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EUBIONETEUBIONET--
EuropeanEuropean bioenergybioenergy networksnetworks 11
TRADE OF SOLID BIOFUEL, AND FUELRADE OF SOLID BIOFUEL, AND FUELPRICES IN EUROPERICES IN EUROPE
Eija Alakangas, VTT Processes, FinlandBengt Hillgring, SLU, SwedenLars Nikolaisen, DTI, Denmark
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EUBIONETEUBIONET--
EuropeanEuropean bioenergybioenergy networksnetworks 22
International trade and fuel pricesof solid biofuelsInternationalnternational traderadeandandfuel pricesfuel pricesoff solid biofuelsolid biofuels Study was carried out by the AFBnet- European
bioenergy network (now EUBIONET) in 1999
Summary report and 20 country reports published in
internet (http://afbnet.vtt.fi - publications, Task 2)
European international trade volume is about 50 PJ/a.
Estimated biomass resources 4 500 PJ/a and current
use 1800 PJ/a
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EUBIONETEUBIONET--
EuropeanEuropean bioenergybioenergy networksnetworks 33
FOREST RESIDUES
INDUSTRIAL BY-PRODUCTS
(sawdust, bark, chips)
DOMESTIC FIREWOOD
WOOD WASTES
REFINED WOOD FUELS
(pellets, briquettes)
PEAT
OTHER (SRC, straw)
POLANDGERMANY
HOLLAND
BELGIUM
FRANCE
ROMANIA
BULGARIA
UKRAINE
BELO-
RUSSIA
LITHUANIA
SPAIN
PORTUGAL
NORWAY
SWEDEN
FINLAND
KINGDOM
IRELAND
AUSTRIA
SWITZERLAND
ALBANIA
MOLDOVA
RUSSIA
CZECH. REP.
SLOVAK REP.
SLOVENIA
CROATIA
BOSNIA -
HERCEGOVINA
ITALY
YUGOSLAVIA
HUNGARY
RUSSIA
LATVIA
ESTONIA
DENMARK
UNITED
LUX.
GREECE
MONTENEGRO
NORTHERNAFRICA
JAPAN, TURKEY,HONG KONG,ARAB EMIRATES
BIOMASS TRADE
IN EUROPECANADA
CANADA
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44
Purchase from
wood processing industry
COMPANY WITH
DIVERSIFIED ACTIVITIES
biofuels
wood for industry
energy production
Wood fuel
harvesting/
bundling/
baling/
chipping
CONTRACTORS
BIOFUELS
HEAT
HEAT
ELECTRICITY
Sawdust
Bark
Chips fromedgings, slabs
Cutter shavings
Cutter
shavings
Grinding
dust e.g.
Pellet or briquetteproduction
(own or licencing)
Briquettes or
pellets
Logistics
Global positioning
systems
Fuel quality control
CUSTOMER
Municipal
CHP plant
Industrial CHP plant
CUSTOMERS
energy utility
industry
Wood chips
Straw bales
Logging residue
bundles
Biofueliofueltrading in large-scaletrading in large-scale
Trade basis: energy content and measured properties (/MWh,/GJ)
Briquettes or
pelletsSacks Bulk
Retailer
GPS
Import of biofuels
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55
Purchase from
Wood processing industry
ENTREPRENEUR
OR
CO-OPERATIVE
TRANSPORTATION
CHIPPING
FUEL
HARVESTING
BIOFUELS
Endings
Slabs
Wood chipsRotten wood
CUSTOMERS
Communities (< 1 MW)
SME
Services
Operation and
maintenance
HEAT
Wood chips
Small straw
bales
Biofueliofueltrading- Small-scale district heattrading- Small-scale district heat
Radiators
Radiateurs
Trade basis: Heat production (/MWh,/GJ)
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66
Biofueliofueltrading for households, farms etc.trading for households, farms etc.FUEL
PRODUCER
=
SUPPLIER
BIOFUELS
LogsWood chips
Straw bales
CUSTOMERS
Households
Farms
Biofuel
database
suppliers
volumes
typicalproperties
ELECTRONIC BIOFUEL MARKET PLACE e-tradeLECTRONIC BIOFUEL MARKET PLACE e-tradeOrder via Internet
Logs
Pellets
Trade basic: Volume or package basis (/m3loose, /m3stacked)
Pellet hopper
Flexiblehose 20 m
Most of fire wood is not traded (purchase from own forest or black markets)
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EUBIONETEUBIONET--
EuropeanEuropean bioenergybioenergy networksnetworks 77
Why international trading ?hyhyinternationalinternationaltradingtrading?? Surplus or lack of own biomass resources
Denmark; use of pellets bigger than own production
Sweden; over capacity of pellets
Netherlands; lack of own biomass resources
Better prices from abroad
In Baltic countries and some CEE countries prices of fossil
fuels are low
poor competitiveness of solid biofuels in domestic market
better price by exporting
National support incentives boost trading
Big differences in support mechanisms in Europe
Germany; new RES-E act; energy producer can pay high pricefor solid biofuels (4-9 EUR/GJ)
CO2taxes in fossil fuels (Sweden, Denmark and Finland)
imported fuels may be cheaper than own production
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EUBIONETEUBIONET--
EuropeanEuropean bioenergybioenergy networksnetworks 88
Problemsroblemsroblems No good information on spot markets
no good statistics of biofuel prices and traded amounts
difficult to calculate the influence of different support
mechanisms on fuel price
Influence on other biomass resource markets
forest industry and energy sector can start competing witheach other for use of wood resources
there can be also influence on material recycling
Biofuel standardisation needed
ongoing work in CEN TC 335-Solid biofuels
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99
Local or internationally traded?ocal or internationally traded? Forest chips and straw are local fuels
high transportation costs (30 - 50% of total cost)
low calorific value per volume (moisture content 50%)
bundling can be integrated into timber and pulp woodprocurement chainsame equipment and logistics management
can be used in forest haulage and on-road transportation
straw needs special boilers and bale handling systems
Refined biomass fuels are more suitable for internationaltrading
high calorific value per volume (3 times higher than forest chips)
homogenous material suitable for pneumatic unloading
production capacity is increasing
can be crushed and used also by cofiring with coal in pulverized
combustion boilers
liquid biofuels for heating (e.g.pyrolysis oil) under development
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EUBIONETEUBIONET--
EuropeanEuropean bioenergybioenergy networksnetworks 1010
Transportation costs of logging residues chips/GJ Finland)Transportationransportationcostsostsofof loggingoggingresiduesesidueschipschips/GJ Finland)GJ Finland)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Tranportation distance, km
/GJ
Logging residue, loose
Chipping at a stand
Chipping at road-side terminal
Bundling of
logging residues
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EUBIONETEUBIONET--
EuropeanEuropean bioenergybioenergy networksnetworks 1111
Storage space need for different biofuelsComparision with light fuel oil
Storage space needtorage space needforfor different biofuelsifferent biofuelsComparision with light fuel oilomparision with light fuel oil25
20
15
10
5
0
11.7
8
11
3.2
8.4
11.5 12.5
11.5
Oil Woodpellet
Loggin
gresiduechips,
fre
sh
Logg
ingresiduebundler
Shreddedbark,
fresh(pine)
Sodpeat
Milledpeat
Storagesp
ace,m
/10M
Wh
3/
2
Coal Shredded
bark,
dry(birch)
Bigstrawbale
19
Loggingresiduechips,
dry
Loggin
g
residue
chips,
bundle
r
10 MWh = 1 m3light fuel oil = 36 GJ
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EUBIONETEUBIONET--
EuropeanEuropean bioenergybioenergy networksnetworks 1212
ExampleWood fuel prices -/GJ for DH plants1 - 5 MWth)in 1999
ExamplexampleWoodood fuel pricesuel prices--/GJ for DHGJ for DHplantsplants1 - 51 - 5MWMWthh)in 1999n 1999
Country Wood chips Bark, sawdust, chips Wood pelletsDenmark 4.50 4.20 5.00
Finland 3.00 1.60 7.50
Germany 3.70 3.10 6.10
Sweden 3.40 2.90 4.80
France 4.00 1.10 10.60
Latvia 1.60 0.80 3.30
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EUBIONETEUBIONET--
EuropeanEuropean bioenergybioenergy networksnetworks 1313
Conclusionsonclusionsonclusions New directives RES-E, WID and green certificates will
boost trading
More comprehensive analysis of solid biofuel trade is
needed Development of customs statistics
tariff nomenclature should to include different biofuels
Continuous follow-up of biofuel prices
International trading will change
Sweden from importer to exporter?
Competition between different countries: Germany, Denmark
Effect to forest industry; availability of wood raw material