; 5ttX thts js matterof Fa2 Since it is ehe 1*Rme: in all: Ntevertheletr^> i£ I-may be prmi;ted to cei-} jeAure) it fittms to ate that it may be aetri8-*ritcd t-o the altera£ion rllat happens +o th* Branches of tbv Trashea WrterJ4 hetl the To*stifi {tretch;Ntil iorth h}s EIe;Rd OUt of tke ShW11; for ttt;<sfie PZJ13Xoi^{a- rY lranches rlaking an Za1f <>lRC}P 5t)S94 ThUY }OYn wsth tlae Xr4¢hea 2{ttctf4 7therl thW As7inais Hcad is CasYI] it} th'> Esenfista av'>ich ha;)pns to thP Branches of t1Ac Eravbea fOrtt¢rlv wIzvn tht; h>ima! gGfS 941t of the StiCll) trt15 ttltte 11a1 Ciff1e8 into a;> Atagles i inScF m-uct voat therc5y £hW lj>aGage of the Blood i5 fome wIlat teterrupteuX anct cotlScquently thc Bw> whicls

p3fi5



(17St ) paSes ccyntinually frottl the Hea-rt intc) thP Trunka no-t being capableSto re turn back, becauSe of its Valve> muft o-ut of nece{Ilty dllate this Trank more than the other Arteries, xia whicll the blood paiws in an cq};a

Paflage; And tilat whicll perfwdes me that thcre deth nce

go into th& Luzgs of thiS Arlitnal, more hlood tllan t-llatquantity which the Pulmonary Branc'nes can adulit by theiw fmall Diameter, and not tlle Cuarltity sa;hicil tlle

Diameter of tttlelr Trunk could furr i0£lX is that the Pul-

monary Veins, svhich bring back a11 tlle Blood of th

Lungs into the Left A(riclo of ttue 4eart liave not ei-

tner of ehenl en,tirely- t\YQ Lines Diamerer, svllich ]§ very pvoportionable to the biglzeSs of vlie two Pu!mo- rlary B-ainciles of t}lo Arteries.

Tne fecvnd Artery whtch goes Ollt from tEso R*Z of the Heart, is that wllicll I call Sorta ,tz^-7iyOra : It Afcit.ld9s- as at comes out of the LIearr, tOrt£5Or VYi( thP Lc5t

Pulmonary) till tEey haste picrced thw Pericg,.rciztsa; at ter hich it maktss a large f urnilzg, svitllout any Cll!pozt

totsards tile Lcit Sides wilich gives it thv llUerry to- extend itSeJf when tlle Animal {ircchPs out of its Sbell, and to refold stSelf whnn it rettreS nto it-; a5t-er

thar, this Artery deIceal-us again(t rlae Backb wher^ it giz es fome fmal.l l3ranches to tile lVIedulla Spttwa/z ;- afrer [,zar,,

it rerurns throXJgEl tile Lungs iilwo t,e ;4bdowcn, arld it is

here that it produceth a confidrable Brancls, svilicla d£^

vides into tV\tOt Of whieh one in si0;i.-h'.lt£ t'0 tt-l4> Li-

ver, the Stomach, arrd rhe 1:r3ee&i;-tes, and (6le or7ner

ttxrning towards the Wiglt ita tt-i- tniddle of tlze xbao- ?wen unires to the Aorta Hextr; [o that rllefe ttro zEr-

tCrinS are bUE One and eEze faine Brat1CA d;v;dUd iOLC) tWO Th\S famc dorta frtrz cQlltinTles CfU{3RiVaRdS tO the llOwer 13til) 1CCJ bW diLtr!5l]Cd tO tHe! i!;i.XdDe;lS, Th;gES and The RFtS ttiat are t-elow. Ths tert Aert is much longer tharl the Etightx becauSe of tne grene

Czc1:



( t8o )

Circle it nzatKes when t- cometh out of elle-Heart, to accommodate itCelE tO tl]2 motiorjs of the Anialal, and 3t.0 T>.x3ki.. roUzS for its Head, w}aicil is placcd under thxs Arterv in tha t6aft Side} wIlen lle draws wt inito hs

11 Ar;u 7tiK t53t reaSon tlzat the teR Brat-Xch of

the Traaka Wrterra is longer than the Wlgl3t This Ar- r:ery Xs a;% bigger tizan tLle Rigilt Sartvf I)P-CSU[C that

tW isenit}zeth a gft3tet nuc4izer <)f Parts with blotd It hatll a dIIt3n&- 0s ic inco the Ven >tcle of the Heart {and Iaath not the lealk Commiinicatton with the FJulmo- nary {lCriesX n;5jtl:er in the H.C;}rt nor ill any other Partl Ttizis does n(?t reftvmbke lt a11 to £he Dsgew- Ateb gte'tUss or as a crtains Moder.X- ts ptt*r-t-#><ed to c:ali ito the Canal or Commut3icatt<3na in t Htart of an lSuman

. .

1^he tt>ird hrtery goirag Qut frem the Bvyes of tbe Hastof this Anxtnalt is that w]:zihh X {altAv/ra defsen- cSSa c-*ex+ra .^ A+b-Cr la.an ing piercnd t hw Bericaraiw ir Hnk.s towardo vane Bacx; tben retXurninD tllrough tiac Lungs XnFo tee XbJvger) svhere it rectives tIle Branch of the Sortv #ri/i?<d it Is - deSributed to t1Sc Rigizt Ktdneys ttfhighs3 ;lredderf and Parts vt Generation * So that i call theE rvwo AtterisS Xrtert A0rtg def>erdeates, becauie t8Cy d^4rsSute t1zz Bood to a3l the Inrtor Par;s of this Anina-t17 the fanle as tlle Xo;*tv defeadens dOth in all or$*er Anim$1SX trn i8outc A^tery going Q5}t fiQM ti]£ Heart xs the

vrta ayber4ers. Ic I:at1z an C)riSce xn the VentrJcle of the Heart: comnuen svith the Aorta deJ*cetzclens deatra [t appeal s itz part unuer the Aorta J szlira coming out of t1ze f3War* and aScend<t1d in 3 lir-*;t Li.>e t}t lt hath frxercbd the PfuricardxX^wi afier w-*vlz<cii ; dividetll into hree prncipal b>tuehesn svIlereoI t;ne tX*-ve iairai o to

tsze fore ttg5 and ma;ze th e Car;tl 6 t)e th jrd a Scends

al1 alotlg thA TracheJ Arterta tc>9Mads tle I4rYzs->x, arld gi'\tts BrancIles to a11 thc Parts of the N-Ccko

e



( t8g ) Whe lDifpo(itiorz of the Arteries wIlict] go out of the

Eleart bejng examined, there remains only the Vcina whicta bring the lblood xnto lt from all the Parts of the Aninzal: But fir(t one muR obferve, ehat there is no Veins which term}nate irl tlle He2rt; fc>r all the Veins open themfclres into tbe Auricses} which are, as llath ien faidJ fcpar2ted from the Heart.

Ttlere are two etayS to thor thefe Veins ovithout DiIEcdtion: The firft is to fill them with Wax, by Syri ging it into them by theirOrifices in the Auriclis ; folt xf one IysingDtb by the oblong Oli6CC in he Axrica dexxr all tLe Yeins of the Body (except thofe of the Lurgs) will be entsrely fill'd ; and after«rard by Syringing illtO tlze GYAI Osifice in t}le Wgr;cgla 4riJira thc twvo Veins of the Lungs wa1 b: full at once tbro7 th: w hole exterlt of Tract4eea Arteria in the Ltlngs.

The other way is to wait fill the Animal is expired s becauSe the Heart loSlng inf:nfibly its Vigour, (it beat- ing for the fp;Rce of 24 hours) it has not then the fcorce to dfihFrg;e irfelf of tlic Blood vvshich comPs from a11 Parts irsto tbefe Veins, whicll thetz grow rery burgid by the coaulated Blood coileAed in them: Then you ne^d onty to tUttN OV: th: Heart to-Wards the NeckX cutting onfy thc latelc Cororary Vein which comes OUt of ttiC Sub\a<-¢cc ox- the Hearts for to c3bServe all the grtAt Scilns VJRt."utUt Dedion; becauf¢ they i1 come and cud is a common Referxratory &tuated acrecs i the capa£Xty or the PerisardWa7 joiningto tlze Auricles, And Jiere one tnay obCerve a great VbinX or an trregular etervat.*ry In thn TortsiScs 1 31ave diCedred of I8 and 23 8-iCb;s t&ng, thiS RelCrv;i0ry \v33 IO Icheas boadS vnl a8 Inchs lon. 1n tbis ReServatary the tWO Asilary Vtesais svhich cc>me irom thle upszer Parts cf che Bozyf joyn one anetner aCter baving pIerced tbe Peri;r dizmsX onv on t13e llJght fide, and the <3ttWr on tlle Left. Fro1Lu the Infcrior Parts therc 1oyn two large VeiIlst ono

A a on



( 182 )

on eIle ECight fide, and the other on the Left of the In £brior Part of this Refervatory ; the firft whereof is made up of all the Branches whicl come out of the Right Lobe of the LiverX wllich is Yery big; and the orller confi0s nQt on}7t of the Veins of the Left Lobe of tlat Liverf but alb of a Vein which ffipplies the place of t;e VinSe Cavas and uThtch I call the Mena IatefinjcZg, becauSe after ir has received all the Veins of the Inferior Parts of the Ani- malX it ruos all along tlle InteLtines, from which it re ctives tne Veins; and being artisred at tbe pplorff! it paSes croS the Left Lobe of tbe Llver3 and terawates in the comsuon Re(ervatory.-

Befides thefe four great Veins, there are three, and bmetimes but two coming from the middle part o-f the LiverX which are inferted nto the bc)ttom of the Refersatory ; as al-t the little Coronary Yein fronl the t eart.

All theSe Veins being thus re-united in one common places rllis Refervatory terminates upwards xn a Con duit, whickz is inSerted into the PoSertor Part of the Kigl> Auricles and open5 intC} iX cavlty by an oblong Vrifice, furnilhcd wlth two l-ong Semilunar ValvesX whzch permit the Blood of tLe ReServatory to enter in- to the Au,icles, but hinder its returning from the lVuriw

]W=s into?the KeScraratory A little aboure tlze lkeScrvatorys under the tPft Auricle,

the two Pa:lmonary Veens are Seen: The LeX, after ha- wing entered the Perivdrdit*ge xs hH under the Axillary A7eins and does not feparate itfelf from it but a little a° *iove the A;ricles a firom tlence xt bends to $o and inCert atSelf into thF PoFerior Part of the Aurxcles The llight pultnonary Vein follows after the {ame manner the Right Axillary} wlzxcll it tults afrer it has elltered the Perx-

{rXieav to traverSe almoF all the length of the Refer- vatorya ancl meet tlle LtSt Pulmon-3ry about tW£> Lines dlgnce from t1zt Aurtclc5 TheSe two Veins thus unx-

ted



t 18g ) tedX open themfelsres in tlze Pollerior Part of the Av* r;*la J<niflra, by a commotl Oval Orifice furrliffied with two Senzilunar slallres; by which means they pour into this Auricle all the Blood that comes from til: Lsngs tO tlae Heart.

By all that has been obServed concerning the Stru &(re of the Heart of the Land TortoiSe of SericaX and the Difpofition of both its Auricles and VeScls Fosv extrsordinary {oever it may appears it is impo{Eble to find out the lea(t thing wh.ich may in jure the t:)pinion of Dr. Harvey, and all other Anatomifts, aboue tbe man ner that the Blood Circulates in the Heart of an Hllo man Ftt¢, and the uSe of the Valve which is at the Porawen Ovale ; which is, to }termit tbe Blood to paSs from tbe lkighe Auricle tbrougll this Hole into the Left, atld to hinder tbe BloodXs pafling from the l,eftAuricle by this Hole into theRight. And I add f-urther, that amonglt all the known Animals, one could not chuSe one whoSe Heart may be more proper to confirm this Opiniont than the Land TortoiSe Qf Agerice, by reaSon of the fimplicity of it5 Strudure, and of the plain and diRinA manner in which all the Parts app£ar. Tberefore there is room t hope, that if Mr. Mcr would give himfelf the trouble to examine a fecond time the Stru&ure of ehe Heart of this AnimalX with thaf HoneSy and Can dour he wowld make us believe sne has, he will acw knowledphis MiRakeand:Errors: Bue if after that, he perfi0s ttill in his Opinion, I have done with hxm; and (hall leave bim toen joy peaceably the agreablc fatis fadion he takes ia his Opinion, a-nd lhall notxtrcllble my felf any farther, to convince-;bim,, or his Pollowers of their Error.

E. .

,xpl- Aa X



A N E* * * . _.

%ptlsatlOEa 01 ; t .le 4 klgures

Tss. 1*

Fig. t a a a. Ihe Heart b. b b. Its /ricles. c Ske rrzak af the Pxla£otary Artery dt tShe r£eria Aorta defcendens finilira E. lthe Arteria Aorta (uperior Hw lhe Arteria AOrtt defc&ndens dextra. F. The Ltatsext that rMfpendeth the Catwe c the Heara

in the Pericardium 3Q Gt G. G. G lEe Perxcardiuql openedf

gg. . a a. a. tIbe Her opcaed to Jhow ̂ Pdrts f its SntricZes

sba T- he dogble Valwc coMwertng the Oriflces a}¢thc DuEtus$ firag tPe /rsele*

c. dhe Orifice of the Rxght Arial iw d. EJut oJ: tbe Left H. e. 7Che Orxjiae of the Arteria Pulmonalis K; f. Tht of thf Aort ElnEra L g Thc OriSc vot¢aton tS both the Arteria Aorta dextra

1b¢ affd tbg Aorta fuperlor N

W. - g*> a as a TIe Sgr;ct&S b 7Nke Rtht Astricle. c Tfje Lept Arzrle. d.d The rlogs Septun th dsividfs tbc Cdviti¢

of the >ffagrzrles* Et rEbX Orv>We < the RWtfuaz*r 2f ths Vez7ys. # Te OrMce oJ tDe Ptwanxr7 Tzesro

g. § Tht

(X-84 )



( J85 ) g. g. The lowrge Parts of he 2zganels h1, Ebe Murcglous EJuttus of the F2¢nnels 1.X. The Refertvir of the hzvs. S;* Thc Left Sxillary lUci* L. Che Riglvt Axxllary Vein. M. rJ5he grcat IntPAinal Mein. N. The 8reat Hepatic AKein. t:Rv o. Two fgall Hepatic [eins. P. The Rgght PglxnoesxrMy Vei. q, WF Left Paleanorry Mesn.

W8 4. aJ The Hedrt of fhe Tortoife b. 7Che Trxnk of the lVrteria Pulmonalis cX c. c. &. The BtanvheB oy? the Arteria Pulmonalis, v

{a^#pdnyiflg tPc Broncllia ia thc Lxagrs. d. d. d. d. The Arteria Aorta deScendens &niRra. t. e. e. e. Artera Aorta deficendexls dextra. f f. One Braach of the Aorta fini0.ra, whxch csfn

cates with the Aorta dextra. g. g. Arteria Inteltirlalis. h. Arteria Aorta fuperior or afeendensa i. Tbe LzganBcat that r#fpegds tbc Heart, K. Thc Trachet Arteria. L, TJ. L. L. <ic lthe two BtJnches of the Trachea A4r¢>

teria gaing to the ,,s.

,L ^



An Anatomical Description of the Heart of Land Tortoises from America. By Mr. Paul Bussiere,...

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Transcript of An Anatomical Description of the Heart of Land Tortoises from America. By Mr. Paul Bussiere,...