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Transcript of AKS 47: World War II Chapter 32 – Pages 925-951 Early Challenges to World Peace Sept. 1931: Japan...
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AKS 47:World War II
Chapter 32 – Pages 925-951
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Early Challenges to World PeaceSept. 1931: Japan Invades Manchuria; Withdraws from League of Nations
World Reaction?:W. nations did not want to get involved b/c they had their own problems to deal with
Result:Continue aggression
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World Reaction?:League of Nations ordered sanctions against ItalyRefused to sell them weapons, continued to sell them oilRefused to get involved for fear of another conflict
Result:Italy defeated Ethiopia
Early Challenges to World PeaceOct. 1935: Italy invades Ethiopia
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Early Challenges to World PeaceJuly 1936:
Spanish Civil War Begins
March 1936:German troops occupy Rhineland
Oct. 1936Hitler & Mussolini sign Rome-Berlin Axis
July 1937:Japan invades China
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Early Challenges to World PeaceSept. 1938: Munich Conference
Hitler promised British Prime Minister Chamberlain he would leave Europe alone if given Sudetenland (appeasement)
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Early Challenges to World PeaceSept. 1938: Munich Conference
Oct. 1938 – Germany occupies Sudetenland6 Months Later – Takes all of Czechoslovakia – clear at this point appeasement won’t work
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Early Challenges to World PeaceAug. 1939: Hitler & Stalin sign Nazi-Soviet Pact
Advantages for Hitler:Removal of threat of attack from the eastDivision of Poland
Advantages for Stalin:Division of PolandTakeover of Finland & Baltic countriesSafety from German attack
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Early Challenges to World PeaceSept. 1, 1939: Germany invades PolandHitler’s Strategy:Blitzkrieg – “lightning war”Use fast-moving mechanized weaponsPlanes, Tanks, Artillery, Infantry – all at ONCE!!!Poland fell in ONE month!
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Early Challenges to World PeaceSept. 3, 1939: Britain & France Declare War on Germany
WORLD WAR
IIOFFICIALLYBEGINS!!!
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Who's Who & Who's on Whose Side??
AXIS POWERS
Germany - HitlerItaly - Mussolini Japan - Tojo,
HirohitoSpain - Franco
ALLIED POWERS
France - de GaulleBritain - Churchill
USSR - Stalin USA - FD Roosevelt
Axis Military Leaders
Germany: Gen. Erwin Rommel - "The Desert Fox"Japan: Admiral Yamamoto - Head of Japanese Naval Fleet
Allied Military LeadersUSA: Gen. Dwight Eisenhower - Supreme Allied Commander in Europe Gen. Douglas MacArthur - Allied Commander in Pacific Gen. George S. PattonBritish: Gen. B. Montgomery
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The European CampaignApril 1940: Hitler invades Denmark & Norway; Heads for France
Hitler’s Plan:Pave a way to France & distract Allies by invading Holland, Belgium, & Luxembourg, then send massive force through the Ardennes Forest
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The European CampaignJune 1940: France SurrendersWhat Happened at Dunkirk?:
Britain rescued Allied soldiers stranded at Dunkirk & ferried them to safety across the English Channel
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The European CampaignJuly 1940: Battle of Britain
What Happened?:German Luftwaffe (Air Force) bombed British cities for 3 monthsGoal: Hitler wanted to destroy British morale before invading
Outcome:RAF fighters & British resistance forced Germany to call off the attack – Hitler could be stopped!
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The European Campaign
Sept. 1940Italy moves to seize Egypt & Suez Canal
Feb. 1941Hitler sends Gen. Rommel to help Italian troops seize Egypt & Suez Canal
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The European CampaignJune 1941: Hitler Invades Soviet Union
Why?:Hitler wanted the territoryFelt his army was capable of fighting a war on two fronts (Eastern Front in USSR & and Western in France)
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Warm-Up
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The European CampaignJuly 1942: Battle of El Alamein
What Happened?:Gen. Montgomery vs. Gen. RommelForced Rommel and his forces to retreat westward from EgyptOperation Torch: Gen. Eisenhower arrived with American troops in N. Africa
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The European CampaignJuly 1942: Battle of El Alamein
Result:Trapped Rommel’s forces b/w American & British & finally defeated Rommel’s Afrika Korps
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The European CampaignJuly 1942-Feb.1943: Battle of Stalingrad
Outcome:Hitler attacked, Soviets eventually put German forces on defensive with Soviets pushing them westward
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The European CampaignJuly 1942-Feb.1943: Battle of Stalingrad
Comparison to Napoleon:In both invasions, Russia’s terrible winter & its strategy of destroying everything in the enemy’s path created severe hardships for the invaders
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The European CampaignSept. 1943: Invasion of Italy
Outcome:Resulted in Allied conquest of Sicily & forced eventual surrender of Italy
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The European Campaign
Nov.-Dec. 1943Tehran Conference
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Tehran ConferenceWhen?
November 28-December 1, 1943
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Tehran ConferenceMembers Present?
Franklin Roosevelt (USA)Winston Churchill (Britain)Joseph Stalin (USSR)
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Tehran ConferencePurpose of Meeting?
Coordinate military strategy against Germany & JapanDecide on important issues of post-WWII era
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Tehran ConferenceWhat was decided?
Coordination of D-Day invasionPoland’s post-war bordersFirst discussions about splitting up Germany into zones of occupationFirst discussions of the future United Nations between Stalin & FDR*Many issues left for final decisions at later conferences
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The European CampaignJune 6, 1944: D-Day InvasionOutcome:
800,000 Allies landed at Normandy BeachOpened a 2nd front in EuropeLed to liberation of France, Belgium, Luxembourg, & much of Netherlands from Nazi occupation
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The European CampaignDec. 1944: Battle of the BulgeOutcome:
German’s final attack in Ardennes ForestPatton marched his army 100 miles in 2 days & attacked w/ 3 division to save the lineResulted in heavy losses for Hitler
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The European Campaign
Feb. 1945:Yalta Conference
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Yalta ConferenceWhen?
February 4-11, 1945
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Yalta ConferenceMembers Present?
Franklin Roosevelt (USA)Winston Churchill (Britain)Joseph Stalin (USSR)
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Yalta ConferencePurpose of Meeting?
Make final decisions about the end of the war
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Yalta ConferenceWhat was decided?
Divide Germany into 4 zones controlled by Allied military forcesGermany must pay the USSRStalin agreed to join war against Japan 90 days after end of war in EuropeStalin promised free elections in Eastern Europe
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The European CampaignApril 1945: Leaders Fall
Italy:Mussolini captured & killed by Italians
USA:April 12: President Roosevelt dies & Vice-President Harry Truman becomes President
Germany:April 30: Hitler & other top Nazis commit suicide
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The European Campaign
May 8, 1945: V-E Day (Victory in Europe) Germany surrenders
July-Aug. 1945Potsdam Conference
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Warm-Up
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Pacific CampaignDec. 7, 1941: Japan Bombs Pearl Harbor
What Happened?Japanese launched surprise attack sinking or damaging almost the entire U.S. Pacific fleet – used kamikazes (suicide pilots)
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Pacific CampaignDec. 7, 1941: Japan Bombs Pearl Harbor
Outcome of the Attack?U.S. declares war on Japan
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Pacific CampaignDec. 1941-May 1942: Battle of the Philippines
What Happened?Japan invaded Philippine IslandsFilipinos & U.S. under Gen. Douglas MacArthur defended the islands
General Douglas MacArthur
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Pacific CampaignDec. 1941-May 1942: Battle of the Philippines
Outcome/Significance of the Battle?
Japan winsPerseverance of U.S. & Filipino defense delayed Japanese attacks on other areas
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Pacific CampaignFall of Southeast Asian Colonies
What Happened?Through a planned series of attacks, Japan seized control of rich European coloniesEx: French Indochina, British Hong Kong
Significance of the Attack?Helped Japan replenish depleted resources
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Pacific CampaignApril 1942: Doolittle’s Raid on Japan
What Happened?As revenge for Pearl Harbor, U.S. sent 16 B-25 bombers to bomb Japanese cities, mainly Tokyo
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Pacific CampaignApril 1942: Doolittle’s Raid on Japan
Significance of the Attack?Showed that Japan could be attackedRaised American morale
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Pacific CampaignMay 1942: Battle of the Coral Sea
What Happened?Following interception of Japanese attack on Port Moresby, Japanese & American naval fleets fought to a draw (nobody won)
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Pacific CampaignMay 1942: Battle of the Coral Sea
Significance of the Battle?Introduced a new kind of naval warfare using only airplanesStopped Japan’s expansion southward
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Pacific CampaignJune 1942: Battle of Midway
What Happened?American carrier planes defeated Japanese fleet poised to attack Midway Island, a key American airfield
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Pacific CampaignJune 1942: Battle of Midway
Significance of the Battle?Reversed the tide of the war in the Pacific
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Pacific CampaignAug. 1942-Feb. 1943: Battle of Guadalcanal
What Happened?U.S. Marines, with Australian support, seized Japanese airfield & fought on land & sea for control of island
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Pacific CampaignAug. 1942-Feb. 1943: Battle of Guadalcanal
Significance of the Battle?Forced Japan to abandon islandBegan MacArthur’s island-hopping counterattack• Take one island at a time, use it for a
base
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Pacific CampaignOct. 1944: Battle of Leyte Gulf
Wiped out Japanese Navy
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Pacific CampaignFeb.-March 1945: Battle of Iwo Jima
U.S. Marines raise the Stars and Stripes after their victory at Iwo Jima
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Pacific CampaignMarch-June 1945: Battle of Okinawa
Resulted in heavy losses for JapaneseMoved Allies closer to an invasion of Japanese homeland
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Aug. 6: Truman decides to drop bomb on Hiroshima (attempt to save lives)
Pacific CampaignAug. 1945: Bombings of Hiroshima & Nagasaki
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Pacific CampaignAug. 1945: Bombings of Hiroshima & Nagasaki
Aug. 9: Second bomb dropped on NagasakiAug. 10: VJ-Day (Victory in Japan) – Japan surrenders!!
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Warm-Up
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The HolocaustWho…?
…were the victims of the Holocaust?
Non-Aryan peoples, primarily Jews, but also Gypsies, Slavs, etc.
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The HolocaustWho…?
…were members of the “master race”?
AryansThe signs read:
“Germans! Defend Yourselves! Do not buy from Jews!”
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The HolocaustWhat…?
…were the Nuremberg Laws?German laws depriving Jews of rights to citizenship & jobs
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The HolocaustWhat…?…happened on the night of November 9, 1938?
On Kristallnacht, the Nazis launched a violent attack on Jewish communities all over Germany
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The HolocaustWhat…?
…was Hitler’s “Final Solution”?
Systematic killing of entire groups of people, particularly Jews, whom the Nazis saw as inferior
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The HolocaustWhere…?
…did German Jews try to migrate to find safety from Nazi terror?
France, Britain, USA, & other countries
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The HolocaustWhere…?
…were Jews forced to live in German-controlled cities?
In ghettos – segregated Jewish areas
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The HolocaustWhere…?
…were the concentration camps?Mainly in Germany & Poland
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The HolocaustWhy…?
…did Hitler believe that Jews & other “subhumans” had to be exterminated?
To protect the purity of the Aryan race
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The HolocaustWhy…?…did the Germans build extermination camps?
To carry out mass murders in huge gas chambers
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The HolocaustWhen…?
…did the final stage of the Final Solution begin?
Early 1942
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The HolocaustHow…?
…did non-Jewish people try to save Jews from the horrors of Nazism?
By hiding Jews in their homes or helping them escape to neutral countries
Anne Frank
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The HolocaustHow…?
…many Jews died in the Holocaust?
Approximately 6,000,000
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Nuremberg TrialsNazis put on trial for crimes against humanity (events of Holocaust)Goal was to punish Nazi officials using a democratic system
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Japanese Internment Camps in the United States
Japanese-Americans placed in campsWhy? – feared they were enemies or spies after bombing at Pearl Harbor
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Warm-Up
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Potsdam ConferenceWhen?
July 17-August 2, 1945
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Potsdam ConferenceMembers Present?
Harry Truman (USA)Joseph Stalin (USSR)Winston Churchill & later Clement Attlee (Britain)
THE BIG THREE
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Potsdam ConferencePurpose of Meeting?
Clarify agreements from Yalta
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Potsdam ConferenceWhat was decided?
Potsdam DeclarationUnconditional surrender of JapanJapanese disarmament, establishment of democratic governmentPostwar European borders (especially Poland)
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Formation of the United NationsThe Beginning
Stalin & FDR secretly discussed ideas for U.N. at Tehran Conference1944: Britain, China, USSR, & met in D.C. & drafted the 1st charter
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Formation of the United NationsFirst Meeting
April 1945 in San FranciscoDelegates from 50 nations worked for 2 months to develop the official charter
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Formation of the United NationsDetails & Purpose
Purpose: peacekeeping organization designed to protect its members against aggressionPermanent Members of Security Council:
USA, Britain, USSR, France, China
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Marshall Plan for EuropeWho…?
…proposed the plan?U.S. Secretary of State George Marshall
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Marshall Plan for EuropeWhen…?
…did he propose the plan?1947
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Marshall Plan for EuropeWhat…?
…did he propose the U.S. needed to do?
Give aid to needy European countriesProvide food, machinery, & other materials to rebuild Western Europe & stop Soviet expansion
Truman signs Marshall Plan
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MacArthur’s Plan for JapanDemilitarization
Disbanded Japanese armed forcesLeft Japanese with small police force
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MacArthur’s Plan for JapanDemocratization
Created a gov’t elected by the peopleSet up a constitutional monarchy b/c Japanese wanted to keep emperor
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MacArthur’s Plan for JapanOther Reforms
Land ownership was expandedIndependent labor unions had the right to formIncrease participation of workers & farmers in new democracy