America Secedes from the America Secedes from the EmpireEmpireAmerican HistoryChapter 8

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OverviewOverviewFollowing Lexington and Concord,

20,000 musket bearing “Minute Men” swarmed around Boston

There was still hope that the king and parliament would see things as the colonists saw them—several appeals were rebuffed

Plans made to raise money for army and navy

War was close

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Congress Drafts George Congress Drafts George WashingtonWashingtonMost important move to draft George

Washington as the military leader◦Most experienced—but experience thin◦Already in uniform◦Forty three years old◦Distinguished Virginia planter◦Risen to rank (actually, grade) of Colonel◦His largest command to date was 1,200

men

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Congress Drafts George Congress Drafts George WashingtonWashingtonWashington was not a great

military genius—lost more battles than he won (but he was outnumbered and outgunned)

Washington had many other attributes ◦Outstanding powers of leadership◦Immense strength of character◦Patience, courage, self-discipline, and

sense of justice04/19/23 John 3:16 4

Congress Drafts George Congress Drafts George WashingtonWashingtonWashington…

◦Great morale force◦Great symbol and rally point◦People instinctively trusted him◦Sensed he was committed—ready to

“go down with the ship” if necessary◦Insisted serving without pay—but

kept an expense account—amounted to $100,000

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Congress Drafts George Congress Drafts George WashingtonWashingtonWashington…

◦Sternly reprimand steward for providing enemy with supplies—steward under duress

◦Washington preferred they burn his mansion

◦Prudence had suggested a commander from Virginia rather than from a northern colony—Virginia was the most populist

◦An aristocrat, already wealthy personally and by marriage

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Bunker Hill and Hessian Bunker Hill and Hessian HirelingsHirelingsThe war was fought for 14 months,

April 1775-July 1776, before independence was declared

The tempo of the war gradually increased◦British garrisons at Ticonderoga and

Crown Point in upper New York captured in May 1775 Leaders were Ethan Allen and Benedict

Arnold Gunpowder and artillery secured

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Bunker Hill and Hessian Bunker Hill and Hessian HirelingsHirelingsJune 1775, colonists seized

Bunker Hill (actually Breed’s Hill)◦Able to menace the redcoats in

Boston◦British launched an ill-thought-out

frontal assault on the colonists Sharpshooting Americans, about 1500,

mowed down the advancing redcoats Gunpowder gave out—forced to abandon

the hill

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Bunker Hill and Hessian Bunker Hill and Hessian HirelingsHirelingsAs late as July 1775, the

Continental Congress adopted the “Olive Branch Petition”◦Professed American loyalty to the

crown◦Begged the king to prevent further

hostilities◦After Bunker Hill, King George III

refused

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Bunker Hill and Hessian Bunker Hill and Hessian HirelingsHirelingsKing George III

◦Formally declared colonies in rebellion August 1775 Skirmishes were now treason, a hanging

crime Hired thousands of German soldiers to

help “seal the fate” of the colonies

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Bunker Hill and Hessian Bunker Hill and Hessian HirelingsHirelingsKing George hires Hessians

◦Six German princes needed the money

◦King George III needed the men◦Most of German forces came from

the German principality of Hesse—thus the Americans called them Hessians

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Bunker Hill and Hessian Bunker Hill and Hessian HirelingsHirelingsColonists were socked with news

of the German hirelings◦This is a “family” fight◦Why bring in the Germans◦Germans known for their butchery

Many Hessians were seduced by land offers made by the colonists, deserted their posts and became American citizens

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The Abortive Conquest of The Abortive Conquest of CanadaCanadaThe rebels (colonists) attacked

Canada◦Goal was to add 14th colony◦Rebels underestimated French

loyalty to Britain who had treated them well in the Quebec Act of 1774

◦Rebels defeated◦General leaders were Richard

Montgomery (killed) and Benedict Arnold (wounded)

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The Abortive Conquest of The Abortive Conquest of CanadaCanadaMost Americans continued to

disclaim desire for independenceJanuary, 1776, British set fire to

Norfolk, VirginiaIn March, the rebels forced the

british from Boston◦Evacuation Day is still celebrated in

Boston

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Thomas Paine Preaches Thomas Paine Preaches Common SenseCommon SenseLoyalty to Britain was deeply

ingrained in the colonists◦Felt like part of a trans-atlantic

community—Britain play a leading role

◦Colonial unity was poor◦Open rebellion was dangerous—

especially against Britain◦Irish rebels were hanged, drawn, and

quartered

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Thomas Paine Preaches Thomas Paine Preaches Common SenseCommon Sense Five months before declaring

independence, officers of Washington’s mess were toasting, “God save the king” before they would eventually toast “God save the congress”

Gradually, they were shocked into accepting separation from the crown

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Thomas Paine Preaches Thomas Paine Preaches Common SenseCommon SenseThomas Paine writes the

pamphlet Common Sense◦Paine—once impoverished corset-

makers apprentice◦Pamphlet sold 120,000 copies in a

few months◦“Shilly-shallying” of colonists was

contrary to “common sense”◦Nowhere in the universe did smaller

bodies control larger ones

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Thomas Paine Preaches Thomas Paine Preaches Common SenseCommon SenseThomas Paine…

◦Why should tiny Britain control the vast America

◦The king in nothing more than “the Royal Brute of Great Britain”

◦Paine certainly considered a radical for his day

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Paine and the Idea of Paine and the Idea of “Republicanism”“Republicanism”Thomas Paine

◦Eloquent◦Compelling◦Doubly radical◦Called for more than independence—

he called for creating a new kind of political society: a republic Power flows from the people themselves,

not from a monarch

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Paine and the Idea of Paine and the Idea of “Republicanism”“Republicanism”Paine was not new with his

“republican” recommendation◦Since classical Greeks◦Republican thoughts survived within

British government◦British politicians critical of too much

power with the king wrote about republicanism

◦American colonists were in agreement

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Paine and the Idea of Paine and the Idea of “Republicanism”“Republicanism”Paine’s radical prescription—

reject the monarchy and empire and embrace an independent republic—fell on receptive ears

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Paine and the idea of Paine and the idea of “Republicanism”“Republicanism”

New Englanders had experienced a type of republicanism in townhall meetiings

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Thomas Paine

Paine and the Idea of Paine and the Idea of “Republicanism”“Republicanism”Americans saw virtue as necessary

to any form of republican government

Power not with central “king” authority

Republicanism means—among other things--collective good of the many matters more than the personal and private rights of the individual

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Paine and the Idea of Paine and the Idea of “Republicanism”“Republicanism”Not all colonists agreed with the

“ultrademocratic” form of republicanism Paine spoke to◦Many thought a natural aristocracy

of talent◦Concern for end to the social order◦Concern for an end to stability

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Paine and the Idea of Paine and the Idea of “Republicanism”“Republicanism”The fear of conservative

republicans ◦Would “lower orders” of society have

too much power◦What will the laboring classes:

poorer farmers, tenants, and laboring classes, do with more power

◦Lower classes seem to embrace “runaway republicanism” that amounted to radical “leveling”

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Jefferson’s “Explanation” of Jefferson’s “Explanation” of IndependenceIndependenceMembers of Philadelphia

Congress edged toward break◦Richard Henry Lee, June 7, 1776

“these united colonies…ought to be, free and independent states”

Motion was adopted July 2, 1776 This was the formal “declaration” of

independence

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Jefferson’s “Explanation” of Jefferson’s “Explanation” of IndependenceIndependenceJohn Adams said July 2 should be

forever celebratedSomething more was required

◦To inspire the remaining colonists◦To invite international assistance◦To rally resistance from home

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Jefferson’s “Explanation” of Jefferson’s “Explanation” of IndependenceIndependenceCongress appoints committee to

draft formal declaration of independence◦Thomas Jefferson chosen to draft it

Tall Freckled Sandy hair Lawyer Thirty three years old Recognized as brilliant writer

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Jefferson’s “Explanation” of Jefferson’s “Explanation” of Independence Independence Jefferson’s writing of the

“independence’ was couched in lofty style—and it was magnificent◦Invoked “natural rights” of

humankind, not just British rights Because king had flouted these rights,

the colonists were justified in cutting their connection

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Jefferson’s “Explanation” of Jefferson’s “Explanation” of IndependenceIndependenceJefferson proceeded to “detail” the

specific offenses against the colonists◦Imposing taxes without consent◦Dispensing with trial by jury◦Abolishing valued laws◦Establishing a military dictatorship◦Maintaining standing armies in

peacetime◦Cutting off trade◦Burning towns

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Jefferson’s “Explanation” of Jefferson’s “Explanation” of IndependenceIndependenceJefferson was assigned the task,

through his writing, of being the “prosecuting attorney”

Sometimes called, “the world’s greatest editorial”

He owned many slaves◦His “all men are created equal”

would haunt him and his fellow citizens for generations

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Jefferson’s “Explanation” of Jefferson’s “Explanation” of IndependenceIndependenceThe “declaration” cleared the air

for action◦Aid could be sought from other

countries◦Patriots of America were now clearly

rebels◦Franklin remarked that patriots must

hang together or hang separately◦“We mutually pledge our lives, our

fortunes, and our sacred honor”

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Jefferson’s “Explanation” of Jefferson’s “Explanation” of IndependenceIndependenceLafayette hung a copy on the

wall in his home back in France◦Would use it during the French

Revolution that he played a major part

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Patriots and LoyalistsPatriots and LoyalistsWar for Independence was war

within a war◦“Loyalists” fought the “patriots”◦Rebels fought the redcoats◦Loyalists called “Tories”—from

dominant political faction in Britain◦Patriots called “Whigs”—after the

opposition factions in Britain

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Patriots and LoyalistsPatriots and LoyalistsThe American Revolution was a

minority movement◦Many colonists apathetic—”on the

fence”◦The militiamen were able to effect

more “political education” with the people and won many converts as the war went on

◦“the Americans would be less dangerous if they had a regular army”—one British officer

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Patriots and LoyalistsPatriots and LoyalistsLoyalists were about 16%

◦Split over separation from Britain◦Benjamin Franklin was a patriot, his

son a loyalist◦Loyalty normally seen as a virtue◦Had King George III won, the loyalists

would have been the patriots◦Many wealthy and older colonists

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Patriots and LoyalistsPatriots and LoyalistsYoung people make revolutionsPatrick Henry—at the Virginia

Assembly◦“I know not what course others may

chose, but as for me, give me liberty or give me death”

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Patriots and LoyalistsPatriots and LoyalistsLoyalists included the kings

officers and the Anglican ChurchWashington felt he was fighting

in “the enemy’s country” in some places◦His men were starving and local

farmers were selling food to the British

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The Loyalist ExodusThe Loyalist ExodusBefore the Declaration of

Independence, loyalists would often be tarred and feathered

After the “Declaration”◦Loyalists were roughly treated◦Some loyalists hanged◦Some loyalists put in jail◦But…no wholesale bloodshed like in

the French and Russian revolutions

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The Loyalists ExodusThe Loyalists ExodusLoyalists were apt to flee to the

British side◦About 80,000 loyalists driven out◦Hundreds of thousands permitted to

stay—more mild in their politicsAbout 50,000—one time or another

—took up arms for the BritishSome loyalist served as spiesBritain didn’t make full use of

loyalists

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General Washington at General Washington at BayBayIn July 1776, the British fleet of

500 ships and 35,000 troops appeared off New York ◦Washington’s troops were routed

when panic set in◦Washington barely able to escape ◦The British would chase them with

buglers giving fox-hunting calls

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General Washington at General Washington at BayBayThe British General Howe could

have pursued quickly and perhaps crushed Washington’s army◦Not a good general◦Remembered Bunker Hill◦Didn’t like Winter fighting

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General Washington at General Washington at BayBayDecember 26, 1776

◦Washington crossed the Delaware River and surprised the sleeping Hessians Capture 1000

Washington defeats a detachment of British at Princeton◦Had left his campfires burning as a

ruse

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Burgoyne’s Blundering Burgoyne’s Blundering Invasion Invasion Trying to capture the Hudson

River Valley◦Attempt to sever New England from

the other colonies◦Three armies moving to meet in the

Hudson Valley◦Generals Burgoyne and Howe led

two of the armies

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Burgoyne’s Blundering Burgoyne’s Blundering Invasion Invasion General Benedict Arnold was

retreating from Canada ◦General Burgoyne pursued Arnold

but was not able to defeat him until after a long struggle

◦The delay caused General Burgoyne to hold up for the Winter in Canada

◦Burgoyne made the mistake of starting at Montreal instead of further south at Fort Ticonderoga

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Burgoyne’s Blundering Burgoyne’s Blundering InvasionInvasionA “heavy” caravan of troops,

baggage, several women (many officers’ wives), etc., slowed the progress of General Burgoyne’s advance

General Howe should have been advancing up the Hudson to join Burgoyne at advancing south on lake Champlain—instead, he attacked Philadelphia

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Burgoyne’s Blundering Burgoyne’s Blundering InvasionInvasionHowe wanted to force an

engagement with Washington’s army◦An attempt to destroy it◦Then leave the path for Burgoyne’s

final advance

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Burgoyne’s Blundering Burgoyne’s Blundering InvasionInvasionWashington transferred his army

to Philadelphia◦Washington was defeated in two

quick pitch battles Brandywine Creek Germantown

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Burgoyne’s Blundering Burgoyne’s Blundering InvasionInvasionHowe “Wintered” in PhiladelphiaBurgoyne floundering in upper New

YorkWashington settled in at Valley

Forge◦Hilly site 20 miles north of Philadelphia◦Miserable Winter for his men◦Prussian drillmaster Baron von Steuben

whips the army into battle shape

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Burgoyne’s Blundering Burgoyne’s Blundering InvasionInvasionBurgoyne gets bogged close to

Albany◦Militiamen, sensing the kill, swarmed

around him◦Burgoyne surrenders at Saratoga

Surrenders to American General Horatio Gates, October 17, 1777

Saratoga ranks high among decisive battles in American and world history

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Burgoyne’s Blundering Burgoyne’s Blundering InvasionInvasionSignificance of Saratoga

◦Revived faltering colonial cause◦Made possible urgently needed aid

from other nations—like France

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Revolution in DiplomacyRevolution in DiplomacyFrance was eager to “even the

score” with Britain◦Without its American colonies,

Britain would not be front-rank power

◦France might gain its former prestige

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Revolution in DiplomacyRevolution in DiplomacyAmericans stood for revolution of

political ideas at home and internationally◦An end to colonialism and

mercantilism◦Supported free trade and freedom of

the seas◦Hoped to substitute the rule of law

over reliance of raw power to arbitrate affairs of nations

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Revolution in DiplomacyRevolution in DiplomacyThe new republics great seal

proclaimed◦“A new order for the ages”◦Novus ordo seculorum◦To apply to international and

domesticate affairs

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Revolution in DiplomacyRevolution in DiplomacyContinental Congress drew up

draft of treaty—a model for the American commissioner going to the French court—lots of John Adams input◦No political connection…◦No military connection…◦Only commercial connection…

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Revolution in DiplomacyRevolution in DiplomacyThe “model treaty” represented

an emerging school of thought◦Military conflict abandoned ◦Commercial interests would

guarantee peace

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Revolution in DiplomacyRevolution in DiplomacyBenjamin Franklin led the

negotiations with France for an alliance◦Wanted his appearance to herald in

the diplomatic revolution America wanted to achieve

◦Clothing and demeanor violated diplomatic norms

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Revolution in DiplomacyRevolution in DiplomacyViolating diplomatic norms…

◦No ceremonial sword…only a walking stick

◦No ermined robes or fancy wigs◦Shocked the court, but…◦Ordinary Parisians adored him—

devoid of pretense and ornament

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Revolution in DiplomacyRevolution in DiplomacyBritish offered the Americans

home rule◦This was all the Americans had

earlier asked for◦Franklin now played on the

possibility of Anglo-American reconciliation

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Revolution in DiplomacyRevolution in DiplomacyFebruary 6, 1778, France offered

the Americans a treaty of alliance◦Not exactly in conformance to the

Model Treaty◦ Against its better judgment, America

concluded its first entangling military alliance and would soon regret it

◦But, America was officially recognized as independent and added military heft

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Revolution in DiplomacyRevolution in DiplomacyThe agreement…

◦Both allies agreed to wage war until America had secured its freedom

◦Both agreed to terms with the common enemy

The America Revolution was hence a world war

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The Colonial War Becomes a The Colonial War Becomes a Wider WarWider WarEngland and France came to

blows in 1778Spain entered the war against

Britain in 1779—so did HollandCombined Spanish and French

fleets outnumbered British

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The Colonial War Becomes a The Colonial War Becomes a Wider War Wider War Other nations began to line up

against Britain—some more passive◦Catherine the Great of Russia

demanded more respect from Britain on the high seas

◦Europe, North America, South America, the Caribbean, and Asia—requiring Britain to abide by the laws of the high seas

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The Colonial War Becomes a The Colonial War Becomes a Wider WarWider WarFrench help from 1778-1783

◦Guns◦Money◦Equipment◦Half of regular armed forces◦Most of naval strength

But independence was achieved when the war went international—too big for Britain to handle

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The Colonial War Becomes a The Colonial War Becomes a wider Warwider WarFrance’s powerful fleets influenced

the decisions made by Britain ◦Had to move from Philadelphia to New

York◦Once centralized in New York area,

Washington could exploit the situation◦Washington attacked at Monmouth

Many Hessian deserted Washington remained in Monmouth

hemming in the British

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Blow and CounterblowBlow and CounterblowFrench army of 6,000 regular troops

land in Newport, Rhode IslandGeneral Benedict Arnold becomes a

traitor◦Plotted to sell out West Point—

commanding position on the Hudson river

◦Arnold was dashing, brilliant, etc., he was also ambitious, greedy, unscrupulous, and believed his services were not fully appreciated

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Blow and Counterblow Blow and Counterblow British had a plan to “roll-up” the

colonies beginning in the South◦Georgia, South Carolina, etc.◦British captured 5,000 men and arms

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Blow and CounterblowBlow and CounterblowFighting intensifies in the

Carolinas◦Often, men on both sides were

butchered in cold blood after giving up—frustrations of war

◦General Nathanael Greene, the Fighting Quaker”, distinguished himself through strategy of delay He wore down the British troops under

General Cornwallis by “hit and run” tactics

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The Land Frontier and the The Land Frontier and the Sea FrontierSea FrontierThe Indians take sides

◦1777 was known as the “bloody war” on the frontier

◦Many Indian nations sided with the Americans, including the Iroquois, others sided with the British

◦Joseph Brant sided with the British—he thought the British would hold back the expansion of the Americans on the frontier

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The Land Frontier and the The Land Frontier and the Sea FrontierSea FrontierIn the wilds of Illinois, the British

were vulnerable◦George Rogers Clark conceived a

plan to attack forts◦Clark floated down the Ohio and

captured several forts in succession

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The Land Frontier and the The Land Frontier and the Sea FrontierSea FrontierAmerica had small infant navy—

not much of a dent in the war machine of Britain◦Had some impact intercepting British

supply ships◦Most famous among commanding

officers was John Paul Jones—hard fighting young Scotsman

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The Land Frontier and the The Land Frontier and the Sea FrontierSea FrontierPrivateers (legal pirates) were

authorized by congress to attack British ships

The British navy also intercepted hundreds of ships coming to America with supplies

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The Land Frontier and the The Land Frontier and the Sea FrontierSea FrontierPrivateering had a positive for

the Americans◦Brought in gold◦Harassed the enemy◦Raise morale◦Cause insurance British insurance

rates to skyrocket◦Put pressure on parliament to end

the war

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Yorktown and the Final Yorktown and the Final CurtainCurtainAmericans see “dark” days

◦1780-1781◦Runaway inflation◦Hard to pay debts◦Despair◦Talk of mutiny

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Yorktown and the Final Yorktown and the Final CurtainCurtainGeneral Cornwallis falls back to

the Chesapeake and into a trap◦Not well protected by the British navy◦French Admiral de Grasse, with

powerful fleet in West Indies, gets word to Washington he can help with assault on Cornwallis at Yorktown

◦Washington seizes the opportunity—300 mile forced march to the Chesapeake Bay

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Yorktown and the Final Yorktown and the Final CurtainCurtainWith de Grasse cutting off retreat

by sea, and Washington surrounding Cornwallis by land, Cornwallis surrendered entire force of 7,000 troops on October 19, 1781

Accompanying Washington was French General Rochambeau’s army

French supplied all the navy and half the troops

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Yorktown and the Final Yorktown and the Final CurtianCurtianKing George III still didn’t give up

◦War continued for another year◦Still 54,000 British troops in North

AmericaWashington was able to achieve

his goals during this period◦Keep the cause alive◦Keep the army in the field◦Keep the states together

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Yorktown and the Final Yorktown and the Final CurtainCurtainBaron von Steuben—Prussian

general—explains the difference between American troops and others◦“The genius of this nation is not in the

least to be compared with that of the Prussians, Austrians, or French. You say to your soldier, ‘Do this’ and he doeth it; but I am obliged to say, ‘This is the reason why you ought to do that,’ and then he does it.”

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Peace at ParisPeace at ParisKing George’s “power base” was

crumbling◦Lord North’s ministry collapsed—

Whig ministry replaced Tories—and were friendlier to Americans

◦Brits tired of war and were economically affected

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Peace at ParisPeace at ParisBenjamin Franklin, John Adams,

and John Jay sent to Paris to discuss treaty◦Told not to make separate peace,

and◦To keep French informed at every

stepRepresentatives didn’t like these

directions—they knew French had been involved in writing them

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Peace at ParisPeace at ParisFrance’s wanted to keep Americans

east of the Allegheny MountainsFrance’s ally, Spain, wanted more

American land—land that Americans were coveting

John Jay was not willing to play France’s game◦Jay, against instructions, appealed to

Britain and made peace arrangements

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Peace at ParisPeace at ParisBy the Treaty of Paris of 1783,

the Bits recognized American independence◦Generous boundaries were granted

West to the Mississippi North to the Great Lakes South to Florida

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Peace at ParisPeace at ParisAmerica concessions

◦Loyalists not to be persecuted◦Confiscated loyalist property

restored◦No obstacles for collecting debts

owed to Britain

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A New Nation LegitimizedA New Nation LegitimizedWhy was Britain so generous?

◦Seduce America away from France◦Whigs more generous◦Open trade channels for benefit of all

France approved of the treaty

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A New Nation Legitimized A New Nation Legitimized America came out the real

winner◦Independence◦Great territorial increase and birth◦Heritage of freedom◦Highly unusual blessing on a people

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