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ALEL DAN GEN GANDA
MonoHibrid pada Hewan:
Warna Rambut Hitam: (gen A):
AA (hitam) x aa (albino)
Aa (Hitam)
Gen A:
1 Kali mutasi : -- >alel a
Gen Ganda:
Bbrp kali mutasi---) bbrp alel: a1,a2,a3, dst
However, it is possible to have several
different allele possibilities for one gene.
Multiple alleles is when there are more than two
allele possibilities for a gene.
The ABO
blood system
• This is a controlled by a tri-allelic gene
• It can generate 6 genotypes
• The alleles control the production of antigens on the surface of the red blood cells
• Two of the alleles are codominant to one another and both are dominant over the third
• Allele IA produces antigen A
• Allele IB produces antigen B
• Allele i produces no antigen
© 2007 Paul Billiet ODWS
• About 30% of the genes in humans are di-allelic, that is they exist in
two forms, (they have two alleles)
• About 70% are mono-allelic, they only exist in one form and they
show no variation
• A very few are poly-allelic having more than two forms
A L E L G A N D A
Pengertian:
Gen (virgin) kalau bermutasi membentuk Alel ( A -- a)
Banyak Gen mengalami mutasi berulang-ulang, menimbulkan
banyak macam alel (lebih dari 2, disebut alel Ganda)
Contoh: Gen pigmentasi bulu kelinci (Gen C, pigmentasi hitam),
memiliki 3 alel:
1. c : albino (tak ada pigmentasi)
2. cch: pigmentasi terang, bulu pigmentasi gelap pada ujung
(Chinchilla)
3. ch: pigmentasi bagian ujung-ujung tubuh, bagian lain putih
(H= himalaya)
Urutan dominasi alel : C>cch>ch>c
Certain types of rabbits…
…can either be brown, white, have a chinchilla pattern, or
have a himalayan pattern
C causes fully brown coat
cc causes albino (white)
cch causes a chinchilla pattern
ch causes a Himalayan pattern
The alleles are arranged in the following pattern
C > cch > ch > c
• Himalayan rabbit – color in certain parts of the body; dominant only to c; chc or chch
• Albino rabbit – no color – allele is recessive to all other alleles; cc
Full color rabbit – alleles are dominant to all others; CC, Ccch, Cch, or Cc
Chinchilla rabbit – partial defect in pigmentation
cch allele dominant to all other alleles except C; cchch, cchcch, or cchc
Kelinci Gelap:
CC, Cc, Ccch, Cch
Kelinci lebih terang; Chinchila:
cch cchh; cch, ch; ccchc
Kelinci Himalaya:
c h ch; ch,c
Kelinci Albino:
cc
P; Cch Cch X Ch Ch
F1: Cch Ch X Cch Ch
F2: Cch Cch
Cch Ch
Cch Ch
Ch Ch
P ; CC x Cch Cch
F1 : C Cch x c c
F2: Cc
Cch c
Multiple allelesEach gene locus can have more than 2 alleles.
An allele may be dominant to some alleles but recessive to others.
This situation produces more than 2 different phenotypes.
Each individual has 2 alleles present in their cells at any one time.
BB or Bb or
Bbl
blbl
bb or bbl
In this case both A and B are dominant to O (recessive).
A and B are codominant (both expressed)
So... there are four human blood typesAA, AO A blood type
BB ,BO B blood type
AB AB blood type
or
OO O blood type
Genotypes Phenotypes (Blood
types)
IA IA A
IA IB AB
IAi A
IB IB B
IBi B
ii O
Sistem Golongan Darah A-B-O. (K. Landsteiner, 1868 –
1943)
Gen Asli I (Isoagglutinogen), :
1. Alelnya : Ia, Ib, I
2. Urutan dominan: Ia = Ib >i
Golongan
(Fenotip)
Genotip
A Ia Ia atau Ia i
B Ib Ib; atau Ib i
AB Ia Ib
O ii
Contoh: Gol A x Gol B
(Ia Ia; Ia I) x ( Ib Ib; Ib I)
1. Ia Ia x Ib Ib AB
2. Ia Ia x Ib I AB; A
3. Ia I x Ib I AB; B
4. Ia I x Ib I AB; A, B, O
Crossing Over dan Rekombinan
• Sometimes in meiosis, homologous chromosomes exchange parts in a process called crossing-over.
• New combinations are obtained, called the crossover products.
Structure of Chromosomes– Homologous chromosomes are identical pairs of
chromosomes.
– One inherited from mother and one from father
– made up of sister chromatids joined at the centromere.
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21 Apr 2002 11
Crossing Over Basics• Occurs at One or More Points Along
Adjacent Homologues
• Points contact each other
• DNA is Exchanged
• Menaikkan var.Genetik
http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/cross3.jpg
Recombination During Meiosis
Recombinant gametes
• How crossing over
leads to genetic
recombination
• Nonsister
chromatids break
in two at the same
spot
• The 2 broken
chromatids join
together in a new
way
Figure 8.18B
Tetrad(homologous pair ofchromosomes in synapsis)
Breakage of homologous chromatids
Joining of homologous chromatids
Chiasma
Separation of homologouschromosomes at anaphase I
Separation of chromatids atanaphase II and completion of meiosis
Parental type of chromosome
Recombinant chromosome
Recombinant chromosome
Parental type of chromosome
Gametes of four genetic types
1
2
3
4
Coat-colorgenes
Eye-colorgenes
• A segment of one
chromatid has
changed places with
the equivalent
segment of its
nonsister homologue
• If there were no
crossing over meiosis
could only produce 2
types of gametes
Figure 8.18B
Tetrad(homologous pair ofchromosomes in synapsis)
Breakage of homologous chromatids
Joining of homologous chromatids
Chiasma
Separation of homologouschromosomes at anaphase I
Separation of chromatids atanaphase II and completion of meiosis
Parental type of chromosome
Recombinant chromosome
Recombinant chromosome
Parental type of chromosome
Gametes of four genetic types
1
2
3
4
Coat-colorgenes
Eye-colorgenes
TEORI PELUANG:
The Principles of Probability
• The Principles of probability can be used to predict the
outcomes of genetic crosses
• Alleles segregate by complete randomness
• Similar to a coin flip!
2013 Kul Genetik Dr. GTC
Genetics & Probability• Mendel’s laws:
– segregation
– independent assortment
reflect same laws of probability
that apply to tossing coins or
rolling dice
2013 Kul Genetik Dr. GTC
Probability & genetics• Calculating probability of
making a specific gamete is
just like calculating the
probability in flipping a coin
– probability of tossing heads?
– probability making a B gamete?
50%
100%BB
B
B
Bb
B
b
2013 Kul Genetik Dr. GTC
Determining probability
• Number of times the event is expected
Number of times it could have happened
• Probabilitas pedet lahir jantan dari 10 kelahiran ?. Sex rasio 5:5 The probability is 5:10.
• Or you can express it as a fraction: 5/10. Since it's a fraction, why not reduce it? The probability that you will pick an odd number is 1/2.
• Probability can also be expressed as a percent...1/2=50% Or as a decimal...1/2=50%=.5
2013 Kul Genetik Dr. GTC
GENETIKA: PERAMALAN KETURUNAN
DENGAN HUKUM PELUANG
Prinsip dasar: Pemindahan gen dari orang tua kpd keturunannya
Berkumpulnya kembali gen-gen dalam sigot
Kakek
(Aa)
Org tua: JTN
(a)
Org tua:
BTN: A
Anak: Aa Konsep Peluang
Analogi pemindahan satu gen (A/a) dari sepasang Gen (Aa) =
pelemparan mata uang yang memiliki dua sisi:
-Gambar
-Huruf.
Aa X Aa
F1
mis Peluang
muncul aa?
2013 Kul Genetik Dr. GTC
Calculating probabilitysperm egg
1/2 1/2
offspring
=x 1/4P P PP
P p Pp
1/2 1/2 =x 1/4
p p pp
p P
Pp x Pp
P p
male / sperm
P
p
fem
ale
/ e
gg
s PP Pp
Pp pp
1/2 1/2 =x 1/4
1/2 1/2 =x 1/4
1/2
+
2013 Kul Genetik Dr. GTC
• Chance that 2 or more independent events will occur
together
– probability that 2 coins tossed at the same time will
land heads up
– probability of Pp x Pp pp
Rule of multiplication
1/2 x 1/2 = 1/4
1/2 x 1/2 = 1/4
Pp
P
p
2013 Kul Genetik Dr. GTC
Calculating probability in crosses
Use rule of multiplication to predict crosses
YyRr YyRrx
yyrr
?%
Yy Yyx Rr Rrx
1/4 1/4
1/16
yy rr
x2013 Kul Genetik Dr. GTC
Apply the Rule of Multiplication
Got it?Try this!
AABbccDdEEFf AaBbccDdeeFfx
AabbccDdEeFF
Bb x Bb bb
cc x cc cc
Dd x Dd Dd
EE x ee Ee
Ff x Ff FF
AA x Aa Aa 1/2
1/4
1
1/2
1
1/4 1/642013 Kul Genetik Dr. GTC
Rule of addition• Chance that an event can occur
2 or more different ways
– sum of the separate probabilities
– probability of Bb x Bb Bb
sperm egg offspring
1/2 1/2 =x 1/4
B b Bb
1/2 1/2 =x 1/4
b B Bb
1/4
1/4+
1/2
2013 Kul Genetik Dr. GTC
DASAR TEORI PELUANG
I. Terjadinga sesuatu yang diinginkan = sesuatu yang diinginkan
--------------------------------
keseluruhan kejadian
P (X) = X/(X+Y)
Contoh : P (gambar) = 1/ 1+1 = ½ = 50 %
P (lahir anak jantan) = lahir jantan/ (lahir JTN + BTN )
= ½ = 50 %.II. Peluang terjadinya 2 persitiwa /lebih yang masing-masing berdiri
sendiri
P. (X,Y) = P (X) x P (Y)
contoh: Peluang dua anak pertama laki-laki
P (Kl, LK) = (1/2) x ( ½) = ¼.2013 Kul Genetik Dr. GTC
Aplikasi dalam pewarisan
sifat
Contoh: Gen resesif a (Albino)
P: Aa x Aa
normal normal
F1. AA : Normal
Aa : Normal
Aa ; Normal
aa : albino (1/4)
Peluang anak laki-laki albino
???
Butawarna : gen resesif c
X –linked.
P: Cc x C-
normal
normal
F1 : CC: F,
Normal
Cc: F,
Normal
C- : M,
Normal
c- : M
2013 Kul Genetik Dr. GTC
III. Peluang Terjadinya dua persitiwa /lebih yang saling mempengaruhi
P ( X atau Y) = P (x) + P (Y)
Contoh Pelempran dua mata uang bersama
Peluang muncul dua gambar atau 2 huruf = ¼ + ¼ = ½.PENGGUNAAN RUMUS BINOMIUM: (a+b)2
a, b = DUA KEJADIAN YANG TERPISAH
n = banyaknya kejadian
1
1 1
1 2 1
1 3 3 1
1 4 6 4 1
Pelemparan 3 mata uang ( n= 3) ; (a+b) 3 = a3 + 3 a2b + 3 ab2 + b3
Peluang I G , 2 H = 3 ab2 = 3 ((1/2)(1/2)2
= 3/8.
n=3
‘(2G, 2 H)= ? N = 2
(a2+2ab+b2)
2 ab = 2 (1/2) (1/2) = 1/2
2013 Kul Genetik Dr. GTC
Penggunaan Rumus Binomium: Peluang pewarisan sifat Albino
Jika suatu perkawinan mempunyai 4 anak ( n = 4)
Maka
Peluang semua anak normal ?
Rumus (a+b)4 = a4+ 4 ab3+6a2b2+4ab3+b4
Peluang 4 anak normal (a4) = (3/4)4 = 81/256
JTN : Aa x BTN
Aa
¾ Normal
¼ Albino
2013 Kul Genetik Dr. GTC
Aplikasi lain teori peluang dalam genetika
Pada suatu perkawinan:
Genotip diketahui, mis : Aa Bb Cc X Aa Bb Cc
aabbCc aa = 1/4
bb = ¼
Cc = 1/2
Peluang (aabbCc) = 1/4x1/4x1/2 = 1/32
AaBbCcDdEe X AaBbCcDdEe
AABbccDdEE ? = 1/2x1/2x1/4x1/2x1/4 = 1/256
2013 Kul Genetik Dr. GTC
Contoh Pada dua sifat : GEN: Dominan dan Resesif
-mata Merah Dominan thd Putih (M)
-Kuliut Albino Resesif (a)
Genotip Mm Aa X mm Aa
Fenotip
Aa X Aa
A A
a a
AA F1 ???
Aa
Aa
aa = 1/4 Bagaimana Peluang Gen Sifat tsb diwariskan
pada anak anaknya?
M = ½
a = ¼ = 1/8
Mm x mm
M m
m m
Mm
Mm
mm
2013 Kul Genetik Dr. GTC
YXX X
Fertilisation Possible
Offsprings
PEJANTAN
Father
Sex cells
Meiosis
INDUK
MotherXX XY
Chance of a Female 50%
Chance of a Male 50%
X Y
X XX XY
X XX XY
© 2007 Paul Billiet ODWS
The inheritance of Gender
Penentuan Jenis Kelamin (SEKS)
Summary:
Males and females have different purposes
defined by their gametes
Development of sexes is dependent on:
genes
hormones
environment
Sex is flexible in some species
Mengapa Seks Penting: Kasus Keseimbangan Hormonal,
penentuan jenis kelamin menjadi tidak sederhana
Contoh:
PIG betina
Awal bunting
Lahir : Jantan normal
Betina : ??? (alat kelm + Jantan)
Testoteron
Dewasa
Injeksi hormon betina
(Progesteron + Estrogen)
Tetap tidak menunjukkan
perilaku betina normal
Injeksi hormon jantan
(Testoteron)
Perilaku jantan jelas,
fungsi seks jantan
KASUS KESEIMBANGAN HORMONAL = SEX
Crocodile Sex Determination
Incubating temperature
30oC all female
32oC all male
31oC 50% female, 50% male
http://a.abcnews.com/images/Sports/rt_thailand_
080514_ssh.jpg
PENGARUH LINGKUNGAN = SEX
Hasil Analisis Kariotyping:
Metode:
Disusun besar- kecil
Besar,bentuk, homolog
Urutan:
Besar—kecil
Besar dan kesamaan
bentuk
Letak/bentuk acak
Jumlah dapat dihitung Manfaat : Penentuan Sex
Manfaat:
Penentuan normal-abnormal
R I N G K A S A N 1. MAMALIA : XY ------- Betina : XX
Jantan : XY
2. BELALANG : XO --------- Betina : XX
Jantan: XO/ X- (tak ada krom Y)
3. UNGGAS/
BURUNG: ZW--------- Betina ZW atau ZO
Jantan ZZ (burung) atau ZZ (Ayam)
4. LEBAH : haploid/diploid Betina : 2n : 32 buah
Jantan : n : 16 buah
Catatan : 1,2,3 dasar kromosom seks
1,3 ada perbedaan (berbalikan)
4 dasar jumlah kromosom
Dasar: Kariotyping untuk menentukan seks (X-Y Kromosom)
Manfaat: Pre-derterminasi seks (deteksi dan manipulasi seks)
Penentuan Jenis Kelamin (Krom. SEKS)
R I N G K A S A N II
1. JANTAN Heterogametik:
a. Mamalia, Manusia : krom Y == JANTAN
betina : XX
Jantan : XY
b. Heminiptera (Kepik, belalang)
Betina : XX
Jantan : X0 (tak ada krom Y)
2. BETINA Heterogametik : burung, Ikan , Kupu
a. Burung : betina kromosom mirip Y spt manusia
betina : ZW : bukan penentu seks yg kuat
Jantan: ZZ
b. Spesies lain (unggas/ayam/itik) : mirip XO
Betina : ZO
Jantan : ZZ
Tipe XY: Drosophla, manusia, mamalia
Sex Drosophila Manusia
Jantan 2 XY + 6 A 2 XY + 44 A
Betina 2 XX 2 XX
Contoh : drosophila 6 autosome : bentuk sama
2 seks kromosom: bentuk beda :XX, XY
X batang lurus, Y sedikit bengkok di salah satu ujungnya
Munculnya kelainan kromosom
Normal:
XX x XY
X X , Y
XX XY
Abnormal: non disjunction, meiosis ,
pembt sel kelamin jantan/betina pd drosophila
X X x XY
ND Normal
XX O X Y
XXX XXY XO YO
B:super B:Fertil J:Steril J:Lethal
Kelainan kromosom pada manusia: sindrom turner : wanita
sindrom klinefelter: pria
sindrom down: autosom/mongolisme
XX X XY
ND
X XY O
XXY XO
Klinefelter (47) : Turner (45)
• testis tak berkembang -ovary tak berkembang, tak menstruasi
•Mandul dll - kelj. Mammae tak berkembang baik dll.
Peran
Krom:
Manusia Drosophila
X Menentukan sifat wanita Menentukan sifat betina
Menentukan kehidupan, YO
= lethal
Y Pemilik gen sifat laki-laki (asal
ada Y = laki-laki
Menentukan kesuburan (XO
= steril)
Teori indeks kelamin pada drosophila: krn adanya ND
Oleh C.B. BRIDGES: faktor penentu seks
jantan pada kromosome, betina pada autosome
Indeks = Jmlh. Kromosome X = X/A
Jmlh. pasangan autosom
Contoh:
Normal BTN 3 AA XX = X/A = 2/2 = 1.0
JTN 3 AA XY = X/A = ½ = 0.5
Kesimpulan : X/A > 1 = betina super
< 1.0 – 0.5 > : interseks
< 0.5 = jantan super
Population Genetics
•mempelajari tingkah laku gen dalam populasi
(perubahan frekuensi gen)
•Mekanisme pewarisan sifat pada kelompok ternak
(populasi), Pada sifat kuantitatif dan kualitatif
•how often or frequent genes and/or alleles appear in the
population
Populasi: Kelompok ternak t.a. bangsa/spesies yang sama, di daerah
tertentu dimana antara anggota terjadi saling kawin satu dgn yang lain
Perlu estimasi frekuensi gen (merugikan) bagi generasi
mendatang
( Mis. Ekspresi gen-gen yang mengalami mutasi, dll)
• Predicting inheritance in a population
Perbedaan Genetika Individu dan Populasi
INDIVIDU POPULASI
1.LINGKUNGAN: 1 tempat/1 lingkungan
1.banyak tempat/banyak
lingkungan
2.WAKTU: terbatas satu
generasi
Masa panjang, generasi ke
generasi tumpang tindih.
3. GENOTIP: satu sampel
genetik khas.
Susunan gen tetap
Tak ada variasi/ satu ukuran
Tidak terjadi evolusi
Gen pool
Gen berubah dari generasi
ke generasi
Population Genetics
• Is simply, the study of Mendelian genetics in populations of animals
• Basic foundation is the Hardy-Weinberg law
• Usually limited to inheritance of qualitative traits influenced by only a small number of genes
• Important to understand why characteristics, desirable or not, can be fixed or continue to exhibit variation in natural populations
• Principles applied to the design of selection strategies to increase the frequencies of desirable genes or elimination of deleterious genes
KONSEP-KONSEP DASAR:
FREK. GEN
Frek Genotip
Frek. fenotip
Konsep Genetik: bahwa setiap indv. mempunyai dua lokus .untuk
setiap pasang gen
Contoh: Sifat Kualitatif (Warna kulit), dikontrol sepasang Gen R-r
Kemungkinan Genotip: RR, Rr, rr (mis sapi Short Horn)
(Fenotip: ?)
Frek. Gen (R ) = p; alelnya ( r ) = q
Frek gen R = p = juml. Gen R/ juml. Gen (R + r)
Frek gen r = q = juml. Gen r/Jumlh gen (R + r)
Pendekatan: :
The study of the change of allele
frequencies, genotype frequencies, and
phenotype frequencies
SEBAB SEBAB MODIFIKASI GENETIK
Terjadinya modifikasi genetik, perubahan dalam frekuensi gen:
-Adaptasi agar dpt survive dlm pop
-Lingkungan berubah
-Terjadi evolusi
Perilaku Gen dalam Populasi: HK. Hardy Weinberg:
APAPUN JENIS GENOTIP/FREKUENSI AWAL AKAN
TERCAPAI KESEIMBANGAN DARI SATU GENERASI
KE GERASI BERIKUTNYA
Syarat Hk. H. Weinberg:
1. Tidak ada kekuatan yang mampu merubah frek.gen (mutasi,
dll)
2. Pada pop. Berlaku Hk Mendel
3. Populasi besar
4. Terjadi kawin acak
Jadi terjadi keseimbangan, maka frek.gen/alel dll
dapat ditentukan dalam populasi
Mis : frek A = p, Frek a = q , maka p + q = 1
Jika terjadi perkw. Acak: Jumlah total: p2 (AA)+2pq (Aa) + q2(aa)
Gamet
(frek)
A
(p)
a
(q)
A (p) Genotip
(frek)
AA
(p2)
Aa
(pq)
a (q) Genotip
(frek)
Aa
(pq)
Aa
(q2)
THE HARDY WEINBERG EQUATION
Only one of the populations below is in
genetic equilibrium. Which one?
Population sample Genotypes Gene frequencies
AA Aa aa A a
100 20 80 0 0.6 0.4
100 36 48 16 0.6 0.4
100 50 20 30 0.6 0.4
100 60 0 40 0.6 0.4
© 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS
Contoh Perhitungan Frek . Gen/ (Kodominan):
Fenotip Merah Roan Putih
Genotip RR Rr rr
Jika diketahui dalam populasi sapi short horn:
900 (merah);
450 (Roan)
dan 150 (putih)Brp. Frek (RR); Frek (R) ) ?
F (RR)) = jml. Indv. RR/ Juml tot indv. = 900/1500 = 0.6 = 60 %
F (R ) = jml R/ Total geg
= (2x900) + (1x450) + (0 x 150)/ 2 (900+450+150)
= 0.75
Contoh : DOMINANSI PENUH:
Pada pop 100 ekor sapi FH ditemukan 1 sapi berwarna kemerahan
Brp frekuensi FH yang hitam heterosigot?
H = p
M = q ; maka frek gen HH + HM + MM = 1
Atau p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 berasal dari ( p + q = 1)
Diketahui q2 = 0.01 –maka q = 0.1------p = 0.9
2 pq = 2 (0.1) (0.9)
= 0.18
Jadi frekuensi hitam heterosigot adalah:
0.18/ 0.99 = + 0.18 == 18 %.
LATIHAN/ DISKUSI/HOMEWORK:
Fenotip Genotip j.indv. j.gen R J. Gen r
Merah RR 80 ???-
Roan Rr ???- 50 50
Putih rr 20 ???-
Total ???- 210 90
F(R) ) = 210/300 =
F (r ) = 90 / 300=
EXAMPLE ALBINISM IN THE INDO. BUFFALO POPULATION
Frequency of the albino phenotype = 1 in 20 000 or 0.00005
Phenotypes Genotypes Hardy
Weinberg
frequencies
Observed
frequencies
Normal AA p2
0.99995Normal Aa 2pq
Albino aa q2 0.00005
A = Normal skin pigmentation allele Frequency = p
a = Albino (no pigment) allele Frequency = q
Normal allele = A = p = ?
Albino allele = q =
(0.00005) = 0.007 or 7%
HOW MANY buffalo IN Indonesia/Toraja
ARE CARRIERS FOR THE ALBINO
ALLELE (Aa)?
a allele = 0.007 = q
A allele = p
But p + q = 1
Therefore p = 1- q
= 1 – 0.007
= 0.993 or 99.3%
The frequency of heterozygotes (Aa) = 2pq
= 2 x 0.993 x 0.007
= 0.014 or 1.4%
© 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS
• Genotype Number Number of A1
• A1A1 4 2 X 4
• A1A2 41 41
• A2A2 84
• A1A3 25 25
• A2A3 88
• A3A3 32
• Total 274
• f(A1) = ((2 X 4) + 41 + 25) ÷ (2 X 274)
• = (8 +41 + 25) ÷ 548
• = 74 ÷ 548
• = 0.135
What about multiple alleles?
SUMMARY
• Genetic drift
• Mutation
• Mating choice
• Migration
• Natural selection
All can affect the
transmission of genes
from generation to
generation
Genetic Equilibrium
If none of these factors is operating then the relative
proportions of the alleles (the GENE
FREQUENCIES) will be constant
© 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS
Factors causing genotype frequency
changes
• Selection = variation in fitness; heritable
• Mutation = change in DNA of genes
• Migration = movement of genes across populations
• Recombination = exchange of gene segments
• Non-random Mating = mating between neighbors rather than by chance
• Random Genetic Drift = if populations are small enough, by chance, sampling will result in a different allele frequency from one generation to the next.
FAKTOR-FAKTOR YG MAMPU
MERUBAH KESEIMB. FREK GEN
1. MUTASI: Gen mpj sifat “dpt bermutasi”, Gen R ____> r
(frekuensi Gen r meningkat dlm pop).
Gen-gen terdapat dalam berbagai bentuk sbg alel yang berlainan
forward mutation (maju) mengurangi gen tipe liar
back mutation (surut)
Akibat : menimbulkan polymorfisma :
(banyak alel dari gen yg sama)
.2. SELEKSI: Kekuatan besar pengaruhnya terhadap frek alel
seleksi buatan
seleksi alamiah
3. iNBREEDING: Perkawinan Keluarga dan tidak
acak , ekspresi gen resesif meningkat
• Penurunan variabilitas genetik
• Peningkatan homosigotik
Manfaat : bagi para breeder
Hewan yang mempj persamaan ciri dikawinkan (inbreeding)
dihasilkan suatu strain/purebreed yang homogen
Prinsip dasar: mempertahankan gen-gen tertentu pd frekuensi tinggi,
sementara gen-gen lain dapat dihilangkan
(mengekalkan/mempertahankan sifat yang diinginkan)
Aa X Aa
AA
Aa
Aa
aa
Homosigot
2/4 = 50 %
Homosigot
resesif: ¼
= 25 %
AA X AA Aa X Aa aa X aa
AA,AA AA,Aa,Aa,aa aa, aa
Homosigot : 6/8= 75, %
Homosigot resesif: 3/8 = 37.5 %
4. REPROD. SEXUAL dan rekombinasi
gen:
variabilitas meningkat dg perkw. Acak
(pilihan acak dr gen 2 parent, cenderung memprod.
Keturunan lebih bervariasi scr genetik), karena:
• Adanya pilihan acak sel benih (meiosis)
• Fenomena rekombinasi gen dalam kromosom
Adanya berbagai alel dalam pop menentukan
variabilitas populasi
5. MIGRASI: perpindahan gen( ke dalam/keluar pop)
Mis . Adanya import ternak sapi perah
(frekuensi fenotip/genotip sapi perah meningkat
dalam pop)
Migrasi penduduk (becana alam/perang) merubah frek gen
dari populasi yang asli/yang didatangi.
6. ARUS GENETIK: random genetic drift
Perubahan scr acak frek.gen dari
generasi ke generasi oleh teori PELUANG,
A a X Aa mis Aa -- peluang teoritis sama mewaris
pada keturunan , tetapi mungkin A>a,
sehingga pop kearah frek ttt.
Makin kecil populasi maka makin besar dampak arus genetik