PHASE 1: GENERAL KNOWLEDGE World War II. When did it begin and end? 1931? – Japan invades...
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Transcript of PHASE 1: GENERAL KNOWLEDGE World War II. When did it begin and end? 1931? – Japan invades...
PHASE 1: GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
World War II
World War II
When did it begin and end?
1931? – Japan invades Manchuria (China)
1933? – Another/bigger Japanese invasion of China
1937? – Japan’s Rape of Nanking in China
1939 – 1945: These dates are generally considered dates for the start/end of WWII. 1939 – Germany invades Poland 1945 – Germany surrenders / The Atomic Bomb
MAIN CAUSES:•FAILED PEACE OF WORLD WAR I•CONFLICTING IDEOLOGIES•IMPERIALISM•APPEASEMENT (LETTING HITLER DO WHATEVER HE WANTED)
How did World War II begin?
Allied Powers vs. Axis Powers
ChinaBritainFrance
And eventually in 1941…
United StatesSoviet Union
JapanGermanyItaly
Allies Axis
China Chiang Kai-Shek
Great Britain Winston Churchill
France Charles de Gaulle
United States Franklin Delano Roosevelt
Soviet Union Joseph Stalin
Japan Hideki Tojo
Germany Adolf Hitler
Italy Benito Mussolini
Important World Leaders
European Theater Pacific Theater
Blitzkrieg takes Paris
Battle of BritainHolocaustHitler invades
Russia and stalls in Stalingrad
D-Day (Allied invasion of France)
Japan’s invasions of China
Pearl HarborBattle of Midway
and other “island hopping” by the United States
Atomic Bombs dropped on Japan
The Two “Theaters” of World War II and Important Events
Important World War II Information
Militarism – Countries should be prepared for military conflicts by building it up
British/French Appeasement of Hitler – Making concessions in hopes of avoiding conflict
U.S. isolationism before 1941 – Stay out of European conflicts (militarily)
Around 40 to 60 million died from WWIIParis Peace ConferenceUnited Nations is formedUnited States and Soviet Union become
superpowers and Cold War Begins
PHASE 2: CAUSES OF WORLD WAR II
World War II
Chronology of WWII Causes
1800’s (19th Century): Militarism, Imperialism, Nationalism and the building of Alliances.
Problems with the Treaty of Versailles after 1919 War Guilt Clause, Reparations, Disarmament,
Territorial ClausesEconomic Problems following 1929Conflicting Ideologies, Nationalism, and Rise
of Dictators (1920’s and 1930’s)British/French AppeasementGerman and Japanese Expansionism
Indirect Causes of WWII
Militarism: Countries building up their military/weapons to be prepared for conflict The Industrial Revolution allowed for technology to
become more efficient and dangerous (especially by 1870 and beyond).
Example: Germany in 1874 = 420,000 professional soldiers and 1.3 million reserve soldiers. 1897 = 545,000 professionals and 3.4 million reserve soldiers.
Indirect Causes of WWII
Imperialism: A country increasing their power/influence through diplomacy and/or military force “A Race for Empires” – Countries before World War II
were more similar to expanding empires than today’s modern day country.
Creates competition and conflict for power, resources, and land.
This also would help lead to the next 2 indirect causes of WWII.
Indirect Causes of WWII
Nationalism: A patriotic feeling about your own country or ethnicity Nothing builds
nationalistic fervor like conflict. If a country attacks you, you are more likely to come together to defend yourselves.
Alliances Militarism,
Nationalism, and imperialism all led to the countries of Europe (and others) to combine to increase their power.
Examples of alliances formed around 1900 = Germany/Austria, Britain/France, Russia/France.
Videos from the Indirect Causes
European Imperialism (1st and last) (Questions about conflict, power)
http://education-portal.com/academy/topic/imperialism-in-the-19th-and-20th-centuries.html
Nationalismhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nosq94oCl
_Mhttp://education-portal.com/academy/topic/th
e-age-of-nationalism-1850-1914.htmlAllianceshttps://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/his
tory/euro-hist/world-war-I-tutorial/v/alliances-leading-to-world-war-i
Videos Assignment
Pre-video Question: Why do you think Militarism creates conflict?
Imperialism: How does imperialism create conflict? How can imperialism change a country?
Nationalism: How can Nationalism be a positive influence? How can Nationalism be negative?
Alliances: The video says that you can debate whether or not alliances are a reason or an excuse for war. Explain.
Video Assignment (Possible Answers)
1.
2.
3.
4.
The End of World War I and Peace(?)
The “Great War” ended in 1918
The Allies (France, Britain, U.S.A., Russia, Italy, and more) defeat the Central Powers (German Empire, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire)
More than 9 million die
The Paris Peace Conference in 1919 was the conference where all countries would decide what would happen to each other
The Treaty of Versailles deals with Germany
U.S. President Woodrow Wilson writes his Fourteen Points
Debate over Peace
The Winners of WWI could not decide how the Losers should be punished.
France Due to their country actually bordering Germany and taking the
majority of the damage from the war, they wanted to punish the losers, especially Germany
Britain Land not as devastated as France, they wanted Germany to pay
but on a far lesser extent than France. More worried about restoring Germany for trade and a poor
Germany would hurt the British economy.United States
Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points outlined the president’s ideas
Wilson’s Fourteen Points and Results
Fourteen Points: Woodrow Wilson’s ideas on how WWI should be resolved. Mainly concerned about improving the European
economy. Encourages self-determination (country’s make their
own decisions), promotes free trade, opposes harsh punishments against Germany, and creates a League of Nations (similar to today’s United Nations).
Idealistic…and make the world safe for democracy. World generally liked it, inspired independence
movements (Ex: Korea), and got him the 1919 Nobel Peace Prize
Actual Result (for Germany) = Treaty of Versailles
Fourteen Points Treaty of Versailles
Save the European Economy/Not harsh punishments against Germany
Don’t punish just one country
Form a League of Nations
Made Germany pay huge reparations ($) 266 gold marks which
equaled $63 billion (that equals $768 billion today).
Was later reduced Germany blamed (War-
Guilt Clause)League of Nations
formed! But U.S.A. does not join =(
Contrasting The Fourteen Points and Treaty of Versailles
14 Points and Treaty of Versailles Videos
14 PointsYouTube – Khan Academy (16 min)
Treaty of VersaillesKhan Academy (Paris Peace Conference and
the Treaty of Versailles) 10 min/6 min respectively
Next Week (or in 2 weeks)
The Treaty of Versailles Description Specific emphasis on the punishments of Germany Germany’s reaction to this
The World Economic Struggles 1929 Great Depression in America spreads globally
Changes in Europe Political extremism Rise of Mussolini
Don’t Forget Japan A look at how Japan’s nationalism, expansionism, and general
problems with China create Germany’s ally in World War II
Treaty of Versailles
Peace treaty at end of WWI between Germany and Allied Powers
Germany had no say in decisionsLed by Wilson’s 14 Points, but some hatred
from France also led to some severe punishments
Germany’s Punishments
The War Guilt Clause Germany had to accept blame for starting the war.
Reparations Germany must pay for all their damage. The committee during
negotiations decided on about $5 billion of gold (or 33 Billion US $$)
Military Restrictions Meant to make Germany incapable of more invasion and to
encourage international disarmament. Maximum of 100,000 men in the army, disarming tanks, subs, etc.
Territorial Takeaways 25,000 sq. miles taken from Germany. Forced to recognize territories for Belgium, Poland, France and a
few others.
Treaty of Versailles Questions
1. Europe praised Wilson as a hero following his Fourteen Points. After the Treaty of Versailles, he was called a “hapless (helpless) villain”…why?
2. How would you feel about the punishments given if it was to your country?
3. Why would David Llyod George (the Prime Minister of Great Britain) want to help Germany?
4. George also said that he didn’t want Germany to become a land of refugees (lost immigrant – not full citizens) and become communists. Explain why he might feel this way.
5. Why does the redrawing of country borders cause problems?
Treaty of Versailles Answers/Opinions
1. Villain – Talked about helping Germany, but Germany gets punished. Why Hapless? – France also had a say, and got some revenge. Wilson looks bad regardless because he led the peace talks.
2. Rebellious, Want to Retaliate (revenge), Anger, Sad/Shameful (they’re right), Indignant (not fair), Nationalistic (everyone’s against us)
3. Germany doesn’t deserve them (?). So Germany doesn’t get mad. (?) Give them another chance (?) Tough to think only one country is at fault. (?) Make themselves look like peacemakers (?) Keep themselves safe because Germany will recognize the help (Alliance) (?) GB wanted Germany as a strong trading partner (a punished Germany won’t help GB’s economy)
4. Communism = Power (correct for modern times, but not 1919). Refugees = Broken countries = new political (communist) uprisings / leaders. (Hitler will be one of those leaders)
5. Lost resources (economic loss), racial and ethnic tension (German people are now sort of not German…makes them angry). Country/border disputes (Germans still feel like the taken land is there’s).
Ferdinand Foch
French Soldier: Ironically disliked the peace treaty because it didn’t demilitarize Germany enough-1918
Germany’s Reactions to the Treaty of Versailles
What are these 2 political
cartoons trying to say?
Germans following the Treaty of Versailles
Words I would associate with German feelings = Outrage, pained, anger, defensive, shameful
Anger was the most prominent for Germany “Diktat” – What Germans called the treaty. Meant it
was forced upon them and had no choice but to sign (there was another option, another invasion by Allied forces)
Some wanted to start the war again, but this wasn’t realistic
Specific German Reactions
Reparations Claimed France/Britain were trying to starve their children Refused to pay at first (1st payment = 1921)
Smaller Army Felt helpless against outside forces
Loss of Territory Felt like it was an attempt to destroy their economy While promoting independence elsewhere, they felt like
part of themselves was stolenFrederick Scheidemann
“May the hand wither that signs this treaty” He resigned as German chancellor immediately following
the signature.
Economic Causes of World War II
Germany must pay a total of 132 billion German marks (their currency), 2.5 billion per year.
1st payment in 1921 started a German financial crises and couldn’t make another payment (and could only pay workers by printing more money) France sent troops to German industrial center to
take reparations from their mines/factories German workers went on strike
Crazy German Inflation
Inflation = A general increase of prices connected with a dramatic fall in the value of money
1914 Germany: 4.2 Marks = 1 U.S. dollarNov. 1, 1923 Germany: 130 billion Marks = 1 U.S. $Dec. 1, 1923 Germany: 4.2 trillion Marks = 1 U.S. $=THEY WERE BROKE
Will lead to political upheavals1924 Dawes Plan ($200 Million loan) was a short,
temporary solution (only helped for 5 years)
The Great Depression
Depression: Period of low economic activity and rising unemployment
1929 and started in United States Affected Germany because the U.S. was helping Germany
with loans to pay reparations After, America had to focus on itself and took money out of
GermanyWorld economic problems
1 in every 4 British workers unemployed 30% of German labor force had no jobs Governments didn’t know how to handle the crises Democracy weakened /Communism strengthened People begin to follow new (and more dangerous) political
leaders
Japanese Imperialism
Military Japan
Japanese Imperialism Beginnings
Possible Beginnings: Japan became upset at Western nations imperialism
on East-Asia in the previous centuries Some Japanese peoples were racially mistreated
Ex: 1924, United States, Exclusion Act that prohibited immigration by Japanese to the U.S.
Economic Problems (especially after 1929) 1930’s saw Japan become Military state Inspiration from the success from the Russo-Japanese
War (Japan gains control of Manchuria (in China) and Korea
Japan Challenges for Control (in WW2?)
1931: Japan attacks Manchuria because Chinese Nationalists were challenging Japanese control of Manchuria
1937: Japan declares full-scale war against China (second Sino-Japanese War) Japan commits atrocities against China including… The Nanking Massacre (The Rape of Nanking)
Japan Paper: Pros and Cons of Japanese Imperialism
2 to 3 pages, double spaces, 12 font, times new roman
Write about the Positive outcomes of Japanese imperialism FOR JAPAN and the negative outcomes FOR JAPAN. (1870-Begininng of Modern Japan to 1939-Beginning of WW2)
Can include… Possible beginnings, positives and negatives for the rest of
the world, Should include…
Your own opinion attached with significance. MOVIE LINK:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kt0tAzJp49U
Japanese Imperialism as a Cause of WWII(From your Papers)
Japan violates anti-imperial rules following WW1
Industrialization/Militarism of Japan makes a world superpower
Creates both territorial and political disputes Also ethnic (racial) disputes
Japan vs. China – Japan vs. Korea – Asia vs. Western
Rebellion leads to changes within country Failed rebellions lead to weakened (or destroyed
governments, culture)…which leads to more changes in the future
Ideological Changes
Ideology = A system of ideas or ideals that usually form economic and/or political theories/policy
Background: Imperialism, revolution, and crisis changed world societies (Industrialize, Globalize, Fight Back)
China Japan
China doesn’t want to westernize
Boxer Rebellion (Slogan=“Destroy the Foreigner”)
Europe (and U.S.) crushes them and weakens Imperial Gov.
Western Influence vs. Confucian Beliefs
1900: Emerging modern power (opened country for western trade, like technology/weapons)
Imperializes land from China and Russia (including Taiwan and Korea)
Imperialisation leads to more wealth and more power
Ideological Change in Asia
Why does Asia (specifically China and Japan) give in to westernization?
To become stronger Defend themselves from European Imperialism (Japan) do some imperialism of their own
For better cropsTechnology
Russian Revolution to USSR(Union of Soviet Socialist Republic)
1917: Bolshevik Revolution – From Czars to Communists
Russian people demanded “peace and bread”, but got neither from leaders, so they revolted and won (economic problems)
Bolsheviks led by Vladimir Lenin, and after a Civil War, they control the country and industrializes
Joseph Stalin takes over by 1928 and controls with an “iron fist”
Fascism in Italy
Benito Mussolini takes over a crisis filled Italy (economic problems)
Fascism = An authoritarian and nationalistic system of government (Glorify country over individual) Ruled by a dictator and controls people by stopping
opposing views
The Rise of Hitler and the Nazis
Adolf Hitler – Extreme Nationalist and knew political parties could use propaganda and terror to control people
Nazi – National Socialist German Workers’ Party
1923 – Hitler tries (fails) to lead a revolt from a beer hall in Munich where 16 die and he is imprisoned for 2 years While in jail, he writes Mein Kampf (“My struggle”)
which outlines his political ideology and future plans for Germany
Learns it will have to be a legal takeover of the country
Germany gives Control to Hitler
“Reichstag” = German Parliament. After failing to win presidency, he is named chancellor of Germany (a high position in the government)
German economic problems stemming from the Great Depression caused countries to crave a “savior” to save their countries from ruin
Hitler appeals to Nationalism and Militarism (power) and to the unemployed
March 23, 1933, the Reichstag passes the Enabling Act, giving the government power to ignore their constitution for 4 years to deal with their problems (this basically makes Hitler dictator, especially when their president dies in 1934)
Nazi Control
After Enabling Act…Nazis purge democratic politicians and Jews (who were blamed for the economic problems) Concentration Camps for people who oppose Nazi
ideology, unions are dissolved, and all other political parties are dissolved
Schutzstaffeln (Guard Squadrons), more commonly known as the “SS”, was Hitler’s secret police. Ran by Heirnrich Himmler He also controlled the regular police The “SS” murdered and repressed many Germans
focusing on Hitler’s idea of terror as control
Why did Germany accept Hitler?
THE ECONOMY: Due to a massive rearmament program, Germany went from 5 million unemployed in 1932, to 2.5 million in 1934, to less than 500,000 in 1937
Used massive political rallies (Nuremberg Party Rallies), propaganda (“Triumph of the Will”), and the youth to teach Nazi ideas and promote Hitler’s extreme nationalistic ideals
Hitler Out of Control
Kristallnacht, or “the night of broken glass”, where Hitler led the burning of synagogues, destroyed 7,000 businesses, at least 100 Jews were killed, and around 30,000 Jewish males were sent to concentration camps
Violates Treaty of Versailles: Germany rearms themselves, has a military draft, creates a Air Force
1936: Hitler takes over the demilitarized RhinelandBritain and France use the policy of Appeasement \Hitler aligns with Italy, Japan, and helps Spain,
annexes Austria and signs a non-Aggression pact with Stalin and the Soviets
Other Test Information from Previous Work
Ch. 23 and Ch. 24 Vocab WorksheetMein Kampf worksheetCh. 24 reviewsSlide 13, Video AssignmentTreaty of Versailles Question
Test will be Monday, March 10th. If you have any questions, don’t hesitate to ask in class or on Classjump. Everything from slide 8 to here is fair game, so a lot to study, but a lot of time to prepare.
Help for your WWII Cause Test
Ch. 23/24 Vocabulary Worksheet – Know the terms… Armistice, total war, militarism, propaganda Dictatorship, Fascism, Kristallnacht, Nazi, purge,
reparationsMein Kampf
What is Hitler’s Ideology and understand his ideas on propaganda
The other questions from the videos are in your notes and they are all possible. Good luck!
PHASE 3 : THE ACTIONS AND KEYS OF WORLD WAR I I
World War II
Different ways of Learning about the War
We will learn about the war from many different perspective in many different ways. What else would you like to learn?
By theater (Pacific and European)Year-by-YearIn-depth Country reviews
Egypt, Australia, Greece, AustriaHighlighting the stories of key
battlesWeapons and Technology
Air Balloons?, Airplanes, Submarines, Tanks, Spear of Destiny?, Tanks on Normandy, Improved and Popular Guns, Weapons only certain countries had
Movies: What would you like to see? Saving Private Ryan, Schindler’s List,
The Pianist, Band of Brothers, The Pacific?, Red Tails
The Beginning of World War II
1931? – Japan invades Manchuria (colonial area of China) 1933? – Japan leaves League of Nations and Hitler becomes
dictator of Germany 1935? – Italy invades Ethiopia (League of Nations does nothing) 1936-1939? – Spanish Civil War: Germany and Italy help the
dictator Francisco Franco win 1937? – Japan invades China: This is when the Nanking Massacre
(Rape of Nanking) occurs and the fighting doesn’t stop until 1945. Also, Germany aligns with Italy
1938? – Japan invades Mongolia/Soviet Union: Territorial/Colonial conflict. Also, Hitler aligns with Japan and annexes Austria and Czechoslovakia
1939? – Hitler invades Prague and Poland and signs a Non-Aggression pact with Stalin (USSR)
1941? – Japan attacks Pearl Harbor in Hawaii bringing the USA into the war.
Japan against China: A Terrible Conflict
Imperial Japan
1931 – Japan Invades Manchuria (a colonial territory disputed between Soviet Union, China, and Japan) The Mukden Incident
Japanese rebels dressed as Chinese men and set off dynamite by a Japanese railway, then Japan blamed China for the incident.
This was a sign that the military part of Japan was overtaking the country because this was done without political permission
Western reactions to the attacks are negative, but no actions are taken
THE RAPE OF NANKING
The Nanking Massacre
The Rape of Nanking Video
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aQnBvs3LTZw
A 6 week period starting in 1937 where tens, or possibly hundreds of thousands (records were destroyed by the Japanese) Chinese persons were murdered and/or raped.
Nanking Massacre – Important Information
From the Students…
Japan – 1939 to 1941 (Pearl Harbor)
Background/Reminder – By 1938, Japan controlled much of China and their longtime capital of Nanking
While war raged on in Europe, Japan basically militarized while focusing on their colonial territories
1940 – Japan occupy the French colony of Indochina (Vietnam and other countries south of China) American responds by cutting off oil exports to Japan which they
hoped would limit their ability to expandEarly/Mid-1941; Imperial Japan tells United States to
“prepare for war” and General Hideki Tojo takes over political control as Prime Minister
Japanese diplomats go to Washington D.C. to try and avoid war
Japanese Attacks Begin
November, 1941 – Japan secretly sends 6 aircraft carriers with attack planes towards Pearl Harbor
December 7th, 1941 (“A date which will live, in infamy”) Japan attacks Pearl Harbor and at the same time,
attacks Wake and Guam, 2 American islands in the Pacific
Japan also attacks Asian areas of Burma, Hong Kong and Thailand
Later that day, America declares war on Japan (see pic on slide 61), and 3 days later, Germany and Italy declare war on the United States
December 7th, 1941: Pearl Harbor
Japan attacks (8am) U.S. naval base, kills more than 2,000 Americans, destroys 20 U.S. naval vessels (includes 8 huge battleships) and over 200 airplanes
Japan’s Goal: To neutralize the entire American navy and control all of East Asia and the Pacific Ocean to force western settlements This was a failure. Battleships were not as important as aircraft
carriers and oil storages, shipyards, and submarine docks are left unpunished. American navy recovers fast.
Surprise Attack: The U.S. didn’t think Japan would attack America. It was 4,000 miles from Japan and Hawaii. Pearl Harbor was mostly undefended and planes were tightly
packed for easy destruction.
The Attack on Pearl Harbor
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WIwSv8BVrsg
(Class) What were the failures of the attack on Pearl Harbor?
“A date which will live, in infamy”
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l7ifuqnIUXs
Franklin Delano Roosevelt's speech following the attack on Pearl Harbor
The American Response to Pearl Harbor
Shock, for a few reasons Size, of both the country and their people. Stereotyped Japanese
people were short and wore “dorky” coke-bottle rimmed glasses. Shock turns to Anger (The “Yellow Peril”)
American leaders quickly declare war on Japan (Congress votes unanimously minus one person)
American people also practice racism towards Japanese people in America. Over 100,000 Japanese people (majority American citizens) are moved to (relocation or concentration) camps from the West Coast (full description below).
http://teacher.scholastic.com/activities/wwii/ahf/mineta/background.htm
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6mr97qyKA2s (Japanese Internment in America)
Anger turns to Revenge Besides the Internment Camps, America will destroy much of
Imperial Japan and eventual drop 2 Atomic Bombs on the mainland of Japan
European Theater (before 1939)
Pre-Attack Actions 1930’s – Formation of Alliances 1933 – Germany passes the Enabling Act making Hitler dictator of Germany
1934-Austrian Civil War Ends – Austrofacist Victory 1934 – The “Night of the Long Knives”
Nazi/Hitler rivals are killed throughout Germany 1935 – Italy invades Ethiopia
Exposes weakness of the League of Nations Possibly inspires Hitler’s future actions
1935 - Germany creates a new air force (the Luftwaffe) and increases their military (through a draft) from 100,000 troops to 500,000 (violates Treaty of Versailles)
1936 – Germany sends troops and remilitarizes the Rhineland (violating Treaty of Versailles)
1937 – Germany and Italy help fight the Spanish Civil War to bring a dictator to power
1938 – Kristallnacht and Soviets are fighting colonial battles with Japan 1938 – Hitler announces Anschluss, or union, with Austria. They invade
Austria to “help” Austria 1939 (pre Poland) – Nazi Germany takes Czechoslovakia
Responses to Events before 1939
Axis Alliances Alliances are formed by Allied Powers
Hitler becomes dictator Uncertainty – Hitler, so far, had strengthened Germany, but before
1935, had not violated the Treaty of Versailles. But, his ideas were known, which were threatening
Japanese and Italian attacks Mostly seen as colonial attacks. Hard to respond to for France and
Britain since they were so colonial.Germany remilitarizing and the Anschluss
Appeasement – This was a direct violation of the Treaty of Versailles, but some in Britain actually thought this was reasonable for Germany since the treaty was very punishing.
A quick meeting was called between Britain, France, Germany, and Italy, and Britain and France basically every single demand Hitler had and left his violations alone
Pre-1939 Events Assignment
Of all the pre-1939 events (including those in Japan), which were the three (rank them from 1 to 3) most important and, in your opinion, why? Half to a Full Page, written.
Some common answers from students… 1933: Hitler becomes dictator (mastermind/villain of World War II)
1934: Hitler establishes his domination in Germany with “The Night of the Long Knives
1935’s German re-militarization: directly violates Treaty of Versailles 1936: German invasion of Rhineland (violated Treaty of Versailles) 1937: Nanking Massacre – Japanese aggression, violence, and it’s the
first invasion of World War II
Germany Invades Poland
September 1, 1939 – The German Army (“Wehrmacht”) invades Poland 53 German divisions supported by 1600 aircraft.
Division = a military unit or formation with about 10,000 to 30,000 troops.
Poland only had 24 divisions and had no armored or air support…completely dominated.
Britain and France declare war on Nazi Germany 2 days later. So do British territories Australia and New Zealand. Canada 10 days later. British Prime Minister – Neville Chamberlin forms a war cabinet that
includes Winston Churchill (who was anti appeasement). Results – Polish leaders try to leave but are captured. Germany loses about 10,000 troops, Poland loses around 50,000 and
750,000 are captured. Nazis and Soviet Union divide Poland
The German Blitzkrieg
a
Germany’s Blitzkrieg
“Blitzkrieg” means lightning war Goal – Gain total victory on an enemy in a single,
powerful offensive through speed, firepower, and mobility.
General Heinz Guderian – Wrote Achtung! Panzer! (Attention, Tank!). Discusses this strategy, largely inspired from the costly style of trench warfare from World War I.
Strategy – Destroy lines of supply and communication and quickly destroy the isolated forces.
Very successful early on (in Poland and France) while older commanders did not adjust to this new style of warfare.
Main weapons/mobile machines include Tanks (Panzers), Aircraft, Trucks, and infantry (soldiers).
Significant Side Notes of 1939
Naval warfare has begun throughout the world, mostly between Britain and Germany
British Royal Air Force makes the first counter-attacks against Germany
Sep. 5 – United States declares neutralitySep. 29 – Soviet Union and Germany divide
PolandHitler assassination failsSoviet Union attacks Finland and is
subsequently expelled from the League of Nations
The Winter War (A War within a War)
The Winter War
1939-1940 conflict between Finland and the Soviet UnionSoviets invaded because they wanted land concessions to
protect them in World War II, especially LeningradSoviets had 3 times the soldiers, 3o times as many
aircraft, and 100 times as many tanks, but inexperience and strong Finnish morale caused struggles.
RESULTS Finland offered the land concessions and Soviets accepted after a
few months (Treaty of Moscow) 25,000 Finns die, and 200,000 Soviet Troops die Prevents Allies from any attack through Sweden against Germany Possibly influenced Hitler to attack Soviet Union because of their
poor performance/organization
World War II–1940 (The Fall of Western Europe)
By this time, Germany had conquered most of Western Europe. The only thing that possibly saves the Allies from defeat is German defeats in the air against Britain and North American aid.
Important European Theater Events - 1940
April 9 – Nazis invade Denmark and Norway German naval force, 1000 aircraft, and blitzkrieg mobile forces
dominate. Example: Norway only had 6 divisions with no tanks or effective artillery weapons
More than 10,000 Allied troops from Britain, France and Poland come Norway t0 help, but fail. Ill prepared vs. planes and artillery, poor communication with Norway, and poor arctic warfare.
The Prime Minister of Great Britain, Neville Chamberlain, resigns due to complaints from people/government. Winston Churchill replaces him.
May 10 – Nazis invade France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and Netherlands The countries put up more of a fight, but again, poor organization and
brilliant strategic German planning wins for GermanyJuly 10 – Battle of Britain begins
Group Assignment
You are a family from one of the invaded countries (Denmark, Norway, France, Belgium, Netherlands, or Luxembourg). Choose a person in the family and create a story. Give yourself a name, age, etc. What is your reaction and what are you going to do?
Also, as a group, what should your country do in response? Each of these combined should = half to a full page
written Your group will present your response
World War 2 – 1940 Video
This video summarizes the last 5 or 6 slides.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-JRhk9xFvYQ
1940 – The Battle of France/The Fall of France
Had to get through (and defeat) the countries on the way to France
German Bombers led the attack and crippled the air defense for France (and other nations)
Attacked on the ground through Belgium (Allies expected) in the north and (surprisingly) to the south through the Luxembourg. The Germans trapped them in the middle
The BEF (British Expeditionary Force) were pushed towards the sea on the coast of France and retreated to Britain, making French defeat imminent.
June 22, 1940: France signs an armistice with Germany Hitler had it done in the same place that Germany signed the Treaty of
Versailles in 1918 (Nationalism for Germany)Reasons for Defeat
Better technology for Germans, more soldiers, and poor preparation for France.
Germany/Hitler in Paris
Test Help – Phase 3, part 1
Japan’s treatment of ChinaPearl Harbor details are good to knowIt would be helpful (though not mandatory) to know the
dates of European theater events pre-1939Be able to explain your topic from “significant side notes”Discuss the German/Axis wartime position by 1940Discuss the possible feelings people have from an
invaded countryGood luck on the Test. Most of the test will come from
the PowerPoint. It will be around 40 points. Hopefully, you’ve been studying since I told you about the test last week. If you have any questions, please email me.
6 more weeks of school…
Goal: Finish WWII, Phase 3b in 4 weeks (this will hopefully get us to the end of the war.
The final 2 weeks will be consequences and significances that came from the end of WWII.
Subjects left to discuss: Germany’s invasion of Soviet Union. America’s involvement in the Pacific and European Theater. Weapon technology including the Nuclear Bomb. The fall of Hitler/the Nazis.
What else would you like to hear about???
Weaponry of World War II
10 Very Important Infantry Weapons
Use the link provided. You don’t have to memorize each of the 10 (though we will talk about each), but as far as the test will be concerned, these individual weapons are the ones to remember.
The M1 GarandThe PPSh-41The KA-BAR KnifeThe Luger PO8The Grenadehttp://www.toptenz.net/top-10-wwii-infantry-wea
pons.php
Artillery Weapons
Artillery definition – Large caliber weapons (Big Bullets)
Howitzer -----------------Tanks – Panzer and T-34
http://www.ghqmodels.com/store/hc1.htmlAircraft – Messerschmitt Me262 (Sep. 1944),
1st fighter jet (best plane), North American P-51 Mustang (best fighter of the war), Spitfire, and the B-17 Flying Fortress http://www.aircraftaces.com/best-aircraft.htm
British Soldier German Soldier
The Typical World War II Soldier
1940 – The Battle of Britain
The RAF defeats the Luftwaffe
July 1940 – German Air Force (aka the Luftwaffe), led by General Hermann Goering, attacked Britain to gain air and naval superiority over Britain
RAF = Britain’s Air Force (Royal Air Force) 1st major campaign to be completely fought by air forces Germans bombed British shipping, then airfields, factories,
infrastructure, and politically significant places including London British respond by bombing Berlin and meeting the planes in the sky British advantages
Radar: They were able to anticipate the German attacks and ambush them. Home-Field: Could fly longer because they were closer to fueling supplies, and
people that ejected from planes land in Britain (Germans captured and British put back in to planes)
Oct. 31 1940, Germany concedes defeat. They lost over 1700 aircraft and almost 4000 men. RAF only lost 800 aircraft and 1000 men.
Prevented Operation Sea Lion (German amphibious/airborne invasion of mainland Britain)
Technology
Radar (radio waves) and Sonar (sound waves) Helped Allies spot enemy subs, planes, and/or ships Allowed Allies to anticipate Axis attacks in 1940…
Atomic Bomb (Manhattan Project)Chemical Warfare – Tear Gas, Mustard Gas,
“Blister Agents”, Nerve Gas, Phosphorous, Napalm
(Germans said they couldn’t make a gas mask for horses, so they didn’t use it much). Most of the main countries used it, though Britain didn’t and said they wouldn’t except if they were invaded as a last-ditch effort.
Chemical Warfare Pictures
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Videos to help with this information (from class)
We watched a video on the Battle of Britain, but it was from a DVD from this class. Here is a different option from YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=battle
+of+britainHere’s a rather entertaining video on the
German operation against the USSR (Operation Barbarossa) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JhXKlYnSWjA
Here’s the video we watched on weapons https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VDA1vSjVp4g
Germany Attacks the Soviet Union –Operation Barbarossa
Hitler’s Reasons for Invading Soviet Union
Soviet Union showed poor military success in the Winter War
Destroy the perceived threat of CommunismHitler wrote in Mein Kampf that he believed
there was “Jewish-Bolshevik” plot against Germans
Also believed that Germany needed “Lebensraum” or “Living Space” for the new German Aryan Nation that would supposedly spread throughout the world
Believed that defeating the Soviets would leave the Allies trapped and defeated
Plans and Attacks of Operation Barbarossa
June 22, 1941 (less than 2 years after the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact) and named after a Holy Roman Emperor who wanted to dominate Europe in the 12th Century
134 fighting divisions with 74 to back them up Around 4 million Germans and over 600,000 from Finland and
Romania and more later from other Axis countries Used Blitzkrieg tactics like Airplane attacks to start and cutting off
supply lines and trapping SovietsWould attack north towards Leningrad (would become
Stalingrad), south towards Kiev (present-day capital of Ukraine) and east towards Moscow
Early success for Germans, especially in the South (Ukraine)
Significance of Operation Barbarossa
One of the war’s turning points The Nazi’s/Axis’ had been mostly dominating until this point Becomes a failure/disaster for German because they can’t
overtake the Russians and they are stuck fighting a two-front war against the Allies which now have superior resources
This operation lasts for about 4 years and is the cause of 95% of German casualties (possibly 4 million soldiers and 900,000 other axis soldiers die) and around 65% of Allied casualties happened, but Soviets are most damaged Soviet soldier deaths is numbered around 8 or 9 million, but
unfortunately, probably around 20 million civilian deaths
Failures of Operation Barbarossa (for Germany)
Reasons for Failures Had to travel long distances (thousands of miles) Underestimated their enemy and their enemy improved (especially
technologically) over time Soviets mobilized over 800 divisions and more than 10 million soldiers Also, Stalin wouldn’t let his people back down
Not prepared for the harsh Soviet winters (Germany thought they could win within 6 to 8 weeks)
Invaded as conquerors who meant to murder the Jews and enslave the rest This caused the fighting to be merciless and ruthless (Ideological struggle)
Russian rains and cold caused German tanks/trucks to be less effective
“No one conquers Russia, unless you are, wait for it…the Mongols”
What are the Problems of a Two-Front War?
Definition – To be fighting a battle and/or war on opposite sides (of your army)
Hitler’s decision to attack the Soviet Union made Hitler’s war, a Two-Front War
Problems: Two-Front Wars require a division of power and supplies, therefore, weakening one side for the benefit for the other (while the other side can focus their entire energy and power on you).
Distance makes for big problems in supplying your army.
Battle for Moscow and Battle of Stalingrad
Moscow - Very important to Hitler (‘Cut out heart of Russia)
Orders that Germany would NOT accept surrender (= death)
Moscow wasn’t defended early, but delays gave them time to build up big defenses (400+ miles of ditches to stop tanks, 800+ miles of barbed wire, 30 thousand firing points and much more soldiers and supplies)
Germany gets within 18 mi.
Stalingrad – Very important industrial city with oil fields
German blitzkrieg tactics started off well, but severe Soviet tactics held their ground Soviet officers life expectancy
was less than 3 days The rubble from all the
damage AND the bad weather caused tanks and trucks to be not as useful
Massive resistance from the USSR gives them victory on Feb. 2, 1943.
(Refer to notes for info)
The Holocaust
Begins in the 1930’s (1933 or 1938) and ends when the Nazis lose in 1945 Hitler taking power and Kristalnacht are both possible beginnings
Defined as the persecution and eventual planned execution of over 6 million (around 2/3 of European Jews and over million of which were children) Jews (and possibly 11 million total) during the time of World War II We know it is a Genocide, what comes to an “ethnic cleansing”, to kill
off a people and their culture“Holocaust” comes from a Greek word that means “sacrifice
by fire”They also targeted homosexuals, gypsies, the
disabled/handicapped, and Jehovah’s witnessMost famous concentration camp: Auschwitz
Good supplements for future classes
http://www.learnnc.org/lp/editions/nchist-worldwar/6002 (about science and technology in WWII – good for Phase 4)
http://world-war-2.info/facts/ (Interesting facts about WWII)
http://io9.com/11-jaw-dropping-weapons-from-world-war-ii-you-probably-511010752 (Crazy, weird, but true weapons of WWII)
May 5th Paper
2 to 4 pages long, double spaced, 12/Times New Roman font
Introduce your topic with a strong thesis and restate that thesis in your conclusion. Write about some background on your topic, along with a summary and significance of the event.
TOPICS: Battle of Midway, Manhattan Project (Atomic Bombs), The Battle of Normandy (D-Day), or the Battle of the Bulge
The paper is due by Thursday, May 8th at midnight.Good luck
The Allied Turnaround
The Allies, partly due to the American entry in WW2, partly due to the British hold against Germany, and mostly due to Germany’s decision to invade the Soviet Union whose massive army and massive land and technological improvement, put the Axis Powers on the ropes.
During 1942, the Allies begin their simultaneous attacks in the European and Pacific Theaters. In Europe, the Allies decide to begin from Africa and head
north. Once deep enough, the Allies would also come from the north.
In the Pacific, the American tactic of “Island Hopping” leads to American led Allied defeat of the Japanese.
The North African Campaign
North Africa: the Doorway to Europe
Actually began in 1940 and lasted until almost 1944Much of the early attacks were colonial disputes
Example: Libya was owned by Italy and Britain owned neighboring Egypt. They fought each other as soon as they Italy declared war on Britain in 1940.
Britain used their colonial countries, like India, for soldiers. The British commonwealth was the prime Allied country involved.
Hitler sent his “Afrika Korps”, led by General Erwin Rommel The fights went back and forth until the Second Battle of El Alamein:
British army broke the Axis forces1943: Operation Torch brings thousands of British and
American forces to North Africa, winning this and then the final Tunisia Campaign to conquer Africa and bring Europe into the picture.
Italy loses all their colonies there and they become the first Axis country to be conquered by the Allies.
Nazi Europe falls to the Allies
Operation Overlord and the Battle of Normandy
Stalin’s efforts on Eastern Front of Europe made Germany weaker in the West and the Allies had regained the Mediterranean and North Africa
Invasion of Normandy: June 6, 1944, the largest amphibious invasion ever led by US General (and future president) Dwight D. Eisenhower.
D-Day saw many Allied nations led by America, the UK, Canada, and France regain Europe starting with this invasion.
The attack began with massive air attacks, parachute landings, then naval assault crafts landing on the beaches, defended by the Germans.
Over 400,000 soldiers died with over 200,000 Allied causalities. But the Allies won the battle.
(More) Significance: The Allies liberate Paris/France, putting Germany on the run, and helped the Soviets by bringing attention away from them onto the Allies in the West (#TwoFrontWarProblems)
Allies Win in Europe
1943, after the success in Africa, the Allies start the Invasion of Sicily (Italy’s Island that the boot is kicking) in July
The Italians realized their defeat was imminent, so they signed an armistice with them very quickly. But Hitler wasn’t having that, as he set up defensive lines across Italy, but the Allies broke through and captured Rome on June 4, 1944.
June 6, 1944 (D-Day) Two days later on D-Day, the largest amphibious invasion in history took place. Nearly 200,000 Allied troops boarded 7,000 ships and more than 3,000 aircraft and headed toward Normandy. Some 156,000 troops landed on the French beaches , 24,000 by air and the rest by sea, where they met stiff resistance from well-defended German positions across 50 miles of French coastline. Allies win after fierce fighting and many reinforcements and liberate Paris on August 25th.
With the liberation of France and the advancement of the Soviets in the East, Germany was ready to be conquered
After a last-ditch attempt by Germany to take the war back into their hands with attack, the Battle of the Bulge, they’re depleted resources were no match for the Allies by 1945
Hitler commits suicide in April, 1945, and Germany surrenders soon after in May, 1945
The Battle of the Bulge
Dec. 1944 to Jan. 1945, this was Germany’s last ditch effort to win World War 2
Germans go through the Ardennes Forest in France and surprise attack the Allies (Allies also were overconfident and didn’t expect another German attack)
Regardless of early success, good weather gave the Allied ample opportunity for air attacks against the Germans
Significance: Allies win and Germany depleted their resources to the point where they would surrender 4 months later. Was also the costliest battle for the United States in World War 2. (Compare to Pacific)
The Pacific Theater: Blood on the Beach
The Allies (led mostly by America) vs. Japan from Dec. 7, 1941 to Aug. 14, 1945 Allies were led by Admiral Chester Nimitz (Allied Naval leader) and General Douglas
MacArthur (US) 1942: Back and forth battles with Japan fighting off Allied forces
America uses the tactic of “island-hopping”, which is going from island to island in the Southeast Asia to take control of them from Japan. Prevents them from being surrounded.
1943: Battle of Guadalcanal: Victory for Allies puts Japan on the defensive for the rest of the war
Fighting with Japan would prove extremely difficult because many Japanese soldiers had an honor code known as “Bushido” where they often fought to their death. For example, in the Battle of the Philippians Sea, the United States faced an enemy well dug-in and prepared to fight. Of the 30,000 Japanese troops who defended Saipan, less than 1,000 remained alive when it ended July 9. Even hundreds of civilians committed suicide rather than being captured.
October 1944: Battle of Leyte Gulf: Allies destroy the Japanese Navy (at least their effectiveness) First Kamikazes (on a big scale) happen and 65,000 Japanese die and 15,000 Americans
are killed or wounded
The End of the War in the Pacific
Though the Allies were winning most of the battles through the end of the war, the Philippines Campaign (fought largely in Jungles) was one of the most deadly of the entire war. Japan would lose over 400,000 soldiers in this campaign.
The Battle of Iwo Jima (Feb. 1944) – Needed the island for airstrips for American B-29 Flyers (bomber airplanes). 7,000 Marines and 24,000 are wounded.
Battle of Okinawa (April 1945): Though war was all but captured for the Allies (Germany had surrendered), the Japanese kept fighting. So, to prepare for a mainland (Japan) invasion, they needed this island. Became a bloody battle of attrition against (enemy concealed in complex
underground defense systems). When the island was finally secured, more than 12,000 U.S. soldiers and Navy personnel were dead or missing and more than 36,000 were wounded. Seventy thousand soldiers of the Japanese 32nd Army died on Okinawa, joined by as many as 100,000 to 150,000 civilians trapped in the crossfire.
This battle probably inspired President Harry Truman (USA) the 2 Atomic Bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August, 1945
Japan surrendered on August 14, 1945
Test Help Sheet (Test 3B)
The Test is on slides 81 to 109No test Q’s on 84-86The PowerPoint will be the main part of the
test, but don’t forget… The Stalingrad Packet…
As always, there will be many options for CAQs. SOME of the topics of these Complete Answer Questions are… Hitler’s Invasion of Stalingrad/the Battle, the decision
to drop the Atomic Bomb, a battle (of your choice) to describe in detail, Japanese honor, 2-Front War
The Test will be Wednesday, May 13th