“Air Pollution and Household Income Distribution in India: Pre- and Post-Reform (1983-1984 to...

8/3/2019 Air Pollution and Household Income Distribution in India: Pre- and Post-Reform (1983-1984 to 2006-2007), by Kak

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5/26

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gafjk {c}d }de ig`}frp repxfjpcbae ifr `dgjkep cj encppcfj aeyeap* ]deregi}er!

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Reyce{ fi Ac}erg}ure

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ifr Mejngro*74

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6/26

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ujmer mciierej} pf`cfe`fjfnc` gjm menfkrgxdc` pèjgrcfp*

Ifr Cjmcg! repegr`derp g} }de Cjmcrg Kgjmdc Cjp}c}u}e fi Meyeafxnej}ga Repegr`d

`grrcem fu} cj.mex}d p}umcep upcjk cjxu}.fu}xu} gjgaspcp gjm gkkrekg}em dfupedfam

etxejmc}ure puryes mg}g }f `gaùag}e }de @F2 encppcfjp irfn ejerks `fjpunx}cfj

ifr mciierej} krfuxp fi dfupedfamp ifr }de segr 7343.7338*25

P* Xg`dgurc! upcjk nc`rf aeyea dfupedfam puryes mg}g irfn Cjmcg! gjgas|ep }de

ygrcg}cfj cj }de xg}}erj gjm wugj}un fi dfupedfam ejerks rewucrenej}p! bf}d mc.re`} gjm cjmcre`}! gjm }de ig`}frp `gupcjk pu`d ygrcg}cfj*

29Gj e`fjfne}rc` gjgaspcp

bgpem fj dfupedfam puryes mg}g irfn Cjmcg ifr }de segr 7330.733= reyegap }dg}

dfupedfam pf`cfe`fjfnc`! menfkrgxdc`! kefkrgxdc`! igncas! gjm m{eaacjk g}}rc.

bu}ep cjiauejè }de }f}ga dfupedfam ejerks rewucrenej}p* ]dere gapf gre agrke

ygrcg}cfjp cj }de xg}}erj fi ejerks rewucrenej}p g`rfpp dfupedfamp beafjkcjk }f

mciierej} etxejmc}ure àgppep* Repua}p pdf{ }dg} }f}ga dfupedfam etxejmc}ure fr

cj`fne aeyea cp }de nfp} cnxfr}gj} etxagjg}frs ygrcgbae `gupcjk ygrcg}cfj cj ej.

erks rewucrenej}p g`rfpp dfupedfamp* Cj gmmc}cfj! }de pc|e fi }de dfupedfam

m{eaacjk gjm }de gke fi }de degm fi }de dfupedfam gre reag}em }f dckder dfupedfamejerks rewucrenej}p* Cj `fj}rgp}! }de junber fi nenberp cj }de dfupedfam gjm

ac}erg`s fi }de degm gre gppf`cg}em {c}d af{er dfupedfam ejerks rewucrenej}p*

CJMCG< GCR XFAAU]CFJ ) DFUPEDFAM CJ@FNE 073


7/26

]de xgxer bs B* Remms gjgas|ep }de msjgnc`p fi ejerks ejm upe cj }de

dfupedfam pe`}fr cj Cjmcg*2;

]de ejerks `fjpunx}cfj cp mcpgkkrekg}em g``frmcjk }f

pf`cga àgpp $enxafsnej} `dgrg`}ercp}c`p! g`èpp }f repfurèp# gjm cj`fne krfux

ifr rurga gp {eaa gp urbgj dfupedfamp* C} cp fbperyem }dg} agrke ygrcg}cfjp cj ejerks

upe etcp} g`rfpp mciierej} pe`}cfjp fi dfupedfampurbgj&rurga! af{&dckd cj`fne

krfuxp* ]de xgxer eygaug}ep }de ejerks.xfyer}s jetup! cnxg`}p fi dfupedfam

ejerks `fjpunx}cfj fj acyeacdffm! gjm kejmer cppuep* Gapf mcpùppem gre }de

xfpc}cye eiie`}p fi cjjfyg}cfj cj ejerks eiic`cej`s gjm }de rewucrem xfac`cep gjm

pxe`cic` xrfxfpgap ifr kfyerjnej} cj}eryej}cfj }f g`dceye }de xf}ej}cga ifr ejerks

eiic`cej`s*

]dere gre pfne f}der {frop ifr Cjmcg }dg} meperye }f be mcpùppem* X* Pcomgr gjm

P* Nfjmga pukkep}em }dg} gj gcr wugac}s ngjgkenej} fj remu`cjk p}g}cfjgrs pfurè

gjm nfbcae pfurè encppcfjp {caa deax }f nc}ckg}e }de gcr xfaau}cfj gjm cnxrfye }de

wugac}s fi acie*24

Y* Og}durcg gjm J* Odgj dgye g}}enx}em }f icjm fu} }de eycmejè

fi ejycrfjnej}ga cjewuc}s! c*e*! {de}der }dere cp gjs mcyerkejè cj }de dfupedfamp

etxfpure }f gcr xfaau}cfj $pngaa xgr}cùag}e ng}}er# fj g``fuj} fi mciierejèp cj

}decr pf`cfe`fjfnc` `dgrg`}ercp}c`p cj Meadc! Cjmcg*23

]de e`fjfne}rc` gjgaspcp

pukkep}p }dg} }de e`fjfnc`gaas bgò{grm `fnnujc}cep gre }de nfp} giie`}em bs }de

etxfpure }f gcr xfaau}cfj fj gyergke* ]de eiie`} cp wuc}e xrfjfujèm {dej }des gre

p}gscjk cj cjmup}rcga gregp* Df{eyer! }de repegr`d `fuam jf} icjm gjs eycmejè fi

ejycrfjnej}ga cjewuc}s mue }f reackcfj! gjm }de eycmejè {gp {ego ifr }de `fn.

nujc}cep }dg} gre `fjpcmerem pf`cgaas bgò{grm* Emu`g}cfj g`}p gp g meiejpegkgcjp} ejycrfjnej}ga etxfpure {dej }dg} etxfpure `rfppep g }drepdfam aeyea* ]de

gjgaspcp fi repcmej}cga gjm cjmup}rcga gregp pukkep}p }dg} etxfpure }f gcr xfaau}cfj cp

mexejmej} fj }de af`g}cfj fi repcmejè cj gmmc}cfj }f pf`cfe`fjfnc` p}g}up*

Cj dcp reèj} p}ums! G* Kgrk affop g} }de dungj dega}d cnxg`}p irfn urbgj gcr

xfaau}cfj cj Cjmcg*08

C} pdf{p }dg} nglfr XN78 encppcfj pfurèp gre f{jem bs }de

dckder cj`fne krfuxp gjm }de e`fjfnc` bejeic}p gapf g``rue }f }den! {dcae }de

xffr `grrs g mcpxrfxfr}cfjg}eas dckder pdgre fi }de repua}gj} gcr xfaau}cfj dega}d

burmej* Pu`d xfaau}cfj cp epxe`cgaas dgrniua }f xffr xefxae* Pf }de `f.bejeic}p

irfn kafbga àcng}e `dgjke xfac`cep cj }ernp fi remuèm af`ga gcr xfaau}cfj `gjdgye xfpc}cye ewuc}s cnxg`}p* Dega}d cnxg`}p $nfr}gac}s gjm nfrbcmc}s# fi XN78

xfaau}cfj gre wugj}cicem ifr mciierej} pf`cfe`fjfnc` krfuxp cj Meadc* ]de pxg}cga

XN78 `fjèj}rg}cfj aeyeap gre fyeragcm {c}d pxg}cga pf`cfe`fjfnc` mg}g* Cn.

xrfyenej} cj gcr wugac}s {fuam repua} cj bckker dega}d bejeic}p ifr }de xffr* Nfp}

negpurep }dg} remuè XN78 xfaau}gj}p gapf remuè `grbfj mcftcme encppcfjp {dcae

pcnua}gjefupas cnxfpcjk dckder `fp}p fj }de nfre giiauej}*

]de p}umcep gbfye g}}enx}em }f ifùp fj dfupedfam ejerks `fjpunx}cfj irfn

g meyeafxcjk `fuj}rs xerpxe`}cye* Bu} p}umscjk }de kejerg}cfj fi xfaau}cfj! xgr.

}cùagras bs mciierej} cj`fne àgpp! gjm }de repxfjpcbae ig`}frp cj }de Cjmcgje`fjfns u}cac|cjk cjxu}.fu}xu} ne}dfmfafks cp rgre cj }de g`gmenc` ac}erg}ure*

]dup! {e {caa `fjèj}rg}e fj }dcp cppue dere*



8/26

Nfmea Ifrnuag}cfj

]de xrepej} p}ums meyeafxp }de nfmea bgpem fj }de cjxu}.fu}xu} p}ru`}urga

me`fnxfpc}cfj gxxrfg`d ifr }de ep}cng}cfj fi xfaau}gj}p encppcfj $@F2! PF2! gjm

JFT# gjm ig`}frp repxfjpcbae ifr `dgjkep cj encppcfj aeyeap* ]de nfmea cp iur}deret}ejmem }f cj`frxfrg}e mciierej} cj`fne krfuxp*

Nfmea 7< Nfmea 7 p}gr}p {c}d }de bgpc` `fjèx}p fi }de cjxu}.fu}xu} irgne{fro

fi [* Aefj}cei*07

Ng}deng}c`gaas! }de p}ru`}ure fi }de cjxu}.fu}xu} nfmea `gj be

etxreppem gp Gt / S< 7

]de pfau}cfj fi ewug}cfj $7# kcyep

T > $C G#7S 2

{dere $CG#7 cp }de ng}rct fi }f}ga cjxu} rewucrenej}p* Ifr gj ejerks cjxu}.fu}xu}

nfmea! }de nfje}grs iaf{p cj }de ejerks rf{p cj ewug}cfj $2# gre rexagèm {c}d }de

xdspc`ga iaf{p fi ejerks }f `fjp}ru`} }de ejerks iaf{p g``fuj}cjk cmej}c}s! {dc`d

`fjifrnp }f }de ejerks bgagjè `fjmc}cfj* [e gxxas g dsbrcm ne}dfm bgpem fj

R* Ncaaer gjm X* Bagcr! gjm c} ga{gsp `fjifrnp }f ejerks `fjperyg}cfj `fjmc}cfjp*02

Fj }de bgpcp fi }de gbfye ep}cng}em ickure {e `gaùag}e }de mcre`} `grbfj mc.ftcme! puaiur mcftcme! gjm jc}rfkej ftcme encppcfj `feiic`cej} gjm }f}ga $mcre`} gjm

cjmcre`}# @F2! PF2! gjm JFT encppcfj `feiic`cej}*

Ae} @ > @$l# ,,

C} cp g ye`}fr fi ifppca iuea encppcfj `feiic`cej}p rexrepej}cjk }de yfaune fi

@F2! PF2! gjm JFT encppcfjp xer ujc} fi fu}xu} cj mciierej} pe`}frp! }dg} cp! {dej

}de pe`}frga yfaune fi @F2! PF2! gjm JFT encppcfj cp mcycmem bs pe`}frga fu}xu}

c} }dej kcyep up }de mcre`} @F2! PF2! gjm JFT encppcfj `feiic`cej}* ]de mcre`} gjmcjmcre`} `grbfj! puaiur! gjm jc}rfkej encppcfj `feiic`cej} fi pe`}fr l`gj be meicjem

gp @lrcl! {dere rclcp }de $c!l#}d

eaenej} fi }de ng}rct $CG#7

* ]de mcre`} gjm cjmcre`}

@F2! PF2! gjm JFT fi g pe`}fr cp meicjem gp encppcfjp `gupem bs }de xrfmu`}cfj

ye`}fr jeemem }f puxxfr} icjga mengjm cj }dg} pe`}fr* ]dcp {fuam mexejm jf} fjas

fj }de mcre`} gjm cjmcre`} encppcfj `feiic`cej} fi }dg} pe`}fr bu} gapf fj }de aeyea fi

pe`}frga icjga mengjm*Encppcfj Nfmea< Jf{ cj ewug}cfj ifrn! @F2! PF2! gjm JFT encppcfjp irfn

ifppca iuea `fnbup}cfj `gj be `gaùag}em irfn cjmup}rcga iuea mg}g cj }de ifaaf{cjk

ngjjer @}A7T > @}A7 $C G#7S< 0



9/26

Dere! I rexrepej}p g ye`}fr! kcycjk }de }f}ga wugj}c}s fi @F2! PF2! gjm JFTencppcfjp irfn ifppca iuea `fnbup}cfj fjas? @gp g ye`}fr fi mcnejpcfj n $nt7#!

fi `feiic`cej}p ifr @F2! PF2! gjm JFT encppcfjp xer ujc} fi ifppca iuea burjem? A7cp g ng}rct $ntj# fi }de cjmup}rcga `fjpunx}cfj cj ejerks ujc}p fi n }sxep fi iuea

xer ujc} fi }f}ga fu}xu} fij cjmup}rcep? gjm pubp`rcx} }mejf}ep }de }rgjpxfpe fi }dcp

ye`}fr*

Cj ewug}cfj $0#! @}A7> P`grrcep fjas mcre`} rewucrenej} fi @F2! PF2! gjm JFTcj}ejpc}cep irfn cjmup}rcep gjm @}A7$C G#

7kcyep }de mcre`} gp {eaa gp cjmcre`}

rewucrenej} fi @F2! PF2! gjm JFT cj}ejpc}cep irfn cjmup}rcep*

Pf ewug}cfj $0# etxagcjp }de @F2! PF2! gjm JFT encppcfjp mue }f ifppca iuea

`fnbup}cfj cj Cjmcg irfn xrfmu`}cfj g`}cyc}cep*P}ru`}urga Me`fnxfpc}cfj Gjgaspcp< Jet}! {e meyeafx g p}ru`}urga me`fnxfpc}cfj

gjgaspcp $PMG# ifr }dcp nfmea }f ep}cng}e }de `dgjkep cj encppcfj cj eg`d xercfm

gp {eaa gp }f `gx}ure }de repxfjpcbae ig`}frp ifr pu`d `dgjkep cj encppcfj*00 ]de

}f}ga cjmup}rcga @F2! PF2! gjm JFT encppcfjp $]E# `gj be etxreppem gp MI > PRS > P$C G#7

S =

{dere R > $C G#7*

Cj }de gbfye ewug}cfj! Prexrepej}p }de cjmup}rcga @F2! PF2! gjm JFT cj}ejpc}s*

G``frmcjk }f }de p}ru`}urga me`fnxfpc}cfj gjgaspcp ne}dfm! }de `dgjke cj }f}ga

@F2! PF2! gjm JFT encppcfjp be}{eej gjs }{f segrp! c*e*! segr f gjm segr}! `gj

be cmej}cicem gp MI > P}$C G}#7S} Pf $C Gf#

7Sf 5

> P}R}S} PfRfSf 9

> P}R}S} PfR}S} / PfR}S} PfRfSf ;

> MPR}S} / PfR}S} PfRfSf 4

> MPR}S} / PfR}S} PfRfS} / PfRfS} PfRfSf 3

> MPR}S} / PfMRS} / PfRfS} PfRfSf 78

> MPR}S} / PfMRS} / PfRfMS< 77

]de icrp} }ern fi ewug}cfj $77# reiae`}p }de @F2! PF2! gjm JFT encppcfj

`dgjkep mue }f }de `dgjkep fi @F2! PF2! gjm JFT cj}ejpc}s fi ygrcfup cjmup}rcep*

]de pe`fjm }ern fi }dg} ewug}cfj meicjep }de @F2! PF2! gjm JFT encppcfj

`dgjkep mue }f }de `dgjkep cj }de }e`djc`ga `feiic`cej} ng}rct* ]de }dcrm }ern fiewug}cfj $77# reierp }f }de @F2! PF2! gjm JFT encppcfj `dgjkep mue }f }de

`dgjkep cj }de icjga mengjm fi ygrcfup cjmup}rcep* Dere } reierp }f }de `urrej}



10/26

xercfm gjmf meicjep }de xreycfup xercfm* Fjas iuea JFT dgp beej `fjpcmerem*

]dernga JFT dgp jf} beej }goej cj}f `fjpcmerg}cfj*

Nfmea 2Et}ejpcfj fi }de Nfmea Cj`frxfrg}cjk Mciierej} Cj`fne Krfuxp< ]f

`gaùag}e }de `fj}rcbu}cfj fi }de gbfye encppcfj `dgjkep `fj}rcbu}em bs }de mci.ierej} cj`fne krfuxp! }de xreycfup nfmea dgp beej et}ejmem g``frmcjkas*

0=]de

icjga mengjm ye`}fr S dgp beej }reg}em pexgrg}eas bs bregocjk }de }f}ga icjga me.

ngjm gp S7 / S2 72

{dere S7 > @a/ @n / @d

S2 > S2< 70

]de }ern @a `grrcep }de ye`}fr fi dfupedfam `fjpunx}cfj beafjkcjk }f af{er.

cj`fne krfuxp? @n meicjep }de ye`}fr fi dfupedfam `fjpunx}cfj beafjkcjk }f

ncmmae.cj`fne krfuxp? @d cnxacep }de ye`}fr fi dfupedfam `fjpunx}cfj be.

afjkcjk }f dckder.cj`fne krfuxp? gjm }de }ern S2 pckjcicep }de ye`}fr fi f}der icjga

mengjm `fnxfjej}p pu`d gp kfyerjnej} `fjpunx}cfj! `dgjke cj p}fò! cj.

yep}nej}! etxfr}! gjm cnxfr}*

Jf{! ci {e cj}rfmuè ewug}cfjp $72# gjm $70# cj}f ewug}cfj $77#! }dej c} ua}c.

ng}eas ifrnp }de ifaaf{cjk ewug}cfjMPR}$@a}/ @n}/ @d}/ S2}# / PfMR$@a}/ @n}/ @d}/ S2}# /

PfRfM$@a/ @n / @d / S2# MPR}@a}/MPR}@n}/MPR}@d}/MPR}S2} 7=g

Acoe{cpe! }de pe`fjm }ern fi ewug}cfj $7=#! c*e*! $7=b#! `fyerp }de `dgjkep cj}e`djc`ga `feiic`cej} fi @F2! PF2! gjm JFT }ern bs `fjpcmercjk }de mciierej} icjga

mengjm krfuxp*

> PfMR @a}/ PfMR @n}/ PfMR @d}/ PfMRS2} 7=b

Icjgaas! }de }dcrm }ern fi ewug}cfj $7=# reiae`}p }de `dgjkep cj }de icjga mengjm

fi @F2! PF2! gjm JFT }ern bs `fjpcmercjk }de mciierej} icjga mengjm krfuxp*

> PfRfM@a/ PfRfM@n / PfRfM@d / PfRfMS2 7=`

Eg`d cj`fne krfuxp pxe`cic` gjm rep} fi }de icjga mengjmp `fj}rcbu}cfj ifr

@F2! PF2! gjm JFT encppcfjp `gj be me}erncjem irfn ewug}cfjp $7=g#! $7=b#! gjm



11/26

$7=`#* Bs }dcp `g}ekfrc|g}cfj! {e `gj ep}cng}e }de mekree fi repxfjpcyejepp fi }de

repxfjpcbae ig`}frp ifr gaa encppcfjp gnfjk eg`d cj`fne krfux cj g pxe`cga ifrn*

A> M

PR}@a}/

PfM

R @a}/

PfRfM

@a 75g

N > MPR}@n}/ PfMR @n}/ PfRfM @n 75b

D > MPR}@d}/ PfMR @d}/ PfRfM @d 75`

S2 > MP R} S2}/ PfMRS2}/ PfRfM S2 75m

Ewug}cfjp $75g#! $75b#! $75`#! gjm $75m# `fnbcje }de }f}ga repxfjpcbae ig`}frp

eiie`} ifr eg`d cj`fne krfux*

Mg}g Pfurèp gjm Xrfèppcjk

]f cnxaenej} }de nfmea gjm `fjmu`} }de p}ru`}urga me`fnxfpc}cfj gjgas.

pcp fi ejerks `fjpunx}cfj `dgjkep gnfjk mciierej} cj`fne krfuxp! {e rewucre

cjxu}.fu}xu} mg}g! xrcè cjmcèp! ejerks iaf{ mg}g gjm encppcfj mg}g $}de

Cj}erkfyerjnej}ga Xgjea fj @acng}e @dgjke kucmeacjep#! gjm `fjpunx}cfj et.

xejmc}urep fi mciierej} `fnnfmc}cep ifr mciierej} etxejmc}ure àgppep*05

Gkkrekg}cfj fi }de Cjxu}.Fu}xu} ]gbae< Cjxu}.fu}xu} }gbaep fi }de Cjmcgj

e`fjfns ifr }de segrp 7340.734=! 7330.733=! gjm 2889.288; xrexgrem bs }de

@ej}rga P}g}cp}c`ga Frkgjc|g}cfj fi }de Cjmcgj kfyerjnej} gre enxafsem cj }dcp

p}ums*09

Cjxu}.fu}xu} }gbaep gre `fnnfmc}s.bs.`fnnfmc}s }gbaep `fjpcp}cjk fi

775t775 pe`}frp ifr }de segrp 7340.734= gjm 7330.733= {dcae }de segr 2889.288;

`fjpcp}p fi 708t708 pe`}frp* ]depe dgye beej gkkrekg}em }f =; pe`}frp fj }de bgpcp

fi }de jg}ure fi `fnnfmc}cep gjm ejerks cj}ejpcyejepp*

Xrcè Cjmcèp< [e upe 7330.733= gp g bgpe segr gjm gmlup} 7340.734=! 7330.

733=! gjm 2889.288; }gbaep }f 7330.733= xrcèp upcjk puc}gbae xrcè cjmc epgygcagbae irfn }de Jg}cfjga G``fuj}p P}g}cp}c`p*

Ejerks Mg}g< [e `fjyer} }de nfje}grs ujc}p fi }de ejerks pe`}frp cj}f xdspc`ga

ujc} irfn }de ejerks mg}g xubacpdem bs }de @ej}er ifr Nfjc}frcjk }de Cjmcgj

E`fjfns $ifr }de segrp 7337 gjm 7334# gjm }de @ej}rga P}g}cp}c`ga Frkgjc|g}cfjp

2883 rexfr}*0;

]de ifaaf{cjk ejerks pe`}frp! ej`fnxgppcjk `fga $negpurem gp

ncaacfj }fjp#! `rume xe}rfaeun $negpurem cj ncaacfj }fjp#! jg}urga kgp $negpurem

cj ncaacfj ùbc` ne}erp#! gjm eae`}rc`c}s $negpurem cj }erg{g}}. dfurp#! dgye beej

`fjyer}em cj}f fje `fnnfj ujc}! {dc`d cp ncaacfj }fjp fi fca ewucygaej} $}fe#* Ifrep}cng}cfj fi @F2! PF2! gjm JFT encppcfj {e dgye upem }de Cj}erkfyerjnej}ga

Xgjea fj @acng}e @dgjke kucmeacjep*

]DE LFURJGA FI EJERKS GJM MEYEAFXNEJ]02=


12/26

Mg}g fj @fjpuner Etxejmc}ure< ]de Jg}cfjga Pgnxae Puryes Frkgjc|g}cfj

$JPPF# mg}g ifr 04}d rfujm $7340.734=#! 58}d rfujm $7330.733=#! gjm 98}d rfujm

$2880.288=# dgye beej `faae`}em irfn }de JPPF Fiicè! Je{ Meadc! {dc`d {ere

cj }de *mg} ifrng}! gjm `fjyer}em }f }de rewucrem ifrng} upcjk PXPP 78*8* ]de 98}d

rfujm mg}g fi `fjpuner etxejmc}ure dgp beej upem ifr }de xercfm 2889.288;*JPPF mg}g pe}p dgye beej grrgjkem cj }ernp fi c}en `fme! etxejmc}ure fj }dfpe

c}enp! gjm }dej nfj}das xer.`gxc}g `fjpunx}cfj etxejmc}ure $NX@E#* Mg}g gre

grrgjkem gjm pfr}em g``frmcjk }f mciierej} etxejmc}ure àgpp! {dc`d gre iur}der

pekrekg}em cj }ernp fi mciierej} etxejmc}ure àgpp NX@E ifr af{er.cj`fne krfux

$ACK#! ncmmae.cj`fne krfux $NCK#! gjm dckder.cj`fne krfux $DCK#*04

]dcp

àgppcic g}cfj dgp beej ngme ifr }de segr 7330.733=* Mue }f `dgjkep cj xrcèp! }de

pc|e fi }de cj`fne krfux {caa `dgjke ifr }de segr 7340.734= gjm 2880.288=* Pf

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cj }de cjxu}.fu}xu} }gbae gnfjk }de }dree cj`fne krfuxp*

Nfmea Ep}cng}cfj gjm Gjgaspcp fi Repua}p

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xerèj} cj }de 20.segr xercfm fi fur p}ums $7340.734= }f 2889.288;#*

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}dg} fi @F2 gjm JFT*

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gjm JFT cp yers dckd ifr }de ejerks pe`}frp pu`d gp `fga gjm ackjc}e! `rume



13/26

xe}rfaeun gjm jg}urga kgp! gjm eae`}rc`c}s* [c}dcj }depe }dree ejerks pe`}frp! }de

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]f}ga Encppcfjp

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$cj xerèj}#

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14/26

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CJMCG< GCR XFAAU]CFJ ) DFUPEDFAM CJ@FNE 02;


15/26

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xrepej}em xreycfupas*03

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288;#*

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7340.734=! 7330.733=! GJM 2889.288;



16/26

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17/26

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18/26

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meycèp! }de }f}ga `fjpunx}cfj fi ejerks {caa jf} cj`regpe pckjcic`gj}as* Dckd.

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ifr deg}cjk {g}er* Dckd.cj`fne dfupedfamp gapf xur`dgpe f}der dckd.krgme iueap!

ifr etgnxae! eae`}rc`c}s! {dc`d gre enxafsem ifr g kreg}er ygrce}s fi ejm upep pu`d

gp gcr `fjmc}cfjcjk! reirckerg}cfj! e}`* $f}der }dgj deg}cjk#* ]de p}ru`}urga mciier.

ejèp fi ejerks `grrcerp ifr `ffocjk! ackd}cjk! }rgjpxfr}! gjm f}der murgbaep gnfjk

mciierej} cj`fne `g}ekfrcep gre regmcas fbperyem cj }de `gpe fi Cjmcg*=0

Gp }de mg}g pdf{ $}gbae =#! }dere {gp g ygrcg}cfj cj }de `fj}rcbu}cfj fi mciierej}

ejerks `grrcerp }f }de `ffocjk ejerks nct fi mciierej} cj`fne krfuxp fyer }de }cne

xercfm ujmer p}ums* [c}d cj`regpcjk mcpxfpgbae cj`fne gjm `dgjkep cj acie.p}saep!dfupedfamp }ejm }f p{c}`d irfn bcfngpp }f oerfpcje gjm }dej }f AXK&eae`}rc`c}s*

]de ejerks `fjpunx}cfj xg}}erjp fi urbgj dfupedfamp `dgjke pckjcic`gj}as* ]dcp

ngs be mue }f }de cj`regpe cj }de ygrcfup gxxacgjèp pu`d gp ]Yp! nc`rf{gyep! gcr

`fjmc}cfjcjk ujc}p! gjm }de acoe* ]de ngcj ig`}frp }dg} me}erncje }de peae`}cfj fi

ejerks `grrcerp cjàume< xrcèp fi iueap gjm }de `frrepxfjmcjk u}cac}s meycèp!

mcpxfpgbae cj`fne fi dfupedfamp! gygcagbcac}s fi iueap! gjm ùa}urga xreierejèp*==

[c}d }e`djfafkc`ga gmygjèp! gppf`cg}em ejm.upe meycèp gapf gre nfycjk cj }de

pgne mcre`}cfj* Bu}! cjeiic`cej} ejerks upe cp pckjcic`gj} cj nfp} `gpep*

]dup! B* Remms fbperyep g xfpc}cye reag}cfjpdcx be}{eej krf{}d cj xer.`gxc}gcj`fne gjm dfupedfam mengjm ifr `fnner`cga iueap*

=5Ifr nfp} meyeafxcjk

`fuj}rcep! mengjm ifr `fnner`cga iueap dgp rcpej nfre rgxcmas }dgj xer.`gxc}g

]gbae =CJMCG< DFUPEDFAM @FNNER@CGA EJERKS @FJPUNX]CFJ! 7348 ]F 2885

$cj xe}glfuaep fr wugmrcaacfj lfuaep#

Ejerks@grrcer 7348

% fi]f}ga 7338

% fi]f}ga 2888

% fi]f}ga 2885

% fi]f}ga

Oerfpcje 205*4 ;2*04 087*5 55*98 242*8 02*;8 295*8 20*73

Acwueicem

xe}rfaeun kgp

5=*8 79*5; 77;*8 27*5; 244*8 00*03 =2;*8 0;*=2

Eae`}rc`c}s 09*8 77*85 720*4 22*40 232*5 00*37 =58*8 03*03

]f}ga 025*4 788*88 5=2*0 788*88 492*5 788*88 77=2*8 788*88

Pfurè< B* P* Remms! X* Bgag`dgjmrg! gjm D* P* O* Jg}dgj! Gj Ej}rexrejeurpdcx Nfmea ifr

Ejerks Enxf{ernej} fi Cjmcgj DfupedfampE`fjfnc` gjm Xfac`s Gjgaspcp! [X.2884.82=! Cjmcrg

Kgjmdc Cjp}c}u}e fi Meyeafxnej} Repegr`d! Nunbgc! Cjmcg! Jfyenber 2884*



19/26

cj`fnep pcjè 73;8* ]dcp reiae`}p }de cj`regpcjk mepcre ifr `fnifr} gjm mcp`re.

}cfjgrs ejerks `fjpunx}cfj*

Upcjk }de icye ifrnp fi f`ùxg}cfj! B* Remms fbperyep gj gppf`cg}cfj be}{eej

f`ùxg}cfj gjm ejerks upeg}}gcjcjk dckder enxafsnej} p}g}up gjm g pdci} }f

nfmerj ejerks `grrcerp*=9 Df{eyer! }dcp cp gxxac`gbae agrkeas }f urbgj rekcfjp

{dere }de gygcagbcac}s fi nfmerj ejerks `grrcerp cp dckd* Ifr etgnxae! =5 xerèj}

fi }de dfupedfamp cj }de ncmmae.aeyea enxafsee `g}ekfrs upe AXK* Pcncagr repua}p

{ere ifujm ifr f}der `g}ekfrcep! }ff! gp peej cj }gbae 5*

]de dfupedfam ejerks `fjpunx}cfj `dgjkep cj Cjmcg irfn }rgmc}cfjga }f

`fnner`cga ejerks ifrnp gre aegmcjk }f }de kejerg}cfj fi nfre xfaau}cfj* ]de

ujmerascjk ig`}frp bedcjm }depe `dgjkep cj xfaau}cfj bs mciierej} dfupedfam

krfuxp {caa be gjgas|em dere fj }de bgpcp fi }de nfmea meyeafxem egracer! c*e*!

ewug}cfj $75#*

]de `dgjkep cj cj}ejpc}s `fj}rcbu}em bs }de }dree krfuxp gre cmej}cicem cj }gbae

9* ]de fyergaa cj}ejpc}s eiie`} pdgrxas cj`regpem irfn }de icrp} xercfm $7340.734=

}f 7330.733=# }f }de pe`fjm xercfm $7330.733= }f 2889.288;#! gp mcm }de `fj.

}rcbu}cfjp ngme bs }de }dree cj`fne krfuxp* ]de jekg}cye gmlup}nej} fi }dcp cj.

}ejpc}s eiie`} {gp ngme bs }de f}der icjga mengjm pe`}frp pu`d gp etxfr}p! cnxfr}p!

gjm kfyerjnej} `fjpunx}cfj* Ifr bf}d fi }de xercfmp! }de f}der icjga mengjm

pe`}fr xerifrnem jekg}cyeas! c*e*! }de `fj}rcbu}cfj deaxem }f remuè }de cj}ejpc}s fi

@F2! PF2! gjm JFT* ]de cj`regpem cj}ejpc}s eiie`} murcjk }de p}ums xercfm cp

mcp}rcbu}em gnfjk }de }dree cj`fne krfuxp* Gnfjk }de cj`fne krfuxcjkp! }dedckder.cj`fne krfuxp `fj}rcbu}e nfre }f gj cj`regpe cj cj}ejpc}s gjm }de re.

ngcjmer cp mcp}rcbu}em gnfjk }de ncmmae. gjm af{er.cj`fne aeyeap* ]de gppepp.

nej} fi }de {dfae p}ums xercfm $7340.734= }f 2889.288;# reiae`}p }de `dgjke cj

}de encppcfj cj}ejpc}s fi gaa cj`fne krfuxp! {dc`d cj`regpem cj }de reifrn xercfm

`fnxgrem }f }de xre.reifrn xercfm ifr `grbfj mcftcme gjm puaiur mcftcme {dcae ifr

]gbae 5CJMCG< PDGRE FI EJERKS UPE BS F@@UXG]CFJ

$gp xerèj} fi }f}ga#

F`ùxg}cfj Bcfiueap Oerfpcje Eae`}rc`c}s

Acwueicem

Xe}rfaeun Kgp ]f}ga

Eteù}cyep 75*;9 77*9= 7*38 ;8*;8 788

Ncmmae.aeyea enxafseep 08*42 22*25 7*=7 =5*57 788

Af{er.aeyea enxafseep =2*;7 74*=7 8*44 04*88 788

Agbfrerp 59*4; 2=*47 7*78 7;*20 788

F}derp =4*57 74*47 8*9; 02*88 788

Pfur e< B* P* Remms! E`fjfnc gjm Pf`cga Mcnejpcfjp fi Dfupedfam Ejerks Upe< G @gpe P}ums fi

Cjmcg! cj Gmygjèp cj Ejerks P}umcep! emp* E* Fr}ekg gjm P* Uakcg}c! Xrfèemcjkp fi }de CY }de Bcejjcga

Cj}erjg}cfjga [fropdfx! Ujc`gnx! @gnxcjgp! Pgf Xguaf! Brg|ca! Luje 79.73! 288=! xx* =93.;;*



20/26

JFT }de krf{}d meàcjem* Fyergaa! c} àegras reyegap }dg} eyej ci }de reifrn

p}rg}eks ifr ejerks cp cnxaenej}em bs }de kfyerjnej} fi Cjmcg! }de `dgjkep cj

encppcfjp cj}ejpc}s aem }f gj cj`regpe cj encppcfjp mue }f }de ejerks `fjpunx}cfj

xg}}erjp fi }de dckder.cj`fne krfux*

]de }e`djfafkc ga `dgjke fi }de }dree gcr xfaau}gj}p dgp cnxrfyem }de pc}ug}cfj

murcjk }de xercfm* C} deaxem }f remuè encppcfjp }drfukdfu} }de p}ums xercfm* ]de

jekg}cye `fj}rcbu}cfj $remu`}cfj cj encppcfjp# cp mcp}rcbu}em gnfjk }de icjga me.

ngjm `g}ekfrcep}dree mciierej} cj`fne krfuxp gjm f}der icjga mengjm pe`}fr* Gp

peej cj }gbae ;! }de `fj}rcbu}cfj ngme bs }de f}der icjga mengjm pe`}fr cp dckdep} cj

}dg} repxe`}! ifaaf{em bs }de dckder cj`fne krfuxp {dcae }de `fj}rcbu}cfj fi }de

af{er.cj`fne krfuxp cp xfpc}cye $gj cj`regpe cj encppcfjp#! {dc`d deaxp }f etxagcj

}de dckder encppcfjp* Df{eyer! ifr }de af{er.cj`fne krfuxp }de xre.reifrn

`fj}rcbu}cfj {gp kreg}er {dej `fnxgrem }f }de reifrn xercfm*

]de `dgjke cj }de icjga mengjm `fnxfjej} cp dckdep} gnfjk gaa f}der ig`}frp! gp

`gj be peej cj }gbae 4* ]de }f}ga `fj}rcbu}cfj ngme bs }dcp ig`}fr cp dckder cj }de

reifrn xercfm reag}cye }f }de xre.reifrn xercfm* ]de agrkep} pdgre cp `fj}rcbu}em bs }de

dckder.cj`fne krfuxp! ifaaf{em bs }de ncmmae.cj`fne gjm f}der icjga mengjm `g}.

ekfrs* ]de af{ep} cj`fne krfuxp gre }de aegp} `fj}rcbu}frp cj }dcp repxe`}* ]de xer.

ifrngjè cp pcncagr g`rfpp }de xfaau}gj}p@F2! PF2! gjm JFTcj }de }{f xercfmp*

]de }rejm fi }de `fj}rcbu}cfj fi mciierej} ig`}frp rengcjp ganfp} }de pgne ifr

}de ncmmae. gjm dckder.cj`fne krfuxp g`rfpp }de xercfm* ]de mekree fi pdci}cjk

be}{eej ig`}frp ifr ncmmae. gjm dckder.cj`fne krfuxp cp jf} `fjpcmergbae* Bu} }de`fj}rcbu}cfj ngme bs af{er.cj`fne krfuxp cp aegp} g`rfpp }de ig`}frp! {c}d }de

etèx}cfj fi }e`djfafkc`ga `dgjke*

]gbae 9CJMCG< @FJ]RCBU]CFJ FI AF[ER.! NCMMAE.! GJM DCKDER.CJ@FNE KRFUXP ]F

@DGJKEP CJ CJ]EJPC]S FI @GRBFJ MCFTCME $@F2#! PUAIUR MCFTCME $PF2#! GJM

JC]RFKEJ FTCME $JFT# ENCPPCFJP IRFN 7340.734= ]F 2889.288;



Segr Xfaau}gj}p

@dgjke cj

Cj}ejpc}s

$MP#

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Cj`fne

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7340.734=

}f

7330.733=

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PF2 7*23 8*48 .=*=3 =*9; 8*07

JFT 2*37 8*0= .8*73 7*94 7*84

7330.733=

}f

2889.288;

@F2

7;2*;2 ==*0; 93*;= 775*49 .5;*25

PF2 ;*=0 8*33 7*5; 0*;3 7*84

JFT 2*5= .8*== .2*24 8*25 5*87



21/26

]de dckder.cj`fne krfuxp mfncjg}e ifr gaa xfaau}gj} `gpep! ifaaf{em bs ncm.

mae.cj`fne krfuxp! {dcae af{er.cj`fne krfuxp dgye g jekackcbae rfae fyer }de

p}ums xercfm ifr gaa encppcfjp gjm ifr ganfp} gaa ig`}frp* C} cp {eaa ojf{j }dg}

xefxae {df acye cj xfyer}s gre etxfpem }f }de {frp} ejycrfjnej}ga gjm dega}d

rcpop* Fyergaa! pfne{dere be}{eej 25 gjm 00 xer`ej} fi }de kafbga burmej fimcpegpep `gj be g}}rcbu}em }f ejycrfjnej}ga ig`}frp* ]dcp xrfxfr}cfj cp agrker cj

`fjmc}cfjp fi xfyer}s! {dere nfre ejycrfjnej}ga dg|grmp gre xrepej} cj }de jegrbs

]gbae ;CJMCG< @FJ]RCBU]CFJ FI AF[ER.! NCMMAE.! GJM DCKDER.CJ@FNE KRFUXP ]F

@DGJKEP CJ ]E@DJFAFKS FI @GRBFJ MCFTCME $@F2#! PUAIUR MCFTCME $PF2#! GJM

JC]RFKEJ FTCME $JFT# ENCPPCFJP IRFN 7340.734= ]F 2889.288;



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$MR#

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JFT .7*0= 8*75 8*84 .8*;3 .8*;4

7330.733=

}f

2889.288;

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PF2 .0*92 .8*=4 .8*;9 .7*45 .8*50

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]gbae 4CJMCG< @FJ]RCBU]CFJ FI AF[ER.! NCMMAE.! GJM DCKDER.CJ@FNE KRFUXP ]F

@DGJKEP CJ ]DE ICJGA MENGJM FI @GRBFJ MCFTCME $@F2#! PUAIUR MCFTCME

$PF2#! GJM JC]RFKEJ FTCME $JFT# ENCPPCFJP IRFN 7340.734= ]F 2889.2889



Segr Xfaau}gj}p

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JFT 0*09 8*8; 8*04 7*05 7*59

7330.733=

}f

2889.288;

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;;8*94 00*43 79=*38 07;*29 25=*90

PF2 4*2= 8*79 8*44 0*;8 0*58

JFT 72*;2 8*2= 7*37 =*4; 5*;8

]DE LFURJGA FI EJERKS GJM MEYEAFXNEJ]00=


22/26

acycjk gjm {frocjk ejycrfjnej}! gjm xefxae dgye aepp `gxg`c}s }f xrf}e`} }den.

peayep gkgcjp} etxfpure gjm eiie`}p fi dgrniua gjm ujxaegpgj} xfaau}gj}p* ]de

ejycrfjnej}ga }dreg}p ig`cjk xffr xefxae }ejm }f be nfre mcre`}as dg|grmfup }f

dungj dega}d* [e ojf{ }dg} g xfaau}cfj.reag}em dega}d dg|grm cp jf} ujcifrn cj gaa

cj`fne krfuxp* C} giie`}p }dfpe {c}d af{er cj`fnep nfre }dgj uxxer.cj`fne

aeyeap* ]de cj`cmejè fi xfyer}s cp dckd cj Cjmcg? gbfu} fje.}dcrm fi }de xfxuag}cfj

acyep beaf{ }de xfyer}s acje! {dc`d cp }de agrkep} xgr} fi }de xfxuagè giie`}em bs

ejycrfjnej}ga dg|grmp* Fur p}ums reyegap }dg} }de dckder.cj`fne krfuxcjk cp re.

pxfjpcbae ifr kejerg}cjk nfre }dgj ;5 xerèj} fi }de encppcfjp! {c}d 28 }f 22

xerèj} fi encppcfjp kejerg}em bs }de ncmmae.cj`fne aeyea* ]dup! yers jekackcbae

gnfuj}p fi encppcfjp gre becjk `fj}rcbu}em bs }de af{er.e`fjfnc` p}rg}un*

Ujifr}ujg}eas! }de af{er.cj`fne aeyea nup} `fj}ejm {c}d }de percfup dega}d eiie`}p

p}enncjk irfn xfaau}cfj dg|grmp*=;

@fjàupcfj

]de ùrrej} p}ums ep}cng}ep }de encppcfjp fi `grbfj mcftcme! puaiur mcftcme!

gjm jc}rfkej ftcme cj Cjmcg murcjk }de xercfm irfn 7340.734= }f 2889.288;* C}

cjyep}ckg}ep }de `dgjkep cj encppcfjp gjm ygrcfup pfurèp fi `dgjke cj cjmup}rcga

@F2! PF2! gjm JFT encppcfjp upcjk cjxu}.fu}xu} p}ru`}urga me`fnxfpc}cfj

gjgaspcp* Iur}der! c} etgncjep }de `fj}rcbu}cfj ngme bs mciierej} cj`fne krfuxp }f}depe encppcfjp*

]de p}ums dgp ifujm }dg} }de cjmup}rcga encppcfjp fi gcr xfaau}gj}p dgye cj.

`regpem `fjpcmergbas cj Cjmcg murcjk 7340.734= }f 2889.288; $7=*04 xerèj} xer

gjjun ifr @F2! 2=*20 xerèj} gjjugaas ifr PF2! gjm 75*25 xerèj} xer segr ifr

JFT#* ]de ngcj ig`}frp ifr }depe cj`regpep gre }de `dgjkep cj }de icjga mengjm

}drfukdfu} }de xercfm* @dgjkep cj cj}ejpc}s gapf dgye ngme g xfpc}cye `fj}rcbu.

}cfj* Fj }de f}der dgjm! `dgjkep cj }e`djfafks dgye remuèm encppcfjp g`rfpp }de

xercfm* ]depe eiie`}p deaxem remuè }de }f}ga `dgjkep cj encppcfjp* ]de repua}p fi

}de me`fnxfpc}cfj gjgaspcp pdf{ }dg} }de Cjmcgj e`fjfns dgp beej nfycjk }f{grmkreg}er ejerks. gjm xfaau}cfj.cj}ejpcye cjmup}rcep* ]dfukd }de e`fjfns cp }rscjk

}f gmfx} nfre eiic`cej} }e`djfafkcep! kcyej }de ep`gag}cfj fi ejerks `fjpunx}cfj!

c}p cj}ejpcyejepp dgp jf} nfyem cj g mepcrgbae mcre`}cfj* Repua}p fi }de mciierej}

cj`fne krfuxp reyega }dg} dckder.cj`fne krfuxcjkp gre nfp}as repxfjpcbae ifr

pu`d `dgjkep cj encppcfjp* ]dcp dgp beej mue }f }decr dckder aeyeap fi ejerks

`fjpunx}cfj* ]de ncmmae.cj`fne aeyeap `fj}rcbu}em gp {eaa* Df{eyer! {e icjm

}dg} }de af{er.cj`fne krfux cp g ncjfr xagser irfn gj encppcfjp p}gjmxfcj}*

]gocjk cj}f g``fuj} }de `fj}rcbu}cfj ig`}fr.{cpe bs mciierej} cj`fne krfuxp! }de

dckder.cj`fne p}rg}un nfp} cjiauejèm }de cj}ejpc}s gjm icjga mengjm eiie`}* ]dencmmae.cj`fne krfux gapf xagsp g pcncagr rfae* Fj }de f}der dgjm! }de }e`djfafks

eiie`} repxfjmem igyfrgbas gjm deaxem remuè }de encppcfj `dgjkep*



23/26

]de fyergaa gppeppnej} irfn }de p}ums reyegap }dg} }de `fj}rcbu}cfj }f }de gcr

xfaau}cfj ngme bs }de af{er.cj`fne krfux cp yers cjpckjcic`gj}! {dcae }de dckder.

cj`fne aeyeap gre nglfr xagserp ifr gaa encppcfjp gjm ifr ganfp} gaa ig`}frp* ]de

regac}s cp }dg}! ifr }de nfp} xgr}! }de dckder.cj`fne krfuxp mf jf} upe `fnner`cga

ejerks eiic`cej}as gjm af{er.cj`fne aeyeap gre p}caa jf} cj g xfpc}cfj }f cj`regpe

}decr `fjpunx}cfj fi `fnner`cga ejerks* ]dfukd }de dfupedfam cj`fne aeyea cj

Cjmcg dgp cj`regpem cj }de reifrn xercfm! gp reiae`}em bs }de rcpe cj }de xer.`gxc}g

cj`fne! c} cp jf} reiae`}em cj }de `fnner`cga ejerks `fjpunx}cfj fi }de af{er.

cj`fne krfuxp* ]dcp nckd} be }de regpfj {ds }de `fj}rcbu}cfj fi kejerg}cfj fi

encppcfjp cp p}caa jekackcbae bs }de af{er.cj`fne peknej}p* ]dup! fje pckjcic`gj}

`fjàupcfj cp }dg} g pc|gbae }gpo agsp gdegm ifr Cjmcg cj }gòacjk }de cppue fi

encppcfjp kejerg}cfj bs }de dckder.cj`fne krfuxp cj }de e`fjfns*

Fj }de bgpcp fi }de repua}p fi fur p}ums! }de xfaau}cfj negpurep `gj be }grke}em fj

}dfpe ifur me`fnxfpc}cfj ig`}frp reag}em }f gcr xfaau}cfj irfn ifppca iuea `fnbup}cfj*

[e pukkep} }dg} }de xrcfrc}s dgp }f be kcyej }f }de `fjperyg}cfj fi ejerks }dg} {caa

xags g pckjcic`gj} xgr} cj gmmreppcjk ejerks cppuep gjm cj remu`cjk ejycrfjnej}ga

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“Air Pollution and Household Income Distribution in India: Pre- and Post-Reform (1983-1984 to...

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Transcript of “Air Pollution and Household Income Distribution in India: Pre- and Post-Reform (1983-1984 to...