An Age of IdeologiesAn Age of Ideologies

Chapter 4Chapter 4

Section 1Section 1

Congress of ViennaCongress of Vienna

�� In 1815, British and Prussian forces crushed the French at the In 1815, British and Prussian forces crushed the French at the Battle of WaterlooBattle of Waterloo

�� Napoleon was forced to Napoleon was forced to abdicateabdicate (surrender his throne)(surrender his throne)

�� After Waterloo, European diplomats met at the After Waterloo, European diplomats met at the Congress of Congress of ViennaVienna to restore stability and order in Europe after years of to restore stability and order in Europe after years of revolution and warrevolution and war

�� The Congress strived to create a lasting peace through the The Congress strived to create a lasting peace through the principle of principle of legitimacylegitimacy (monarchies unseated by Napoleon (monarchies unseated by Napoleon were restored) and by maintaining a balance of power in were restored) and by maintaining a balance of power in EuropeEurope

�� Leaders also met periodically in the Leaders also met periodically in the Concert of EuropeConcert of Europe to to discuss problems that threatened peacediscuss problems that threatened peace

Battle of WaterlooBattle of Waterloo

In 1815, British In 1815, British

and Prussian and Prussian

forces crushed forces crushed

the French at the the French at the

Battle of Battle of

WaterlooWaterloo

Emperor NapoleonEmperor Napoleon

Europe, 1815, After the Congress of Europe, 1815, After the Congress of

ViennaVienna

Opposing IdeologiesOpposing Ideologies

�� After the Congress of Vienna, people with opposing ideas, or After the Congress of Vienna, people with opposing ideas, or ““ideologiesideologies”” plunged Europe into decades of turmoilplunged Europe into decades of turmoil

�� Conservatives (monarchs, nobles, and church leaders) favored Conservatives (monarchs, nobles, and church leaders) favored a return to the social order that existed before 1789a return to the social order that existed before 1789

�� The word conservative comes from The word conservative comes from ““conserveconserve””, which means , which means to to ““preservepreserve””, , e.ge.g,. traditions without much change.,. traditions without much change.

�� Conservatives decided to work together in an agreement called Conservatives decided to work together in an agreement called the the Concert of Europe Concert of Europe -- tthey wanted to restore the royal hey wanted to restore the royal families in Europe that Napoleon had deposed by forcefamilies in Europe that Napoleon had deposed by force

�� Conservatives supported a social hierarchy in which lower Conservatives supported a social hierarchy in which lower classes respected and obeyed their social superiorsclasses respected and obeyed their social superiors

LetLet’’s take a look at the basic s take a look at the basic

differences between conservatism differences between conservatism

and liberalismand liberalism

Opposing IdeologiesOpposing Ideologies

�� CONSERVATISMCONSERVATISM

�� a political philosophy a political philosophy

based on tradition and based on tradition and

social stability, social stability,

stressing established stressing established

institutions, and institutions, and

preferring gradual preferring gradual

development to abrupt development to abrupt

change change

�� LIBERALISMLIBERALISM

�� a political philosophy a political philosophy

based on belief in based on belief in

progress, the essential progress, the essential

goodness of the human goodness of the human

race, and the autonomy race, and the autonomy

of the individual and of the individual and

standing for the standing for the

protection of political protection of political

and civil and civil liberties

Opposing Ideologies (continued)Opposing Ideologies (continued)

�� Conservatives backed established churches and opposed Conservatives backed established churches and opposed

constitutional governmentsconstitutional governments

�� Conservative leaders, such as Prince Metternich of Austria, Conservative leaders, such as Prince Metternich of Austria,

sought to suppress revolutionary ideassought to suppress revolutionary ideas

Liberals and NationalistsLiberals and Nationalists

�� Inspired by the Enlightenment and the French Revolution, Inspired by the Enlightenment and the French Revolution,

liberals and nationalists challenged conservativesliberals and nationalists challenged conservatives

�� Liberals included business owners, bankers, lawyers, Liberals included business owners, bankers, lawyers,

politicians, and writerspoliticians, and writers

�� They wanted a government based on a written constitutionThey wanted a government based on a written constitution

�� Liberals opposed established churches and divineLiberals opposed established churches and divine--right right

monarchiesmonarchies

�� Believed that liberty, equality, and property were natural rightBelieved that liberty, equality, and property were natural rightss

Liberals and Nationalists Liberals and Nationalists

(continued)(continued)

�� Liberals saw governmentLiberals saw government’’s role as s role as limited to protecting basic limited to protecting basic

rights, such as freedom of thought, speech, and religionrights, such as freedom of thought, speech, and religion

�� Only later in the 19Only later in the 19thth century (1800s) did liberals come to century (1800s) did liberals come to

support support universal manhood suffrageuniversal manhood suffrage, giving all men the right , giving all men the right

to voteto vote

�� Liberals also supported laissezLiberals also supported laissez--faire economics (economy faire economics (economy

unregulated by the government)unregulated by the government)

NationalismNationalism

�� Nationalism gave people with a common heritage sense of Nationalism gave people with a common heritage sense of

identity and the goal of creating their own homelandidentity and the goal of creating their own homeland

�� Nationalism includes Nationalism includes common language, culture, customs, common language, culture, customs,

traditions, religion, race, historytraditions, religion, race, history, etc., etc.

�� In the 1800s, national groups within the Austrian and Ottoman In the 1800s, national groups within the Austrian and Ottoman

Empires set out to create their own statesEmpires set out to create their own states

�� Rebellions erupted in the Balkans, where there were people of Rebellions erupted in the Balkans, where there were people of

various religions and ethnic groupsvarious religions and ethnic groups

�� The Serbs were the first to revoltThe Serbs were the first to revolt

Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire

BalkansBalkans

Nationalism (continued)Nationalism (continued)

�� By 1830, Russian support helped the Serbs win By 1830, Russian support helped the Serbs win autonomyautonomy, or , or selfself--rule, within the Ottoman Empirerule, within the Ottoman Empire

�� In 1821, the Greeks revolted, and by 1830, Greece was In 1821, the Greeks revolted, and by 1830, Greece was independent from the Ottomansindependent from the Ottomans

�� Revolts spread to Spain, Portugal, and ItalyRevolts spread to Spain, Portugal, and Italy

�� Metternich of Austria urged conservative rulers to crush the Metternich of Austria urged conservative rulers to crush the uprisingsuprisings

�� In response, French and Austrian troops smashed rebellions in In response, French and Austrian troops smashed rebellions in Spain and ItalySpain and Italy

�� New rebellions would spark in the next decades as liberals and New rebellions would spark in the next decades as liberals and nationalists demanded reforms for the new industrial working nationalists demanded reforms for the new industrial working classclass

GreeceGreece

Modern SerbiaModern Serbia

PowerpointPowerpoint QuestionsQuestions

�� 1. What is an 1. What is an ““ideologyideology””??

�� 2. What is the ideology that seeks to keep the old 2. What is the ideology that seeks to keep the old

order based on tradition?order based on tradition?

�� 3. Identify the ideology that embraces change, 3. Identify the ideology that embraces change,

believes in social progress, and promotes individual believes in social progress, and promotes individual

rights and liberties?rights and liberties?

�� 4. Another word for self4. Another word for self--rule is _______.rule is _______.

�� 5. The Congress of Vienna sought a lasting peace and 5. The Congress of Vienna sought a lasting peace and

a balance of power through the principle of ______.a balance of power through the principle of ______.

PowerpointPowerpoint QuestionsQuestions

�� 6. A conservative would favor government interference in the 6. A conservative would favor government interference in the

economy. True or False. (circle one)economy. True or False. (circle one)

�� 7. The Greeks and the Serbs were previously controlled by 7. The Greeks and the Serbs were previously controlled by

which empire?which empire?

�� 8. What elements form 8. What elements form ““nationalismnationalism””??

�� 9. Extending the right to vote to all men is called ___.9. Extending the right to vote to all men is called ___.

�� 10. Why did rebellions break out in the Balkan region of the 10. Why did rebellions break out in the Balkan region of the

world?world?

�� 11. According to liberals, what is the role of government?11. According to liberals, what is the role of government?

The EndThe End