Alfa Romeo 1

Alfa Romeo

Alfa Romeo Automobiles S.p.A.

Type Società per azioni

Industry Automotive

Predecessor(s) Società Anonima Italiana Darracq (SAID)

Founded 24 June 1910 in Milan, Italy

Founder(s) Alexandre Darracq/Ugo StellaNicola Romeo

Headquarters Turin, Italy

Area served Worldwide

Key people John Elkann (President)Harald J Wester (CEO)

Products Automobiles

Production output 101,000 units (2012)[citation needed]

Owner(s) Fiat S.p.A.

Parent Fiat Group Automobiles S.p.A.

Website AlfaRomeo.com [1]

Alfa Romeo Automobiles S.p.A. (Italian pronunciation: [ˈalfa roˈmɛːo]) is an Italian manufacturer of cars. Founded asA.L.F.A. (Anonima Lombarda Fabbrica Automobili) on June 24, 1910, in Milan, the company has been involved incar racing since 1911, and has a reputation for building expensive sports cars. It was owned by Italian state holdingcompany Istituto per la Ricostruzione Industriale between 1932 and 1986, when it became a part of the Fiat Group,and since February 2007 a part of Fiat Group Automobiles S.p.A.The company that became Alfa Romeo was founded as Società Anonima Italiana Darracq (SAID) in 1906 by theFrench automobile firm of Alexandre Darracq, with some Italian investors. In late 1909, the Italian Darracq carswere selling slowly and a new company was founded named A.L.F.A. (Anonima Lombarda Fabbrica Automobili,English: Lombard Automobile Factory, Public Company), initially still in partnership with Darracq. The firstnon-Darracq car produced by the company was the 1910 24 HP, designed by Giuseppe Merosi. A.L.F.A. venturedinto motor racing, with drivers Franchini and Ronzoni competing in the 1911 Targa Florio with two 24 HP models.In August 1915 the company came under the direction of Neapolitan entrepreneur Nicola Romeo, who converted thefactory to produce military hardware for the Italian and Allied war efforts. In 1920, the name of the company waschanged to Alfa Romeo with the Torpedo 20-30 HP the first car to be so badged.In 1928 Nicola Romeo left, with Alfa Romeo going broke after defense contracts ended, and at the end of 1932 itwas rescued by Benito Mussolini's government, which then had effective control. The company struggled to return toprofitability after the Second World War, and turned to mass-producing small vehicles rather than hand-buildingluxury models. In 1954 it developed the Alfa Romeo Twin Cam engine, which would remain in production until1998.[citation needed] During the 1960s and 1970s Alfa Romeo produced a number of sporty cars, though the Italiangovernment parent company, Finmeccanica, struggled to make a profit so it sold the marque to the Fiat Group in1986.Alfa Romeo has competed successfully in many different categories of motorsport, including Grand Prix motor racing, Formula One, sportscar racing, touring car racing and rallies. It has competed both as a constructor and an

Alfa Romeo 2

engine supplier, via works entries (usually under the name Alfa Corse or Autodelta) and private entries. The firstracing car was made in 1913, three years after the foundation of the company, and Alfa Romeo won the inauguralworld championship for Grand Prix cars in 1925. The company gained a good name in motorsport, which gave asporty image to the whole marque. Enzo Ferrari founded the Scuderia Ferrari racing team in 1929 as an Alfa Romeoracing team, before becoming independent in 1939.

History

Foundation and early years

A 1908 Darracq 8/10 HP assembledby Alfa Romeo's predecessor,

Darracq Italiana

The A.L.F.A 24 hp (this is with Castagna torpedobody) was the first car made by AnonimaLombarda Fabbrica Automobili in 1910.

The company that became Alfa Romeo was founded as SocietàAnonima Italiana Darracq (SAID) in 1906 by the French automobilefirm of Alexandre Darracq, with some Italian investors. One of them,Cavaliere Ugo Stella, an aristocrat from Milan, became chairman ofthe SAID in 1909. The firm's initial location was in Naples, but evenbefore the construction of the planned factory had started, Darracqdecided late in 1906 that Milan would be more suitable andaccordingly a tract of land was acquired in the Milan suburb ofPortello, where a new factory of 6,700 square metres (8,000 sq yd) waserected. Late 1909, the Italian Darracq cars were selling slowly andStella, with the other Italian co-investors, founded a new companynamed A.L.F.A. (Anonima Lombarda Fabbrica Automobili), initiallystill in partnership with Darracq. The first non-Darracq car producedby the company was the 1910 24 HP, designed by Giuseppe Merosi,hired in 1909 for designing new cars more suited to the Italian market.Merosi would go on to design a series of new A.L.F.A. cars, with morepowerful engines (40-60 HP). A.L.F.A. ventured into motor racing,with drivers Franchini and Ronzoni competing in the 1911 TargaFlorio with two 24 HP models. In 1914, an advanced Grand Prix carwas designed and built, the GP1914, with a four-cylinder engine,double overhead camshafts, four valves per cylinder and twinignition.[2] However, the onset of the First World War haltedautomobile production at A.L.F.A. for three years.

In August 1915 the company came under the direction of Neapolitanentrepreneur Nicola Romeo, who converted the factory to producemilitary hardware for the Italian and Allied war efforts. Munitions,aircraft engines and other components, compressors and generators based on the company's existing car engineswere produced in a vastly enlarged factory during the war. After the war, Romeo invested his war profits inacquiring locomotive and railway carriage plants in Saronno (Costruzioni Meccaniche di Saronno), Rome (OfficineMeccaniche di Roma) and Naples (Officine Ferroviarie Meridionali), which were added to his A.L.F.A. ownership.

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Alfa Romeo production between 1934 and 1939

Year CarsIndustrialvehicles

1934 699 0

1935 91 211

1936 20 671

1937 270 851

1938 542 729

1939 372 562

Car production had not been considered at first, but resumed in 1919 since parts for the completion of 105 cars hadremained at the A.L.F.A. factory since 1915. In 1920, the name of the company was changed to Alfa Romeo with theTorpedo 20-30 HP the first car to be so badged. Their first success came in 1920 when Giuseppe Campari won atMugello and continued with second place in the Targa Florio driven by Enzo Ferrari. Giuseppe Merosi continued ashead designer, and the company continued to produce solid road cars as well as successful race cars (including the40-60 HP and the RL Targa Florio).In 1923 Vittorio Jano was lured from Fiat, partly thanks to the persuasion of a young Alfa racing driver named EnzoFerrari, to replace Merosi as chief designer at Alfa Romeo. The first Alfa Romeo under Jano was the P2 Grand Prixcar, which won Alfa Romeo the inaugural world championship for Grand Prix cars in 1925. For road cars Janodeveloped a series of small-to-medium-displacement 4-, 6-, and 8-cylinder inline engines based on the P2 unit thatestablished the architecture of the company's engines, with light alloy construction, hemispherical combustionchambers, centrally located plugs, two rows of overhead valves per cylinder bank and dual overhead cams. Jano'sdesigns proved both reliable and powerful.Enzo Ferrari proved a better team manager than driver, and when the factory team was privatised, it became ScuderiaFerrari. When Ferrari left Alfa Romeo, he went on to build his own cars. Tazio Nuvolari often drove for Alfa,winning many races before the Second World War.

8C 2900B Touring Spider (1937)

In 1928 Nicola Romeo left, with Alfa going broke after defensecontracts ended, and at the end of 1932 Alfa Romeo was rescued bythe government, which then had effective control. Alfa Romeo becamean instrument of Mussolini's Italy, a national emblem. During thisperiod it built bespoke vehicles for the wealthy, with bodies normallyby Touring of Milan or Pinin Farina. This era peaked with the AlfaRomeo 2900B Type 35 racers.

The Alfa factory (converted during wartime to the production ofMacchi C.202 Folgore engines: the Daimler-Benz 600 series builtunder license) was bombed during the Second World War, and

struggled to return to profitability after the war. The luxury vehicles were out. Smaller, mass-produced vehiclesbegan to be produced beginning with the 1954 model year, with the introduction of the Giulietta series of berline(saloons/sedans), coupes and open two-seaters. All three varieties shared what would become the Alfa Romeooverhead Twin Cam four-cylinder engine, initially 1300 cc. This engine would eventually be enlarged to 2000 cc andwould remain in production until 1995.

“When I see an Alfa Romeo go by, I tip my hat.”—Henry Ford talking with Ugo Gobbato in 1939

Alfa Romeo 4

Post warOnce motor sports resumed after the Second World War, Alfa Romeo proved to be the car to beat in Grand Prixevents. The introduction of the new formula (Formula One) for single-seat racing cars provided an ideal setting forAlfa Romeo's Tipo 158 Alfetta, adapted from a pre-war voiturette, and Giuseppe Farina won the first Formula OneWorld Championship in 1950 in the 158. Juan Manuel Fangio secured Alfa's second consecutive championship in1951.

Alfa Romeo production between 1998 and 2012

Year Cars

1998 197,680

1999 208,336

2000 206,836

2001 213,638

2002 187,437

2003 182,469

2004 162,179

2005 130,815

2006 157,794

2007 151,898

2008 103,097

2009 103,687

2010 119,451

2011 130,535

2012 101,000[3]

In 1952, Alfa Romeo experimented with its first front-wheel drive compact car, "Project 13-61". It had the sametransverse-mounted, forward-motor layout as the modern front-wheel drive automobile. Alfa Romeo made a secondattempt toward the late 1950s based on Project 13-61. It was to be called Tipo 103 and resembled the smaller versionof its popular Alfa Romeo Giulia. However, due to the financial difficulties in post-war Italy, the Tipo 103 never sawproduction. Had Alfa Romeo produced it, it would have preceded the Mini as the first "modern" front-wheel drivecompact car. In the mid-fifties, Alfa Romeo entered into an agreement with Brazil's Matarazzo Group to create acompany called Fabral (Fábrica Brasileira de Automóveis Alfa, "the Brazilian Alfa automobile factory") to build theAlfa Romeo 2000 there. After having received government approval, Matarazzo pulled out and under pressure fromBrazil's President Juscelino Kubitschek the state-owned FNM company instead commenced building the car as the"FNM 2000" there in 1960.During the 1960s, Alfa Romeo concentrated on competition using production-based cars, including the GTA(standing for Gran Turismo Allegerita), an aluminium-bodied version of the Bertone-designed coupe with a powerfultwin-plug engine. Among other victories, the GTA won the inaugural Sports Car Club of America's Trans-Amchampionship in 1966. In the 1970s, Alfa Romeo concentrated on prototype sports car racing with the Tipo 33, withearly victories in 1971. Eventually the Tipo 33TT12 gained the World Championship for Makes for Alfa Romeo in1975 and the Tipo 33SC12 won the World Championship for Sports Cars in 1977.

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By the 1970s, Alfa Romeo was again in financial trouble and creative measures were attempted to shore it up,including an ultimately unsuccessful joint venture with Nissan endorsed by Ettore Massacesi of Alfa Romeo's parentcompany, the Italian-government owned Istituto per la Ricostruzione Industriale (IRI) and Prime Minister FrancescoCossiga. By 1986, IRI was suffering heavy losses, and IRI president Romano Prodi put Alfa Romeo up for sale.Finmeccanica, the mechanical holdings arm of IRI and its predecessors owned Alfa Romeo since 1932. Prodi firstapproached fellow Italian manufacturer Fiat, which offered to start a joint venture with Alfa. Prodi was initiallyunsupportive, citing the strained industrial relations between Northern and Southern Italy, with Fiat being based inTurin and Alfa being based in Milan.Wikipedia:Disputed statementFiat withdrew its plan for a joint venture when Ford put in an offer to acquire part of Alfa Romeo and restructure thecompany, while increasing its stake over time. However, Fiat put in a bid to acquire the entirety of Alfa Romeo andoffer job guarantees to Italian workers, an offer that Ford was unwilling to match.It also did not hurt any of the parties involved that an acquisition by Fiat would keep Alfa Romeo in Italian hands. In1986, the deal was concluded with Alfa Romeo merged with traditional rival Lancia into Fiat's Alfa LanciaIndustriale S.p.A.Models produced from the 1990s combined Alfa's traditional virtues of avant-garde styling and sporting panachewith the economic benefits of product rationalisation, and include a "GTA" version of the 147 hatchback, theGiugiaro-designed Brera, and a high-performance exotic called the 8C Competizione (named after one of Alfa's mostsuccessful prewar sports and racing cars, the 8C of the 1930s).In 2005 Maserati was bought back from Ferrari and under Fiat's full control. The Fiat Group plans to create a sportsand luxury division from Maserati and Alfa Romeo. There is a planned strategic relationship between these two;engines, platforms and possibly dealers will be shared in some markets.In the beginning of 2007, Fiat Auto S.p.A. was reorganized and four new automobile companies were created; FiatAutomobiles S.p.A., Alfa Romeo Automobiles S.p.A., Lancia Automobiles S.p.A. and Fiat Light CommercialVehicles S.p.A. These companies are fully owned by Fiat Group Automobiles S.p.A.

Carabinieri and Italian governmentIn the 1960s Alfa Romeo became famous for its small cars and models specifically designed for the Italian policeand Carabinieri; among them the "Giulia Super" or the 2600 Sprint GT, which acquired the nickname of"Inseguimento" (literally "to chase or predate"). The colours of the Alfa Romeos used by the Polizia were/aregreen/blue with white stripes and writing, known as "Pantera" (Panther), enhancing the aggressive look of the Alfa(particularly the Giulia series), while the Carabinieri Alfas were dark blue with white roofs and red stripes, known asthe "Gazzella" (Gazelle) denoting the speed and agility of these "Pattuglie" (armed response patrol units). However,the term "Pantera" became used interchangeably and the image helped create a no-nonsense, determined andrespected perception by the general public of the men that drove these cars, true to their history.

292px |Italian State Police Flying Squad"Panther" 1971 Alfa Giulia Super

Since then, Alfas remain the chosen mount of the Carabinieri (arm ofthe Italian armed forces seconded only partly for civilian policingpurposes), Polizia Autostradale (highway police) and the conventionalpolice service (Polizia). Successively, the following Alfa RomeoBerlinas have found favour for Italian police and governmentemployment

• Alfa Romeo Alfetta• Alfa Romeo "Nuova" Giulietta• Alfa Romeo 33 (Only Polizia di Stato)• Alfa Romeo 75

• Alfa Romeo 164 (Official Vehicles)

Alfa Romeo 6

• Alfa Romeo 155• Alfa Romeo 156• Alfa Romeo 166 (Official Vehicles)• Alfa Romeo 159.

Since 1960s, the Italian Prime Minister has used Alfa Romeos (and lately the new Maserati Quattroporte) aspreferred government limousines. The 164 and 166 have found particular employment in the last two decades.

Recent developmentsAlfa Romeo has been suffering from falling sales. Some analysts concluded that the automaker suffered largeoperating losses in the mid-2000s - estimated to be about 15 percent to 20 percent of annual revenues, or about 300million to 500 million euros a year. For the year of 2010, it sold a total of about 112,000 units which wassignificantly lower than Fiat CEO Marchionne's global sales target of 300,000. Alfa then wanted to achieve 170,000sales in 2011, including 100,000 Giulietta and 60,000 MiTo, but it actually sold 130,000 units that year. Itsmedium-term target remains 500,000 units by 2014 including 85,000 from N. American market.

Return to the United States

Giulietta Spider

Alfa Romeo was imported to the United States by Max Hoffman fromthe mid-1950s. The Giulietta Spider was born by request of MaxHoffman, who proposed an open version of the Giulietta. In 1961 AlfaRomeo started importing cars to the United States.

In 1995 Alfa Romeo ceased exporting cars to the United States, the lastmodel to be sold being the 164. Rumours began of their return,however as the FAQ on Alfa Romeo's English website had said "Thelong-awaited return of Alfa Romeo to the United States market shouldtake place by 2007, with a range of new models."

Alfa Romeo's return to United States was confirmed on 5 May 2006 by Fiat CEO Sergio Marchionne. It resumedsales in the United States with the 8C Competizione in October 2008. In 2008, Alfa Romeo and Chrysler werereported to be in discussions, with Alfa Romeo possibly using Chrysler manufacturing plants that have been shutdown due to unneeded product.A new Alfa Romeo Spider will also be based on the Mazda Miata platform The underpinnings of the car—built atMazda's Hiroshima, Japan, plant—will share the rear-wheel drive technology that Mazda is planning for the nextgeneration of the MX-5 model (often known as the Miata), but the automakers will style different bodies for eachbrand. The cars will look different from the outside and will also receive different engines. The automaker willreintroduce itself to Americans in the second half of 2013 with the Alfa 4C, another two-seater sports car. The FiatGroup Automobiles S.p.A. and Mazda Motor Corporation agreement about Spider/MX-5 should be finalized later in2012, and production of the Spider could begin in 2015.The Wall Street Journal reported on Nov. 4, 2009, that Chrysler would announce that it is dropping several modelsof Dodge and Jeep while phasing in Alfa Romeo and Fiat 500 models.The Alfa Romeo 4C was announced to be the first mass-produced car to re-enter the US market in 2013. In 2012 thisre-entry was again delayed, this time to early 2014.

Alfa Romeo 7

Design and technology

Technological developmentAlfa Romeo has introduced many technological innovations over the years, and the company has often been amongthe first users of new technologies. Its trademark double overhead cam engine was used for the first time in the 1914Grand Prix car, the first road car with such an engine, the 6C 1500 Sport, appeared in 1928.Alfa Romeo tested one of the very first electric injection systems (Caproni-Fuscaldo) in the Alfa Romeo 6C 2500with "Ala spessa" body in 1940 Mille Miglia. The engine had six electrically operated injectors, fed by a semi-highpressure circulating fuel pump system.Mechanical Variable Valve Timing was introduced in the Alfa Romeo Spider, sold in the U.S. in 1980. ElectronicVariable Valve Timing was introduced in the (Alfetta)[citation needed].The 105 series Giulia was quite an advanced car using such technologies as: All-wheel disc brakes, plastic radiatorheader tank[citation needed] it had also the lowest Drag Coefficient (Cd) in its class The same trend continued with theAlfetta 2000 and GTV, which had such things as 50:50 weight distribution, standard fit alloy wheels[citation needed]

and transaxle.Newer innovations include complete CAD design process used in Alfa Romeo 164, robotised/paddle controltransmission Selespeed used in the 156; the 156 was also the world's first passenger car to use Common rail dieselengine. The Multiair -an electro-hydraulic variable valve actuation technology used in MiTo was introduced in 2009.

Body designMany famous automotive design houses in Italy have accepted commissions to produce concepts and productionvehicle shapes for Alfa Romeo. These include:•• Bertone•• Giorgetto Giugiaro / Italdesign•• Pininfarina•• Zagato•• Centro Stile Alfa RomeoThe last mentioned, the Centro Stile, has rapidly gained international credibilityWikipedia:Vagueness with its work.The 8C Competizione super-coupé, and the MiTo hatchback are the results.Construction techniques used by Alfa Romeo have become imitated by other car makers, and in this way AlfaRomeo body design has often been very influential. The following is a list of innovations, and where appropriate,examples of imitation by other car manufacturers:• 1950s: Monocoque body design in the Giulia:Wikipedia:Disputed statement While not an imitation per se, this

construction technique became extremely widespread, and remains so to the present day.•• 1960s: Aerodynamics: The 116-series Giulia had a very low Cd. Toyota in particular sought to produce a

similarly shaped series of vehicles at this time.•• 1970s: Fairing of bumpers: In order to meet American crash standards, Alfa formulated design styling techniques

to incorporate bumpers into the overall bodywork design of vehicles so as to not ruin their lines. The culminationof this design technique was the 1980s Alfa Romeo 75. The process was widely copied, particularly in Germanyand Japan.

• 1980s: The Alfa 164: The design process and influence of this car is almost completely out of all proportion toprevious Alfas. The 164 introduced complete CAD/CAM in the manufacturing cycle, with very little directlymade by hand in the vehicle. In addition, the 164's styling influence continues into the present day line of modernAlfas. Most manufacturers incorporated design ideas first expressed in the 164 into their own designs, includinggreater reliance on on-board computers.[citation needed]

Alfa Romeo 8

•• 1990s: The pseudo-coupé: The Alfa 156 and 147, while four-door vehicles, represented themselves as two-doorswith prominent front door handles, and less visible rear door-handle flaps. Honda has used this design style in thelatest Civic hatchback, and a somewhat similar idea is also seen in the most recent Mazda RX-8 four-seat coupé.

•• 2000s: The Brera and 159: These vehicles' design, by Giorgetto Giugiaro, have proven influential in sedan andcoupé styling, demonstrating that concept vehicles are often immediately translatable into road car form,providing that initial design takes place using CAD systems.

Alfa Romeo models have also inspired some very interesting and often beautiful concept cars. Here follows a shortlist of concept cars, and their impact on car design:1950s - The B.A.T. carsThe Berlina Aerodinamica Tecnica prototype cars were designed by Bertone as an exercise in determining whetherstreamlining and wind-tunnel driven designs would result in high performance on a standard chassis, and whether theresulting vehicles would be palatable to public. Alfa 1900 Sprint were the basis of the B.A.T. 5, 7 and 9. The laterB.A.T. 11 was based on the 8C Competizione.1960s and 1970s - Descendants of the Tipo 33The Tipo 33 racing car, with its high-revving 2000 cc V8 engine became the basis for a number of different conceptcars during 1960s and 1970s, two of which ultimately resulted in production vehicles. Most made their appearancesat the Auto Salon Genève. Here is a brief list:•• Gandini/Bertone Carabo (1968) - Marcello Gandini expressed ideas that would come to fruition in the

Lamborghini Countach.• Tipo 33.2 (1969)- Designed by Pininfarina, this car ultimately resulted in the 33 Stradale road car• Gandini/Bertone Montreal Concept (1967) - making its appearance at the 1967 Montreal Expo, this Giulia-based

concept resulted in the production Alfa Romeo Montreal road car with a variant of the Tipo 33 V8 engine.•• Bertone/Giugiaro Navajo (1976)- A fully fibreglassed vehicle, and in some ways the epitome of Giugiaro's

'Origami' style of flat planes.1980s-today - Modern ideasIn general, concept cars for Alfa Romeo have generally become production vehicles, after some modification tomake them suitable for manufacture, and to provide driver and passenger safety. The Zagato SZ, GTV and Spider(descended from the Proteo), Brera and 159 are all good examples of Alfa Romeo's stylistic commitment in thisdirection.The futureAlfa Romeo concept cars have mostly emphasized performance in combination with historical tradition. The NuvolaConcept, and the independently designed Diva Concept cars have demonstrated that this ethos is the centre of Alfaconceptualisation. The Centro Stile website also gives designers very good direction in terms of the combination ofline and form Alfa prefers to see in the design process of its cars' bodywork.[citation needed]

The badgeAlfa's badge incorporates emblems from fifth century Italy. It was designed in 1910 by an Italian draughtsman, Romano Cattaneo, who used two heraldic devices traditionally associated with Milan: on the right is the Biscione, the emblem of the House of Visconti, rulers of Milan in the 14th century; on the left is a red cross on a white field, the emblem of Milan, which Cattaneo had seen on the door of the Castello Sforzesco. In 1918, after the company was bought by Nicola Romeo, the badge was redesigned with the help of Giuseppe Merosi. A dark blue metallic ring was added, inscribed "ALFA — ROMEO" and "MILANO" separated by two Savoy dynasty knots to honour the Kingdom of Italy. After the victory of the P2 in the inaugural Automobile World Championship in 1925, Alfa added a laurel wreath around the badge. In 1946, after the abolition of the monarchy, the Savoy knots were replaced with two curvy lines. The name "MILANO", the hyphen, and the lines were eliminated when Alfa Romeo opened its

Alfa Romeo 9

factory at Pomigliano d'Arco, Naples in the early 1970s. The serpent and man appear to be Jonah and the serpent,images often found in liturgical art as far back as the third century.

MotorsportAlfa Romeo has been involved with motor racing since 1911, when it entered two 24 HP models on Targa Floriocompetition. In the 1920s and 30s it scored wins at many races and motoring events such as Targa Florio, MilleMiglia and Le Mans. Great success continued with Formula One, Prototypes, Touring and Fast Touring. Privatedrivers also entered some rally competitions, with fine results. Alfa Romeo has competed both as a constructor andan engine supplier, via works entries Alfa Corse, Autodelta and private entries. Alfa Romeo's factory racing teamwas outsourced to Enzo Ferrari's Scuderia Ferrari between 1933 and 1938. Drivers included Tazio Nuvolari, whowon the 1935 German Grand Prix at the Nürburgring.

QuadrifoglioThe quadrifoglio emblem (also called the 'cloverleaf') has been the symbol of Alfa Romeo racing cars since 1923.Following WWII, it has also been used to designate the higher trim models of the range (comparable to BMW MPerformance or Volkswagen GTI models). The quadrifoglio is usually placed on the side panels of the car, above orbehind the front wheels. The symbol consists of a green or gold cloverleaf with four leaves, contained with a whitetriangle.

History of the symbol

Ugo Sivocci at the wheel of 1923 Alfa Romeo P1

The quadrifoglio has been used on Alfa Romeo cars since the death ofUgo Sivocci in 1923. As a friend of Enzo Ferrari, Sivocci was hired byAlfa Romeo in 1920 to drive in the three-man works team: (AlfaCorse) with Antonio Ascari and Enzo Ferrari. Sivocci was thought tohave enormous experience, but often hampered by bad luck andconsidered the eternal second-placer. To banish his bad luck, when theTarga Florio came around, the driver painted a white square with agreen four-leaf clover (the quadrifoglio) in the centre of the grille ofhis car. Sivocci had immediate success, crossing the finish line first. The quadrifoglio subsequently became thesymbol of the racing Alfa Romeos with the victory at the Targa Florio. Almost as if to prove the magic effects of thissymbol, Sivocci was killed while testing Merosi's new P1 at Monza, a few months after winning the Targa Florio.The Salerno driver's P1, which went off the track on a bend, did not have the quadrifoglio. Since this period in 1923,the bodies of Alfa Romeo racing cars have been adorned with the quadrifoglio as a lucky charm. The white squarewas replaced with a triangle in memory of Uvo Sivocci.

Quadrifoglio badge on the Alfetta 159

Cloverleaf, or Quadrifoglio, badges now denote high-end incomfort and engine size variants of Alfa Romeo cars. Somemodern Alfas wear a cloverleaf badge which is typically a greenfour leaf clover on a white background (quadrifoglio verde), butvariants of blue on white have been recently observed as well.

The Alfettas of the early 1980s had models available sold as the"Silver Leaf" and "Gold Leaf" (quadrifoglio oro). These modelswere the top of the range. Badging was the Alfa cloverleaf ineither gold or silver to denote the specification level. The GoldLeaf model was also sold as the "159i" in some markets, the namein homage to the original 159.

Alfa Romeo 10

ProductionUntil the 1980s, Alfa Romeos, except for the Alfasud, were rear-wheel-drive.According to the current Fiat CEO Sergio Marchionne, in order to reap economies of scale, all new Alfa Romeomodels will be made from the same basic platform (i.e., frame). Even Maserati will share components with someAlfas.[4]

The trim levels (option packages) offered today on the various nameplates (model lines) include the lusso ("luxury"),turismo ("touring"), and the GTA (gran tourismo alleggerita) ("light-weight grand tourer"). The GTA package isoffered in the 147 and 156 and includes a V-6 engine. In the past, Alfa Romeo offered a Sprint trim level.During the 1990s, Alfa Romeo moved car production to other districts in Italy. The Pomigliano d’Arco plantproduced the 155, followed by the 145 and the 146, while the Arese plant manufactured the 164 and new Spider andGTV. The 156 was launched in 1997, and became quite successful for Alfa Romeo; in 1998 it was voted “Car of theYear”. The same year a new flagship, the 166 (assembled in Rivalta, near Turin) was launched. At the beginning ofthe third millennium, the 147 was released, which won the prestigious title of “Car of the Year 2001”. In 2003 theArese factory was closed.The Arese factory today hosts almost nothing and is nearly abandoned. What remains are some offices and the greatAlfa Romeo Historical Museum, a must-see for Alfa Romeo fans.In the 60s, the main Alfa Romeo seat was moved from inside Milan to a very large and nearby area extending overthe municipalities of Arese, Lainate and Garbagnate Milanese. However, since then the Alfa seat is known to be inArese, since the offices and the main entrance of the area are there.In the late 1960s, a number of European automobile manufacturers established facilities in South Africa to assembleright hand drive vehicles. Fiat and other Italian manufacturers established factories along with these othermanufacturers, Alfa-Romeos were assembled in Brits, outside Pretoria in the Transvaal Province of South Africa.With the imposition of sanctions by western powers in the 1970s and 1980s, South Africa became self-sufficient, andin car production came to rely more and more on the products from local factories. This led to a remarkable set ofcircumstances where between 1972 and 1989, South Africa had the greatest number of Alfa Romeos on the roadoutside of Italy. Even stranger, Alfa Romeos Brits plant was used from March 1983 until 1985 to build DaihatsuCharades for local consumption, but also for export to Italy in order to skirt Italian limits on Japanese imports.In late 1985, with the impending Fiat takeover and an international boycott of the South African Apartheidgovernment, Alfa Romeo withdrew from the market and closed the plant. Tons of valuable parts were then bulldozedinto the ground to escape paying import duties.[citation needed]

Assembly plants by model

Plant Owner Location Model(s)

Cassino Piedimonte S. Germano Fiat Group Automobiles S.p.A. Piedimonte San Germano Giulietta

Stabilimento Mirafiori Fiat Group Automobiles S.p.A. Turin MiTo

Modena Maserati S.p.A Modena 4C

Alfa Romeo 11

Automobiles

Current models

MiTo Giulietta 4C

Alfa Romeo MiToThe MiTo is a three-door sporty supermini officially introduced on 19 June 2008 in Castello Sforzesco in Milan, theinternational introduction was at British Motor Show in 2008.Alfa Romeo GiuliettaThe Giulietta is a five-door, small family car officially revealed at the Geneva Motor Show 2010. It replaced the 147.Alfa Romeo 4CThe Alfa Romeo 4C is a small, lightweight rear wheel drive two seater Coupé sports car, similar in size to the AlfaRomeo MiTo. The car was revealed as concept car at the 81st Geneva Motorshow in 2011. The production versionwas launched to the European market at the 83rd Geneva Motorshow in 2013 and will be launched to the Americanmarket at the Los Angeles Motorshow at the end of November 2013.

Future models• Alfa Romeo Giulia sedan and station wagon (Expected-2014)• Alfa Romeo C-SUV (Expected-2014)•• Alfa Romeo Spider (new) (Expected-2015)• Alfa Romeo 169 (Expected-2014)

Historic models

6C Gran Sport (1931) 8C 2300 (1931)

Alfa Romeo 12

2600 Touring Spider (1961) GT Junior (1965)

Montreal (1970) GTV6 (1980)

Spider (1992) 156 (1997)

8C Competizione (2008) Autotutto F12 ambulance

Road cars Racing cars

1910 1910-1920 24 HP1910-1911 12 HP1911-1920 15 HP1913-1922 40-60 HP

1911 15 HP Corsa1913 40-60 HP Corsa1914 Grand Prix

Alfa Romeo 13

1920 1921-1922 20-30 HP1920-1921 G11921-1921 G21922-1927 RL1923-1925 RM1927-1929 6C 15001929-1933 6C 1750

1922 RL Super Sport1923 RL Targa Florio1923 P11924 P21928 6C 1500 MMS1929 6C 1750 Super Sport

1930 1931-1934 8C 23001933-1933 6C 19001934-1937 6C 23001935-1939 8C 29001939-1950 6C 2500

1931 Tipo A1931 8C 2300 Monza1932 Tipo B (P3)1935 Bimotore1935 8C 351935 8C 2900A1936 12C 361937 12C 371937 6C 2300B Mille Miglia1937 8C 2900B Mille Miglia1938 3081938 3121938 3161938 1581939 6C 2500 Super Sport Corsa

1940 1948 6C 2500 Competizione

1950 1950-1958 19001951-1953 Matta1954-1962 Giulietta1958-1962 20001959-1964 Dauphine

1951 1591952 6C 3000 CM

1960 1962-1968 26001962-1976 Giulia Saloon1963-1967 Giulia TZ1963-1977 Giulia Sprint1963-1966 Giulia Sprint Speciale1965-1967 Gran SportQuattroruote1965-1971 GTA1966-1993 Spider1967-1969 33 Stradale1967-1977 1750/2000 Berlina

1960 Giulietta SZ1963 Giulia TZ1965 GTA1965 Tipo 331968 33/21969 33/3

1970 1970-1977 Montreal1972-1983 Alfasud1972-1984 Alfetta saloon1974-1987 Alfetta GT/GTV1976-1989 Alfasud Sprint1977-1985 Nuova Giulietta1979-1986 Alfa 6

1972 33/41973 33TT121976 33SC121979 1771979 179

1980 1983-1994 331984-1987 Arna1984-1987 901985-1992 751987-1998 1641989-1993 SZ/RZ

1982 1821983 1831984 1841985 185

Alfa Romeo 14

1990 1992-1998 1551994-2000 1451994-2000 1461995-2006 GTV/Spider1997-2005 1561998-2007 166

1993 155 V6 TI

2000 2000-2010 1472007-2009 8C Competizione2008-2010 8C Spider2003-2010 GT2005-2010 Brera2005-2011 1592006-2010 Spider

Trucks and light commercial vehicles

Romeo2 LCV

In 1930 Alfa Romeo presented a light truck in addition to heavy LCVsbased to Büssing constructions. In the Second World War Alfa Romeoalso built trucks for the Italian army ("35 tons anywhere") and lateralso for the German Wehrmacht. After the war, commercial motorvehicle production was resumed.

In co-operation with FIAT and Saviem starting from the 60s differentlight truck models were developed.

The production of heavy LCVs was terminated in 1967. In Brazil theheavy trucks were built still few years by Alfa Romeo subsidiaryFábrica Nacional de Motores under the name FNM. The last Alfa Romeo vans were the Alfa Romeo AR6 and AR8,rebadged versions of Iveco Daily and Fiat Ducato. The company also produced trolleybuses for many systems inItaly, Latin America, Sweden, Greece, Germany, Turkey and South Africa. Later, Alfa Romeo concentrated only onpassenger car manufacturing.

LCVs

Alfa Romeo 430

• Alfa Romeo Romeo (1954–1958)• Alfa Romeo Romeo 2 (until 1966)• Alfa Romeo Romeo 3 (1966)•• Alfa Romeo A11/F11•• Alfa Romeo A12/F12• AR8 (based on first generation Iveco Daily)• AR6 (based on first generation Fiat Ducato)• Alfa Romeo F20 (Saviem license)Trucks

• Alfa Romeo 50 "Biscione" (Büssing-NAG 50)/ 80 (1931–1934)• Alfa Romeo 85 / 110 (1934 - n/a)• Alfa Romeo 350 (1935 - n/a)• Alfa Romeo 430 (1942–1950)• Alfa Romeo 500 (1937 - n/a)• Alfa Romeo 800 (1940–1943)• Alfa Romeo 900 (1947–1954)• Alfa Romeo 950 (1954–1958)

Alfa Romeo 15

• Alfa Romeo Mille (Alfa Romeo 1000) (1958–1964)•• Alfa Romeo A15 (Saviem license)•• Alfa Romeo A19 (Saviem license)•• Alfa Romeo A38 (Saviem license)

Alfa Romeo 1000 (Mille) Aerfer FI 711.2OCREN trolleybus in Naples

Buses• Alfa Romeo 40A.•• Alfa Romeo 80A• Alfa Romeo 85A.• Alfa Romeo 110A.• Alfa Romeo 140A.• Alfa Romeo 150A.• Alfa Romeo 430A.•• Alfa Romeo 500A•• Alfa Romeo 800A.• Alfa Romeo 900A.• Alfa Romeo 902A.•• Alfa Romeo 950A.• Alfa Romeo Mille (bus) (Alfa Romeo 1000)Trolleybuses• Alfa Romeo 110AF (1938)• Alfa Romeo 140AF (1949)•• Alfa Romeo 800AF•• Alfa Romeo 900AF• Alfa Romeo Mille AF (Alfa Romeo 1000)

ConceptsDesign has always played a large role in the history of Alfa Romeo. There have been many Alfa Romeo conceptcars, often made by famous design houses and designers. The BAT series of concepts from the 1950s was acollaboration with the Italian design house Bertone. Other famous Italian coachbuilders and design houses likePininfarina, Bertone, Zagato and ItalDesign-Giugiaro have also played a great role in Alfa Romeo's history, and eventoday some of models are designed and constructed by them.

Alfa Romeo 16

Other productionAlthough Alfa Romeo is best known as automobile manufacturer it has also produced commercial vehicles ofvarious size, railway locomotives, tractors, buses, trams, compressors, generators, an electric cooker,[5] marine andaircraft engines.

Aircraft engines

D2 aircraft engine

An Alfa engine was first used on an aircraft in 1910 on the Santoni-Franchinibiplane. In 1932 Alfa Romeo built its first real aircraft engine, the D2 (240 bhp),fitted to Caproni 101 D2. In the 1930s when Alfa Romeo engines were used foraircraft on a larger scale; the Savoia Marchetti SM.74, Savoia-Marchetti SM.75,Savoia-Marchetti SM.79, Savoia Marchetti SM.81 and Cant Z506B Airone allused Alfa Romeo manufactured engines. In 1931, a competition was arrangedwhere Tazio Nuvolari drove his Alfa Romeo 8C 3000 Monza against a CaproniCa.100 airplane. Alfa Romeo built various aircraft engines during the SecondWorld War; the best known was the RA.1000 RC 41-I Monsone, a licensedversion of the Daimler-Benz DB 601. This engine made it possible to buildefficient fighter aircraft like the Macchi C.202 Folgore for the Italian army. Afterthe Second World War Alfa Romeo produced engines for Fiat, Aerfer andAmbrosini. In the 1960s Alfa Romeo mainly focused upgrading and maintainingCurtiss-Wright, Pratt & Whitney, Rolls-Royce and General Electric aircraft engines. Alfa Romeo also built Italy'sfirst turbine engine, installed to the Beechcraft King Air. Alfa Romeo's Avio division was sold to Aeritalia in 1988,from 1996 it was part of Fiat Avio. Alfa Avio was also part of developing team to the new T700-T6E1 engine to theNHI NH90 helicopter.

Aero-engines produced by Alfa Romeo

Alfa Romeo 115

•• Alfa Romeo D2•• Alfa Romeo 110•• Alfa Romeo 115•• Alfa Romeo 121•• Alfa Romeo 125•• Alfa Romeo 126•• Alfa Romeo 128•• Alfa Romeo 135•• Alfa Romeo Lynx•• Alfa Romeo Mercurius

•• Alfa Romeo RA.1000•• Alfa Romeo RA-1050•• Alfa Romeo R.C.10•• Alfa Romeo R.C.34•• Alfa Romeo R.C.35•• Alfa Romeo AR.318

Alfa Romeo 17

Media and public profileIn Italian, an Alfa Romeo enthusiast is an "Alfista", and a group of them are "Alfisti". There are many thriving AlfaRomeo owners clubs and Alfa Romeo Model Registers.The GraduateProbably the most famous appearance and presence on screen of any Alfa is in the 1967 hit film The Graduate,starring Dustin Hoffman, Katharine Ross and Anne Bancroft. It gave worldwide celebrity to the "Spider". The Spiderdepicted on screen had its engine note accurately recorded, and electrical foibles (the non-functional fuel gauge)reproduced. On the strength of the Spider's appeal, Alfa Romeo continued sales of the Spider into the 1990s, and aspecial edition named the Alfa Graduate was available in the United States in the 1980s.The entire set of scenes featuring the Spider in the Graduate were replicated in satire by Mike Myers in his comedy,Wayne's World 2. The Spider here cuts out Simon & Garfunkel's "Mrs. Robinson" when passing under a bridge(implying music being played on a radio), but still has a non-functional fuel gauge - causing it to ultimately grind tohalt (fortunately at the correct church!)The Spider was designed by Pininfarina; derived from several design studies dating back to the late 1950s, the Spideris believed to be the last design on which Battista Farina personally worked.James BondOne of the most prominent roles was when James Bond (Roger Moore) stole and then drove a graphite GTV6 in1983's Octopussy. In the scene it is pursued by two Bavarian BMW 5-series police cars.A pair of black Alfa Romeo 159 Ti cars appeared in the opening scenes of the 2008 James Bond film Quantum ofSolace, in the car chase with James Bond's Aston Martin DBS V12 around Lake Garda, Italy. Noteworthy attentionwas paid to the auditory qualities of the Alfa Romeos, which have the characteristic 'Big V-6' sound on-screen. Thesame film also features a Carabineri Alfa 156. Rene Mathis also has an Alfa Romeo, a white 2600 GT coupé.Other films• Giulietta Masina in Fellini's Juliet of the Spirits is courted by a "Romeo" in a Giulietta (Spider), a double play on

words.• Michael Caine in Robert Parrish's 1974 film The Marseille Contract where John Deray (Michael Caine) makes a

race in an Alfa Romeo Montreal in the French mountains of the provence with a Porsche 911 conducted by a girl.• Edward Fox's character, the titular Jackal, in 1973's The Day of the Jackal drives a white Giulietta Spider. He

repaints the car blue in a forest clearing to avoid police, then crashes it.• Michael Corleone (Al Pacino) in The Godfather drove a black Alfa Romeo 6C while in exile in Sicily. This was

actually the car that was booby-trapped and explodes with Apollonia, his Sicilian wife, in it.• Viktor Taransky (Al Pacino) gave his daughter a black 2600 Touring Spider on her 16th birthday in the 2002

movie S1m0ne.• John Malkovich, as Tom Ripley, in Ripley's Game, drives a red Alfa Romeo 156 Sportwagon.• The 1982 film The Soldier featured an Alfa Romeo Alfetta sedan as a getaway vehicle.• In the French film "36 Quai des Orfèvres" from 2004 police officer Léo Vrinks (Daniel Auteuil) drives a black

Alfa Romeo GT.• In the 1985 comedy "Fletch", the title character (Chevy Chase), posing as an emissions inspector, commandeers a

1983 Alfa Romeo Spider that was in the process of being stolen by a teenager (David Harper).• Alfa Romeo Giulietta was used as a hero car in the 2013 film Fast & Furious 6, Driven by Brian O'Conner (Paul

Walker) and Mia Toretto (Jordana Brewster).• The 2013 thriller Trance featured an Alfa Romeo 156 sedan, nicknamed the red car.Television

Alfa Romeo 18

• In the television crime film series Ein Fall für Zwei ("a case for two", over 250 episodes made so far), the leadingactor Claus Theo Gärtner, who plays the role of the private detective Josef Matula, has always been driving AlfaRomeo, starting from Giulia Super to the latest Alfa Romeo models.

• Alfa Romeo had also a "role" in the Austrian detective series Kommissar Rex (Inspector Rex). At the beginning,Tobias Moretti drove a 155 and later Gedeon Burkhard drove a 166.

• In recent times, the BBC 2 Series 'Top Gear' has had quite an impact on the popular conception of the AlfaRomeo. Presenter Jeremy Clarkson insists that "nobody can call themselves a true petrolhead" until they haveowned one.

LiteratureIn the first printing of Dan Brown's novel Angels & Demons, the members of the Swiss Guard all drive Alfa Romeosedans (called 'Alpha Romeos' throughout the book).In the Ian Fleming novel Moonraker, James Bond becomes involved in an impromptu race with a young man drivingan Alfa Romeo while he pursues Hugo Drax. This scene results in the death of the young man, the destruction of hiscar, and the eventual destruction of Bond's Bentley Mark IV.

Marketing and sponsorship

Alfa Romeo II on its first sail

During the years Alfa Romeo has been marketed with different slogans like:"The family car that wins races" used in the 1950s in Alfa Romeo 1900marketing campaign, "racing since 1911" used on most 1960s Alfaadvertisements, In the 1970s the Alfa Romeo 1750 GTV was marketed as "if thiskind of handling is good enough for our racing cars, it’s good enough for you."The Giulia Sprint GTA was marketed as "The car you drive to work is achampion". More recent slogans used are "Mediocrity is a sin", "Driven byPassion", "Cuore Sportivo", "Beauty is not enough" and present day "Withoutheart we would be mere machines".

As part of its marketing policy, Alfa Romeo sponsors a number of sportingevents, such as the Mille Miglia rally. It has sponsored the SBK Superbike WorldChampionship and Ducati Corse since 2007, and the Goodwood Festival ofSpeed for many years, and was one of the featured brands in 2010 when AlfaRomeo celebrated its 100th anniversary. The Alfa Romeo Giulietta has been usedsince Monza 2010 race as the safety car in Superbike World Championship events.

In 2002, Alfa Romeo I, the first Alfa Romeo super maxi yacht was launched. It finished first in at least 74 racesincluding the 2002 Sydney—Hobart Race. Alfa Romeo II, commissioned in 2005, measures 30 metres (98 ft) LOA.It set a new elapsed-time record for monohulls in the 2009 Transpac race, of 5 days, 14 hours, 36 minutes, 20seconds[6] It finished first in at least 140 races. In mid-2008 Alfa Romeo III was launched for competitive fleet racingunder the IRC rule. Alfa Romeo III measures 21.4 metres (70 ft) LOA and features interior design styled after theAlfa Romeo 8C Competizione.

Alfa Romeo 19

References[1] http:/ / www. alfaromeo. com[2] Fusi, Luigi, Le Alfa di Romeo e Merosi, Edizione Dimensione S, Milan, 1985[3] How Alfa Romeo plans to triple sales in 3 years (http:/ / europe. autonews. com/ apps/ pbcs. dll/ article?AID=/ 20130409/ ANE/ 304099999/

how-alfa-romeo-plans-to-triple-sales-in-3-years#axzz2Pz4j3QrA)[4] "Saving Fiat", The Economist, 3 December 2005, p. 64, vol. 377.[5] (http:/ / forum. clubalfa. it/ attachment. php?attachmentid=39226& d=1254043793) (http:/ / img251. imageshack. us/ img251/ 8391/

0580001. jpg) (http:/ / img801. imageshack. us/ img801/ 8242/ dsc00846u. jpg) Made after the WWII in about 500 examples (http:/ / www.alfabb. com/ bb/ forums/ attachments/ alfa-romeo-history/ 32112d1140897816-alfa-romeo-crosti-alfa-romeo-kitchen-stove-. jpg)

[6] She came within about five hours of breaking the multihull elapsed time record 5d, 9h, 18m set in 1997 by Bruno Peyron with hisCommodore Explorer.

Further reading• Borgeson, Griffith (1990). The Alfa Romeo Tradition. Haynes (Foulis) Publishing Group. Somerset, UK. ISBN

0-85429-875-4.• Braden, Pat (1994). Alfa Romeo Owner's Bible Cambridge: Bentley Publishers. ISBN 0-8376-0707-8.• Stefano d' Amico and Maurizio Tabuchi (2004). Alfa Romeo Production Cars. Giorgio NADA Editore. ISBN

88-7911-322-4.• Hull and Slater (1982). Alfa Romeo: a History. Transport Bookman Publications. ISBN 0-85184-041-8.• Venables, David (2000). First among Champions. Osceola: Motorbooks International. ISBN 1-85960-631-8.• Owen, David. Great Marques, Alfa Romeo. London: Octopus Books, 1985. ISBN 0-7064-2219-8• Owen, David. Alfa Romeo: Always with Passion. Haynes Publications, 1999. ISBN 1-85960-628-8• Moore, Simon (1987). Immortal 2.9. Parkside Pubns. ISBN 978-0-9617266-0-7.• Mcdonough, E., & Collins, P. (2005). Alfa Romeo Tipo 33. Veloce Publishing. ISBN 1-904788-71-8• Tipler, John. Alfa Romeo Spider, The complete history. Crowood Press (UK), 1998. ISBN 1-86126-122-5• Tipler, John. Alfa Romeo Giulia Coupe Gt & Gta. Veloce Publishing, 2003. ISBN 1-903706-47-5

External links• Alfa Romeo International (http:/ / www. alfaromeo. com/ )• Alfa Romeo Vodcast (Official Video Site) (http:/ / vodcast. alfaromeo. it/ )• Alfa Romeo Press (http:/ / www. alfaromeopress. com/ index. php?lng=2)• Alfa Romeo Official Art (http:/ / www. alfaromeoart. com/ )• Alfa Romeo Official socialnetwall (http:/ / www. socialnetwall. alfaromeo. com)• Alfa Romeo (http:/ / www. dmoz. org/ Recreation/ Autos/ Makes_and_Models/ Alfa_Romeo/ ) at the Open

Directory Project

Article Sources and Contributors 20

Article Sources and ContributorsAlfa Romeo  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=572750537  Contributors: 0lorenzo0, 130.94.122.xxx, 328cia, 4u1e, 72Dino, ACamposPinho, Adi4094, AdultSwim, AlTalal,Alex.muller, AlfaManDan, Alsandro, Amimeek, Andylong, Antp, Arroww, Attilios, Automodels, BACbKA, BB98uk, BSI, BaboneCar, Baglio, Bahamut Star, Barneca, Ben Ben, Ben.99.w,Ben88w, Bidgee, BilCat, Billydevil, Bmatusow, Bryan Derksen, CSWarren, Calabe1992, CambridgeBayWeather, Camerontregan, Campolongo, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Caomhin, CaptainCaveman, Carbuncle, Carcrazy, Cars az, Castanha, Chris 73, Chris the speller, Christoph Wagener, Chuq, Clauscar, Cmskog, Colonies Chris, CommonsDelinker, Cool-Fly, Cs-wolves,Csracing87, Css, Ctrlfreak13, DH85868993, DMG413, DShantz, DWaterson, Dabomb87, Daddi1991, Darkimmortal, David Biddulph, DeLarge, Deepshark5, Dennis Bratland, Dieselman0007,Dino246, Dj VenTo, Dolan314, DonCalo, Drpickem, Duncan1800, EdDBall, Egil, El C, ElSaxo, Elendil's Heir, Elmondo21st, Elvir.doc, Enviroboy, Ericd, F l a n k e r, FAM1885, Favonian,Felisopus, Ferkelparade, Firsfron, FlagSteward, Floker, Folksong, Forecast4567, Fredd the Redd, GRAHAMUK, GTHO, Gaius Cornelius, Garamond Lethe, Gareth E Kegg, Garyvdm,Genossegerd, Gianfranco, Gidonb, Glaisher, Glynsky, Grafen, Ground Zero, Groyal, Guido Benedini, Guiletheme, Gvella, Hamilton365, Harald Hansen, Harthacnut, Hektor, HennessyC, Hoary,Hotlorp, Hu12, Ian Pitchford, Ian Spackman, Idontthinkso, J04n, Jagvar, Jamcib, JamesAM, Jamieli, Janadore, Jerryseinfeld, JillandJack, Jimp, Joanjoc, John, John of Reading, JohnInDC,Jonemerson, Joyous!, Kaihsu, Karenjc, Karrmann, Kesac, Khazar2, Kiko4564, Kikoloco, Kmcdm, Kramsamat, Krukouski, Kuru, Kwertii, LPJ, LarryStevens, Laslovarga, Lavenderbunny,Lectere, Lemon martini, Liftarn, Lightmouse, Lombar2, LtNOWIS, LukeWiller, Lynxman, MJTP, Magioladitis, Malaysia5star, Masterpiece2000, McGuinn, Md2 943, Mediasponge,MementoVivere, MichaelRad, Mikeruss, Milkmandan, Millisits, Mkuyt, Morcus, Morel, Mplive, Mr.choppers, Mushroom, NaBUru38, NawlinWiki, Neddyseagoon, Neonblak, Neonorange,Nerval, Newportm, NiblemDeamos, Night Gyr, Night at the Opera, Nilfanion, Ninly, North wiki, Northamerica1000, Nptime, Nzo9, OOODDD, OSX, Olivier, P924 CarreraGTS, PS2pcGAMER,Pathung, Patro, Paul August, Pc13, Pelmeen10, Penubag, Petebutt, Peter Greenwell, Pi, PoccilScript, Powerfox, Primergrey, Primetime, PrinceGloria, Prolog, Pufferling, Q43, Quest for Truth,Qwertytam, RadicalBender, RayAYang, Rdsmith4, Regushee, Rekrutacja, Renatoalves13, Repairable, Rettetast, Ric in dm, Rich Farmbrough, Ricky81682, Rodeime, Rrostrom, Rybiczka, SaturnSimon, Sb2k4, Schettino, SchuminWeb, Scoty6776, Scu1ptures, Seasalt, Seffer, Seqqis, Sfisher71, Sfoskett, ShelfSkewed, Sherool, Shsinc, Sibbsy, Signalhead, SilkTork, SimonP, SimonX,SoWhy, Sonett72, Spitfire, Sportiva, Ssrebrov, Stang456, Stefand, Stefanomione, Stombs, Sumsum2010, Suomi Finland 2009, SuperHamster, Surfkicker, Swaq, Swhite1987, Swldxer, Tempy1,Tentinator, Texture, Thecamperman, Thitaro, Tide rolls, Titera, Tlusťa, Tomh009, TorW, TreasuryTag, Trident13, Turk oğlan, Twix2247, Typ932, UncleDouggie, User1983, VTPG, Vanka5,VenomousConcept, Vespristiano, Vicoleta, VintageGuitarGuy, WTucker, WayneyP, WhalesPsuchsdichs, WhisperToMe, Wikiresearchman, Wisdom89, Woohookitty, Xagent86, Xen 1986,Xenophon777, Xmachina, Yammilly, Ybsone, Ylem, Youssefsan, Zarex, Zeberwood, Zer3k, Zweeback, Zzuuzz, 695 ,زرشک anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Alfa Romeo1906.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Alfa_Romeo1906.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors: James TempleFile:ALFA-24-HP.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:ALFA-24-HP.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors: traumautoarchiv.deImage:Alfa Romeo 8C 2900B 1937.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Alfa_Romeo_8C_2900B_1937.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors:Simon Davison from Los Gatos, United StatesImage:It police alfa giulia 2.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:It_police_alfa_giulia_2.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5  Contributors:JollyrogerFile:Alfa Romeo Giulietta Spider.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Alfa_Romeo_Giulietta_Spider.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors:Brian SnelsonFile:Alfa-Romeo-P1-GP-byMerosi.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Alfa-Romeo-P1-GP-byMerosi.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Avdeev-06, Diannaa, 1anonymous editsImage:Alfetta 159.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Alfetta_159.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors: Alhen, Clarus The Dogcow, Denniss,Fred J, G.dallorto, Jacklee, Lennart, Morio, Pava, Randy43File:Alfa mito 2011 andrea.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Alfa_mito_2011_andrea.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:User:Andrea.chiaieseFile:Alfa Romeo Giulietta front 20100704.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Alfa_Romeo_Giulietta_front_20100704.jpg  License: Attribution  Contributors: S 400HYBRIDFile:2013-03-05 Geneva Motor Show 8286.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:2013-03-05_Geneva_Motor_Show_8286.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution3.0  Contributors: Norbert Aepli, Switzerland (User:Noebu)Image:MHV Alfa-Romeo 6C Gran Sport 1931 01.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:MHV_Alfa-Romeo_6C_Gran_Sport_1931_01.jpg  License: Public Domain Contributors: MartinHansVImage:Alfa Romeo - Spider 8C 2300.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Alfa_Romeo_-_Spider_8C_2300.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0Unported  Contributors: Deep silence (Mikaël Restoux)Image:Alfa 2600 Touring Spider.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Alfa_2600_Touring_Spider.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors:Genossegerd, Lennart, Typ932, 2 anonymous editsImage:Alfa Romeo Junior GT.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Alfa_Romeo_Junior_GT.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5  Contributors:Marvin RaaijmakersFile:Alfa Romeo Montreal Hertfordshire.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Alfa_Romeo_Montreal_Hertfordshire.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0  Contributors: Charles01Image:MHV Alfa-Romeo GTV 01.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:MHV_Alfa-Romeo_GTV_01.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: MartinHansVImage:Alfa romeo spider serie4 closed.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Alfa_romeo_spider_serie4_closed.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike2.5  Contributors: Stefan Bauer, http://www.ferras.atImage:Alfa Romeo 156 Selespeed.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Alfa_Romeo_156_Selespeed.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Contributors: Marvin RaaijmakersFile:AR8C-Competizione.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:AR8C-Competizione.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0  Contributors: Keanan from Orlando,United StatesFile:Alfa Romeo Autotutto F12.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Alfa_Romeo_Autotutto_F12.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0  Contributors:Christoph WagenerImage:AlfaRomeo2 LKW 1.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:AlfaRomeo2_LKW_1.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: ChiemseeMan, MartinHansVFile:Alfa Romeo 430.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Alfa_Romeo_430.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:User:FriedrichstrasseImage:Mk Neapel Trolleybus.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mk_Neapel_Trolleybus.jpg  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors:DenghiùComm, Friedrichstrasse, Kneiphof, Magadan, Marek Banach, Markv, Steve Morgan, Typ932, ZaphodImage:Alfa Romeo D2.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Alfa_Romeo_D2.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0  Contributors:picture-newsletter.comImage:Alfa Romeo 115 aircraft engine.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Alfa_Romeo_115_aircraft_engine.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0  Contributors: picture-newsletter.comFile:Alfa-Romeo-2-First-Sail.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Alfa-Romeo-2-First-Sail.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors:Ateco Automotive Australia Pty Ltd

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