CULTURA INGLESAHORA: M3

ADRIANA ZÚÑIGA GUTIERREZALEJANDRO MARTINEZ

GARCIAADRIAN VEGA MAGAÑA

Unit 2: Goverment, political organization,

economy…

Méxixico

Government

The United Mexican States are The United Mexican States are a federation whose government a federation whose government is is representativerepresentative, , democraticdemocratic and  and rrepublicanepublican based on a presidential  based on a presidential system according to the 1917 system according to the 1917 Constitution.Constitution.

The constitution The constitution sets three levels of sets three levels of government: the government: the federal Union, the federal Union, the state governments state governments and the municipal and the municipal governments. governments. 

Political organization

According to the constitution, all According to the constitution, all constituent states of the federation constituent states of the federation must have a republican form of must have a republican form of government composed of three government composed of three branches: the executive, the legislative branches: the executive, the legislative branch and the judiciary. branch and the judiciary.

Let’s explain each of them… Let’s explain each of them…

The Senate is conformed by a total of 128 The Senate is conformed by a total of 128 senators: senators:

-64 senators, two for each state and two for -64 senators, two for each state and two for the Federal District, elected by plurality in the Federal District, elected by plurality in pairs.pairs.

-32 senators assigned to the first minority -32 senators assigned to the first minority or first-runner up (one for each state and or first-runner up (one for each state and one for the Federal District)one for the Federal District)

-32 are assigned by proportional -32 are assigned by proportional representation with closed party lists for representation with closed party lists for which the country conforms a single which the country conforms a single electoral constituency.electoral constituency.

The Chamber of Deputies of the Congress of The Chamber of Deputies of the Congress of the Union is conformed by:the Union is conformed by:

-300 deputies elected by plurality.-300 deputies elected by plurality.

-200 deputies by proportional representation -200 deputies by proportional representation with closed party lists.with closed party lists.

The Supreme Court of Justice, comprised by The Supreme Court of Justice, comprised by eleven judges appointed by the President with eleven judges appointed by the President with Senate approval. Senate approval.

Elections

Presidential elections are scheduled every six years, except in the exceptional case of absolute absence of the president.

Legislative elections are scheduled every six years for the Senate, to be fully renewed in elections held concurrently with the presidential elections; and every three years for the Chamber of Deputies.

State governors are also elected every six years, whereas the legislatures are renewed every three years.

Military

The Mexican Armed Forces have two The Mexican Armed Forces have two branches: the Mexican Army (which includes branches: the Mexican Army (which includes the Mexican Air Force), and the Mexican Navy.the Mexican Air Force), and the Mexican Navy.

Economy

The Ministry of Economy reported that Mexico The Ministry of Economy reported that Mexico tops the list of silver production worldwide, tops the list of silver production worldwide, indicating that mining is considered the third indicating that mining is considered the third largest source of income, just below the oil largest source of income, just below the oil production and the automotive industry.production and the automotive industry.

Its principal trade association is the North Its principal trade association is the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA. or American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA. or T.L.C.A.N., for its acronym in Spanish) are T.L.C.A.N., for its acronym in Spanish) are integrated by United States and Canada.integrated by United States and Canada.

Right of veto

This is the right of the President of the This is the right of the President of the Republic to ratify or check a bill that had been Republic to ratify or check a bill that had been approved by the chamber of deputies and approved by the chamber of deputies and senators.senators.

United StatesGovernment

The United States is the world's oldest surviving federation. It is a constitutional republic and representative democracy, "in which majority rule is tempered by minority rights protected by law". The government is regulated by a system of checks and balances defined by the U.S. Constitution, which serves as the country's supreme legal document.

In the American federalist system, citizens are usually

subject to three levels of government, federal, state,

and local; the local government's duties are

commonly split between county and

municipal governments. In almost all cases, executive and legislative officials are

elected by a plurality vote of citizens by district.

Legislative:

The bicameral Congress, made up of the Senate and the House of Representatives,

makes federal law, declares war, approves treaties, has the power of the purse, and has the power of impeachment, by which it can remove

sitting members of the government.

Executive:

The president is the commander-in-chief of the military, can veto legislative bills before they

become law, and appoints the members of the Cabinet (subject to Senate approval) and other

officers, who administer and enforce federal laws and policies.

Judicial:

The Supreme Court and lower federal courts, whose judges are appointed by the president with Senate approval, interpret laws and overturn those

they find unconstitutional

The House of Representatives has 435 voting members, each

representing a congressional district for a two-year term.

The president is not elected by direct vote, but by an indirect electoral

college system in which the determining votes are apportioned to

the states and the District of Columbia. The Supreme Court, led by the Chief Justice of the United States,

has nine members, who serve for life.

Some state judges and cabinet officers are appointed by the

governors of the respective states, while others are elected by popular

vote.

The Senate has 100 members with each state having two senators, elected at-large to six-year terms; one third of Senate seats are up for election every other year. The president serves a four-year term and may be elected to the office no more than twice. The president is not elected by direct vote, but by an indirect electoral college system in which the determining votes are apportioned to the states and the District of Columbia.

Supreme Court of the United States

UnitedUnited KingdomKingdom Goverment

The United Kingdom is governed within the framework of a constitutional monarchy, in which the Monarch is the head of state and the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom is the head of government.

This means that although The Queen Elizabeth II is officially the head of the state, the country is actually run by the goverment, led by the Prime Minister.

The Prime Minister selects all the remaining Ministers. The Prime Minister and the other most senior Ministers belong to the supreme decision-making committee, known as the Cabinet.

Though the Queen Elizabeth II takes little direct part in Though the Queen Elizabeth II takes little direct part in government, the Crown remains the fount in which ultimate government, the Crown remains the fount in which ultimate executive power over Government lies. These powers are known executive power over Government lies. These powers are known as Royal Prerogative and can be used for a vast amount of as Royal Prerogative and can be used for a vast amount of things, such as the issue or withdrawal of passports, to the things, such as the issue or withdrawal of passports, to the dismissal of the Prime Minister or even the Declaration of War. dismissal of the Prime Minister or even the Declaration of War.

The powers are delegated from the Monarch personally, in the name of the Crown, and can be handed to various ministers, or other Officers of the Crown, and can purposely bypass the consent of Parliament.

The Queen is also the Head of the Church of England, she appoints archbishops and bishops on the advice of the Prime Minister.

The Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom

The UK is one of the world's most globalised countries. London is the world's largest financial centre alongside New York.  The main products of exportation in the UK are Machinery and transport. Also the weapons industry.

The pharmaceutical industry plays an important role in the UK economy and the country has the third-highest share of global pharmaceutical expenditures.

Britain is also a major supplier of plastics, aerospace products, and electronic equipment.

Economy of the UK

Right of Veto

In the United Kingdom, the royal veto ("withholding Royal Assent") was last exercised in 1707 by Queen Anne with the Scottish Militia Bill 1708.

In Westminster Systems the power to veto legislation by withholding the Royal Assent is a rarely used reserve power of the monarch. In practice, the Crown follows the convention of exercising its prerogative on the advice of its chief advisor, the prime minister.

The House of Lords used to have the power of veto. The Parliamentary Acts of 1911 and 1949 saw their powers reduced to being able to amend and delay legislation. They are able to delay legislation for up to one year. Under the 1911 Act, money bills may not be delayed.