Ambiguity of Morphemes.pptx
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Transcript of Ambiguity of Morphemes.pptx
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Chapter 3A word and its parts: roots, affixes and their
shapes
Prepared by Ellen & Rocel
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In this chapter we will focus on the smaller
part of the words generally called
morphemes.
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Morphemes• smallest meaningful unit or form
in a language• also the smallest units of
grammatical structure• it may be in affix or inflectional
formExamples:
undo (un-do)doing (do-ing)
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Morphology• the area of grammar
concerned with the structure of words and
with relationships between words involving the
morphemes that compose them
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example:un-Clintonishdioeciously
Morphemes help listable or unlistable words in
systematic way to be easily determined.
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Characteristics of Morphemes
To allow the meanings of some complex words to be predictable, morphemes must:a. be identifiable from one
word to another andb. contribute in some way to
the meaning of the whole word.
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Example:Readable
Morpheme is clearly related to the normal
meanings or functions of read and -able
Characteristics of Morphemes
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• they do not have to be of any particular length
example:ocatamaran (boat with 2 parallel hulls)oTenths (10 equal parts of something)
Characteristics of Morphemes
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• The structures of words are largely independent of
their phonological structure
(their division into sounds, syllables and rhythmic units)
Characteristics of Morphemes
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Duality of PatterningOnly human speech is
analyzable in 2 parallel ways:• into units that contribute
to meaning (morphemes, words, phrases, etc.)• and units that are
individually meaningless (sounds, syllables, etc.)
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Kinds of Morphemes1. Free (root word)- it can stand
alonee.g. style, good, call
2. Bound (usually suffixes)- it cannot stand alone
e.g. stylish, goodness, caller3. Isolated – 2 to 3 words standing along and create a new meaninge.g. dog-catcher, happy-go-lucky
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Cranberry Morpheme• A cranberry morpheme can
be thought of as a bound root that occurs in only one word.
e.g. cranberryhuckleberrystrawberry
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Morphemes and their
AllomorphsMany morphemes have two
or more different pronunciations called
allomorphs.e.g. re- [rә] [ri] anti- [antē] [antῙ]
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Rules of Allomorphsin Pluralizing
1. When the preceding sound is sibilant (hissing or hushing), the [IZ] allomorphs occurs
e.g.horse, rose, bush, church and judge
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Rules of Allomorphsin Pluralizing
2. When the preceding sound is voiceless (no vibration), the [S] allomorphs occurs e.g. cat, rock, cup, cliff
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Rules of Allomorphsin Pluralizing
1. When the preceding sound is voiced consonant, the [Z] allomorphs occurs
e.g. dog & day
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Allomorphs as Morphological
Matter• It’s not only phonology that may influence the choice of allomorphs of a morpheme, there were instances where grammar and vocabulary play a part.
e.g. lies [z] (untruth) if replaced [z] with [s] we get ‘lice’
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Allomorphs as Morphological
Matter• Morpheme’s peculiar allomorphy can be crucial in establishing its existence.
e.g. cliff – cliff[s]wife - wife[s]? – wi[ves](voiced allomorphs]
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Allomorphs as Morphological
Mattere.g. wife - wi[ves]my wife’s job (possessive phrase)*if it indicates possession, the allomorphy is determined both lexically (restricted to certain nouns only) and grammatically (it occurs before the plural suffix –s but not before other morphemes).
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Identifying MorphemesIndependently of
Meaninge.g. Re-
re + turn = return“McArthur did return in the
Philippines.”(come back, ‘again’)
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Identifying MorphemesIndependently of
Meaninge.g. Re-
re + turn = return“I turned the steaks a minute ago, I’ll re-turn them soon.”
(backward movement)
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Identifying MorphemesIndependently of
Meaninge.g. Re-
re + store = restore• “Rick’s job is to restore old,
rusty things.”(bring back to former condition)
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Identifying MorphemesIndependently of
Meaninge.g. Re-
re + store = restore• “Anne re-store the canned
goods in the box.”(stock again)
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Identifying MorphemesIndependently of
Meaning• prefix-root structure(the root being usually bound)e.g. (-duce) reduce, induce(-duct-) reduction, induction
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Thank you!