Alien aquatic biota: patterns and current issues Dan Minchin Dan Minchin INVASIVE SPECIES IN IRELAND...
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Transcript of Alien aquatic biota: patterns and current issues Dan Minchin Dan Minchin INVASIVE SPECIES IN IRELAND...
Alien aquatic biota: Alien aquatic biota: patterns and current issuespatterns and current issues
Dan Minchin Dan Minchin
INVASIVE SPECIES IN IRELANDINVASIVE SPECIES IN IRELANDBelfast, 22 March 2007Belfast, 22 March 2007
I gratefully acknowledge:I gratefully acknowledge:Dr Cathy MaguireDr Cathy Maguire
IRELAND:IRELAND: EHSNI, EPA, MI, NPWS, EHSNI, EPA, MI, NPWS, NRFB, SRFB, SRBD, UL, WI, WRFB, NRFB, SRFB, SRBD, UL, WI, WRFB,
ELSEWHERE:ELSEWHERE: CAWTHRON & NIWA-NZ, CAWTHRON & NIWA-NZ, CRIMP-CSIRO, EU-ALARM, EU-CRIMP-CSIRO, EU-ALARM, EU-DAISIE, Friday Harbour, ICES-DAISIE, Friday Harbour, ICES-BWSG, ICES-WGITMO, IUCN-ISSG, BWSG, ICES-WGITMO, IUCN-ISSG, PICES, Queensland Museum, PICES, Queensland Museum, NCMCC, Plymouth ML, SAMSNCMCC, Plymouth ML, SAMS
……and many good friendsand many good friends
1.1. EU projects ALARM & EU projects ALARM & DAISIEDAISIE
2.2. Some case historiesSome case histories
3.3. Species on the moveSpecies on the move
EU FW6 Integrated Project - EU FW6 Integrated Project - ALARMALARM
http://www.alarmproject.net/alarm/
Environmental risk Environmental risk assessmentassessment
Modules:Modules: climate, pollination, climate, pollination, socio-economics,socio-economics, chemicals, bioinvasionschemicals, bioinvasions
BioinvasionsBioinvasions- - pathwayspathways- ecosystem invasibility & risk ecosystem invasibility & risk assessmentassessment- traits of invaders- traits of invaders- management issues- management issues
Invasions – Invasions – Socio-economicsSocio-economics
Management of Management of zebra mussels zebra mussels on the Ebro on the Ebro River – River – National not National not regional regional problemproblem
Binimelis et al. 2005 ALARM Report
Invasions - ChemicalsInvasions - Chemicals
Organotin (TBT) Organotin (TBT) toxicity in portstoxicity in ports
1987-1993-1999-20051987-1993-1999-2005
Overall decline of TBTOverall decline of TBT
Similar trend in FranceSimilar trend in France
Minchin & Oehlman (in prep)Minchin & Oehlman (in prep)
ToolkitsToolkits
Rapid assessmentsRapid assessments Minchin 2007 Minchin 2007 Aquatic InvadersAquatic Invaders (in press) (in press)
Biopollution indexBiopollution index
Olenin et al. 2007 Olenin et al. 2007 Marine Pollution BulletinMarine Pollution Bulletin
(in press) (in press)
Community/habitat/ecosystemCommunity/habitat/ecosystem
Principle Principle human human
activitiesactivitiesMinchin 2007. Minchin 2007. Marine Pollution BulletinMarine Pollution Bulletin (in (in
press) press) Minchin et al. (in prep.)Minchin et al. (in prep.)
1.1. ShippingShipping
2.2. Wild fisheriesWild fisheries
3.3. CultureCulture
4.4. OrnamentalOrnamental
5.5. Live foodLive food
6.6. LeisureLeisure
7.7. Research/Research/edu.edu.
8.8. BiocontrolBiocontrol
9.9. Flow changeFlow change
10.10. OthersOthers
““Invasion corridors” in Invasion corridors” in EuropeEurope
Expansion of Ponto-caspian species
Northern corridor special study area
Records of alien species in European coastal watersreported in Aquatic Invasions in 2006
Charybdis feriata
Rapana venosa
Mytilopsis leucophaeata Hemimysis anomala
Neogobius melanostomus
Platax teira
Cardites akabana
Aplysia dactylomelaParupeneus
forsskali
Callinectes sapidus
Chromodoris quadricolor
Percon gibbesi
Cercopagis pengoi
Eriocheir sinensis
Diadema setosum
EU FW6EU FW6Strategic Targeted Research Strategic Targeted Research
Project DAISIEProject DAISIE
www.europe-aliens.org
• Linked to ALARMLinked to ALARM
• Register of expertsRegister of experts
• Alien species Alien species registerregister
• Invasive species Invasive species documentationdocumentation
• Mapping European Mapping European distributionsdistributions
Join the European Alien Species
Expertise Registry !
http://daisie.ckff.si
Irish databaseIrish database
Alien & CryptogenicAlien & Cryptogenic Freshwater (~101)Freshwater (~101) Marine and brackish (~75)Marine and brackish (~75) 6 ‘new’ species6 ‘new’ species in last year in last year caca 40 new localities 40 new localities in last year in last year
UK marine & brackish (~142)UK marine & brackish (~142)
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Decommissioned Decommissioned vesselsvessels
““Ghost ships”Ghost ships”
US naval vesselsUS naval vessels
71 ships71 ships
Idle for many yearsIdle for many years
In oyster areaIn oyster area
Oysters fouling hulls?Oysters fouling hulls?
US to EuropeUS to Europe
Breaking up yard in BritainBreaking up yard in Britain
Idle while Idle while being being dissembleddissembled
Opportunities Opportunities for for colonisationcolonisation
Commercial species on hullsCommercial species on hulls
Minchin & Gollasch 2003Minchin & Gollasch 2003 BiofoulingBiofouling 19:19: 111-122111-122
Blue mussel 19%Blue mussel 19% Pacific oyster 10%Pacific oyster 10% Horse mussel 3%Horse mussel 3% Flat oyster 2%Flat oyster 2% Olympic oyster 2%Olympic oyster 2% Soft shell clam 2%Soft shell clam 2% Surf clams 2%Surf clams 2%
Oysters can carry diseasesOysters can carry diseases Minchin & Mann 2003 Minchin & Mann 2003 ICES ICES
ITMOWGITMOWG
Risk of transporting Risk of transporting PerkensisPerkensis and MSX and MSX
Risk of transporting other biotaRisk of transporting other biota
Decommissioned vesselsDecommissioned vessels
Mytilus galloprovincialis
Styela clava Minchin 2006 In: The ecology of transportation. Springer
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Movements of fishesMovements of fishes
European fish movementsEuropean fish movements
García-Berthou et al. 2005. Introduction pathways and establishment rates of invasive aquatic species in Europe. Canadian Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Science 62, 453-463.
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Pseudorasbora parva
! Orfe fish farms# Wild Gudgeon
The top-mouthed gudgeon
Gozlan et al. 2005 Nature 435: 1046
Adverse Impact of intron on native species
Mass Mortalities
Rosette Agent Rosette-like Agent
Identical Mass Mortalities
Recreational fishing
Aquaculture industry
Global scale
Threat to biodiversity
Coarse fish Salmonids
Adverse impact of an introduction on native species
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An aquaculture storyAn aquaculture story
An aquaculture storyAn aquaculture story
Japanese eel importsJapanese eel imports
Parasite escapes to the wildParasite escapes to the wild
Parasite infects native eelsParasite infects native eels
Native eels suffer organ damageNative eels suffer organ damage
Atlantic eel stock alreading Atlantic eel stock alreading decliningdeclining
AnguillicolaAnguillicola a “coffin nail” a “coffin nail”
Pacific parasite of eelsPacific parasite of eels
Spread:Spread:
Adult eel movements Adult eel movements in tanksin tanks
Infected intermediate Infected intermediate stages, ballast stages, ballast waterwater
Natural spreadNatural spread
Paratenic hosts Paratenic hosts (insects?)(insects?)
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Oysters move other Oysters move other species – again!species – again!
Pressed for tradePressed for trade
Oyster movements have a long Oyster movements have a long historyhistory
Since 1960’s Ireland prevented entrySince 1960’s Ireland prevented entry
EU trade in pacific oystersEU trade in pacific oysters
January 1993 – half-grown importsJanuary 1993 – half-grown imports
Minchin 1996 Aquatic Conservation, Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 4: 229-244
Pacific oysters arePacific oysters are importedimported
Trade agreement enter Ireland - 1993Trade agreement enter Ireland - 1993
Mytilicola orientalisMytilicola orientalis becomes becomes establishedestablished
Oyster summer mortalities appearOyster summer mortalities appear
Slipper limpets may be introduced with Slipper limpets may be introduced with bottom cultured oysters or musselsbottom cultured oysters or mussels
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A gardner’s A gardner’s faut pasfaut pas
The gardener’s handThe gardener’s hand
Garden centresGarden centres
Introductions Introductions of plantsof plants
Ornamental pond Ornamental pond plants rapidly plants rapidly speadingspeading
Lough Corrib
Country-wideLough Derg, Shannon
Nuttall’s pondweedNuttall’s pondweed
20052005 20062006
Absent
Present
Moderate
Dense
Absent
Present
Moderate
Dense
Water violetWater violet
2005-06
20062006
<2002-2006
o
o
oo
oo
Minchin & Boelens 2005 Irish Naturalists’ Journal
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The cryptogenThe cryptogen
DidemnumDidemnum sp sp – a sea squirt– a sea squirtLikely to impact aquaculture and fisheriesLikely to impact aquaculture and fisheries
Photo: Damien OfferPhoto: Damien Offer
Photo: Liz SidesPhoto: Liz Sides
Minchin & Sides 2006 Aquatic Invasions 1: 143-147
Potential impact on aquaculturePotential impact on aquaculture
St Georges St Georges BankBank
@80m, 140km@80m, 140km22
Potential Potential impact on impact on benthic benthic resourcesresources
Likely impact on benthic food chains
Species on the Species on the movemove
CorbiculaCorbicula spp spp
Asian clamAsian clam
Now spreading from SE BritainNow spreading from SE Britain
Can survive in air long periodsCan survive in air long periods
A small number can create a new A small number can create a new populationpopulation
Very invasiveVery invasive
Likely to arrive in IrelandLikely to arrive in Ireland
Pacifastacus Pacifastacus leniusculusleniusculus
a freshwater crayfisha freshwater crayfish
Moved for cultureMoved for cultureAmbulatoryAmbulatoryPredatoryPredatoryInterferes with bait anglingInterferes with bait anglingCompetes with ‘native’ crayfishCompetes with ‘native’ crayfishLikely to arrive in IrelandLikely to arrive in Ireland
Undaria pinnatifidaUndaria pinnatifidaJapanese kelpJapanese kelp
Introduced for culture Introduced for culture to Brittanyto Brittany
In southern BritainIn southern Britain
Excludes native algaeExcludes native algae
May be transported May be transported with small craftwith small craft
Eriocheir sinensisEriocheir sinensisChinese mitten-crabChinese mitten-crab
Photo: Stephan GollaschPhoto: Stephan Gollasch
MarlinMarlin
Minchin 2006 Irish Naturalists’ Journal 28: 303-4
Mitten-crabs could spread throughout Mitten-crabs could spread throughout IrelandIreland
Cyst in lungCyst in lung
Prey on fish eggs and insectsPrey on fish eggs and insects
Future scenarios facing Future scenarios facing IrelandIreland
Unexplained and crisis eventsUnexplained and crisis eventsFurther expansion of unwanted speciesFurther expansion of unwanted speciesNew routes – new risksNew routes – new risksHuman economy/health issuesHuman economy/health issuesRapid transport – high riskRapid transport – high riskManaging secondary spread from BritainManaging secondary spread from BritainNew industry: aquaculture biotechnologyNew industry: aquaculture biotechnologyLeisure activitiesLeisure activitiesImported live foodsImported live foods
So how do we manage?So how do we manage?
Pro-active managementPro-active management
Risk assessmentsRisk assessments
Pre-border controlsPre-border controls
Rapid assessment monitoringRapid assessment monitoring
Join the European Alien Species Expertise
Registry !http://daisie.ckff.si