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Deep Sea

Water column andseafloor with more than

200 m in depth

It supports higof habitat and s

enormous mresourc

Seafloor composes Earthsarea by 63% and water

column composes volume ofwater on Earth by 98.5%

It shows imecological fun

servic

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Deep Sea Environment

Cold (0 6 C)

Dark (No light)Low oxy

conte

Scarce fHigh hydrostatic

pressure (1 atm/ 10m depth)

Slow current (1m/s)

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Deep Sea Life

Few in number

Year-roundreproduction

Small br

Slow grLong life

High diversity

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Physiological Adaptations

There is no shallow counterparts, meanwhile watery tissues and flimsy bod

Deep sea fishes have thinly ossified bones and reduced protein and lipid leboth fishes and crustaceans.

Gelatinous animals, the exception to the pattern, rely on transparency rathelocomotion to avoid detection by their sighted predators and prey.

Cephalopods and fishes have big eye to increase sensitivity toward light.

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Behavioral Adaptation

Scarce food

Low oxygencontent

Energyconservation

Low activity levelPredationstrategies

Attracting prey

Waiting

Deploy

Biol

M

M

U

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Bioluminescence

Most common form of communication.

Functions:

Defensive information

Attracting prey

Illuminate prey

Communication media with others of the same species

It is produced, depends on species, by certain organ or bacterial symbionts.

Luciferin + O2

Luciferase

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Benthopelagic Fauna

Feed on the bottom but but spend the majority of their time swsuspended above it.

Including fishes, holothurians, crustaceans, gelatinous animals

Crossota millsae Viviparous Asexual reproduction Brooding their juveniles Shed their tentacles

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Benthopelagic Fauna

Enypniastes eximia Whole-body bioluminescence Very fragile skin, replaced

every 1-5 days

Squaliolus a Opportun Biolumin Delayed

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Megafauna

The giant siphonophores, e.g. Praya

- It is distributed through Atlantic Europe and the Gulf of M

- living at 700 m to 1000 m below sea level

- can grow to length of 40 m (130 ft)

Architeuthis dux(Giant squid)

- the largest chepalopods that have length up to 60 ft and900 kg.

- Concentrations of species found range from the North AtOcean, the South Atlantic in southern African waters, the NoPacific around Japan, and the southwestern Pacific around NZealand and Australia and circumglobal in the Southern Oce

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Megafauna

Praya dubiahttp://biolum.eemb.ucsb.edu/organism/pictures/praya.html

Architeuthis dux

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The Jelly Web

The jelly web is large andcomplex gelatinous faunain deep water canseasonally dominate thesecond and third trophiclevels of midwater

communities.

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References

Capezzuto, F., R. Carlucci, P. Maiorano, L. Sion, D. Battista, A. Giove, A. Indennidate, A. Tu2010. The Bathyal Benthopelagic Fauna in the North-Western Ionian Sea: StrucInteractions. Chemistry and Ecology26: 199-217.

Haddock, S. H. D., M. A. Moline, & J. F. Case. 2010. Bioluminescence in the Sea.Annual Revie2: 443-493.

Martin, R. A., & J. Treberg. 2000. Biology of Deep Sea Sharks: A Review. Downloaded fresearch.org/publications/pdfs/deep-sea-sharks.pdf[October 22nd, 2015].

Robinson, B. H. 2004. Deep Sea Biology.Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology

Thuesen, E. V. 2003. Crossota millsae (Cnidaria: Trachymedusae: Rhopalonematidae),Viviparous Hydromedusa from the Deep Sea Off California and Hawaii. Zootaxa309: 1-1

http://www.elasmo-research.org/publications/pdfs/deep-sea-sharks.pdfhttp://www.elasmo-research.org/publications/pdfs/deep-sea-sharks.pdfhttp://www.elasmo-research.org/publications/pdfs/deep-sea-sharks.pdfhttp://www.elasmo-research.org/publications/pdfs/deep-sea-sharks.pdf