Air Generation From Speed Braker

8/9/2019 Air Generation From Speed Braker

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AIR GENERATION FROM SPEED BRAKER

WORKING PRINCIPLE

The main components in this project are Air pumps, Return spring, Tank (air

storage), speed breaker, safety valve and non return valve. The air pump

arrangements are fixed at the bottom of the speed brake arrangement ith to

return springs. The speed brake arrangement is mounted on the frame. !f any

vehicle crosses over the setup the air pump start to pump the air it moves upard

and donard simultaneously. "ue to this motion compressed air is produced.

Then the compressed air is stored in the tank. #on return valves are used to direct

the air to the tank and not return to the air pump.


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SYNOPSIS

!n our project e are producing the compressed air using ith the aid of

speed breaker setup in road ays. This is the simple and easy method of producing

the compressed air ithout using the electricity. #oadays the electric poer

demand is increased. $o e are generating the compressed air ithout using the

electric poer. %ere instead of electric drive e are using the mechanical drive to

generate the compressed air.


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&!#' "!ARA


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AIR PUMP

A pump is a device that moves fluids (li*uidsor gases), or sometimes slurries, by

mechanical action. +umps can be classified into three major groups according to

the method they use to move the fluid direct lift, displacement, and gravity pumps.

+umps operate by some mechanism (typically reciprocatingor rotary), and

consume energyto perform mechanical orkby moving the fluid. +umps operate

via many energy sources, including manual operation, electricity, engines, or ind

poer, come in many si-es, from microscopic for use in medical applications to

large industrial pumps.

echanical pumps serve in a ide range of applications such aspumping ater

from ells, a*uarium filtering,pond filteringand aeration, in the car

industryforatercoolingand fuel injection, in the energy industryforpumping

oiland natural gasor for operating cooling toers. !n the medical industry, pumps

are used for biochemical processes in developing and manufacturing medicine, and

as artificial replacements for body parts, in particular the artificial heartandpenileprosthesis.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slurryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocating_motionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_workhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_well_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_well_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarium_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_coolinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_injectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumping_(oil_well)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumping_(oil_well)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_towerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_hearthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penile_prosthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penile_prosthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slurryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocating_motionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_workhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_well_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_well_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarium_filterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_coolinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_injectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumping_(oil_well)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumping_(oil_well)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooling_towerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_hearthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penile_prosthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penile_prosthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid


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!n biology, many different types of chemical and biomechanical pumps

have evolved, andbiomimicryis sometimes used in developing ne types of

mechanical pumps.echanical pumps may be submerged in the fluid they are

pumping or be placed external to the fluid.

+umps can be classified by their method of displacement intopositive

displacement pumps, impulse pumps, velocity pumps, gravity pumps, steam

pumpsand valveless pumps.

+ositive displacement pump/edit0

A lobe pump

lobe pump internals
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_biologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomimicryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump#Positive_displacement_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump#Positive_displacement_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump#Impulse_pumpshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump#Velocity_pumpshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump#Gravity_pumpshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steam_pumps&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steam_pumps&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump#Valveless_pumpshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pump&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobe_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_biologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomimicryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump#Positive_displacement_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump#Positive_displacement_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump#Impulse_pumpshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump#Velocity_pumpshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump#Gravity_pumpshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steam_pumps&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steam_pumps&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump#Valveless_pumpshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pump&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobe_pump


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echanism of a scroll pump

A positive displacement pump makes a fluid move by trapping a fixed amount and

forcing (displacing) that trapped volume into the discharge pipe.$ome positive

displacement pumps use an expanding cavity on the suction side and a decreasing

cavity on the discharge side. &i*uid flos into the pump as the cavity on thesuction side expands and the li*uid flos out of the discharge as the cavity

collapses. The volume is constant through each cycle of operation.

+ositive displacement pump behavior and safety

+ositive displacement pumps, unlike centrifugalor rotodynamic pumps,

theoretically can produce the same flo at a given speed (R+) no matter hat the

discharge pressure. Thus, positive displacement pumps are constant flo machines.

%oever, a slight increase in internal leakage as the pressure increases

prevents a truly constant flo rate.

A positive displacement pump must not operate against a closed valve on thedischarge side of the pump, because it has no shutoff head like centrifugal pumps.

A positive displacement pump operating against a closed discharge valve continues

to produce flo and the pressure in the discharge line increases until the line

bursts, the pump is severely damaged, or both.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scroll_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifugal_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scroll_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifugal_pump


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A relief or safety valveon the discharge side of the positive displacement pump is

therefore necessary. The relief valve can be internal or external. The pump

manufacturer normally has the option to supply internal relief or safety valves. The

internal valve is usually only used as a safety precaution. An external relief valve

+ositive displacement types

$cre pump

A positive displacement pump can be further classified according to the

mechanism used to move the fluid1

Rotarytype positive displacement internal gear, scre, shuttle

block, flexible vane or sliding vane, circumferential piston, flexible impeller,

helical tisted roots (e.g. the 2endelkolben pump) or li*uid ringvacuum

pumps

Reciprocatingtype positive displacementpistonor diaphragm pumps

&ineartype positive displacement rope pumpsand chain pumps

Rotary positive displacement pumps
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_vane_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexible_impellerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_ringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphragm_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rope_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_vane_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexible_impellerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_ringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphragm_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rope_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_pump


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Rotary vane pumps similar to scroll compressors, these have a cylindrical

rotor encased in a similarly shaped housing. As the rotor orbits, the vanes trap

fluid beteen the rotor and the casing, draing the fluid through the pump.

Reciprocating positive displacement pumps/edit0

ain article Reciprocating pump

$imple hand pump

%andoperated, reciprocating, positive displacement, ater pump in3o4ice

5ahanovce, $lovakia(alking beam pump)Reciprocating pumps move the fluid

using one or more oscillating pistons, plungers, or membranes (diaphragms), hile

valves restrict fluid motion to the desired direction.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_vane_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scroll_compressorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pump&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocating_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%A1icehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A4ahanovcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_vane_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scroll_compressorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pump&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocating_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%A1icehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A4ahanovcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovakia


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+umps in this category range from simplex, ith one cylinder, to in some

cases *uad (four) cylinders, or more. any reciprocatingtype pumps

are duplex (to) ortriplex (three) cylinder. They can be either singleacting ith

suction during one direction of piston motion and discharge on the other,

or doubleacting ith suction and discharge in both directions. The pumps can be

poered manually, by air or steam, or by a belt driven by an engine. This type ofpump as used extensively in the 16th century7in the early days of steam

propulsion7as boiler feed ater pumps. #o reciprocating pumps typically pump

highly viscous fluids like concrete and heavy oils, and serve in special applications

that demand lo flo rates against high resistance. Reciprocating hand

pumpsere idely used to pump ater from ells. 8ommonbicycle pumpsand

foot pumps for inflationuse reciprocating action.

These positive displacement pumps have an expanding cavity on the suction side

and a decreasing cavity on the discharge side. &i*uid flos into the pumps as the

cavity on the suction side expands and the li*uid flos out of the discharge as the

cavity collapses. The volume is constant given each cycle of operation.

Typical reciprocating pumps are

+lunger pumps a reciprocating plunger pushes the fluid through one or to

open valves, closed by suction on the ay back.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflatablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plunger_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflatablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plunger_pump


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"iaphragm pumps similar to plunger pumps, here the plunger pressuri-es

hydraulic oil hich is used to flex a diaphragm in the pumping cylinder.

"iaphragm valves are used to pump ha-ardous and toxic fluids.

+iston pumpsdisplacement pumps usually simple devices for pumping

small amounts of li*uid or gel manually. The common hand soap dispenser is

such a pump.

Radial piston pumps

9arious positive displacement pumps/edit0

The positive displacement principle applies in these pumps

Rotary lobe pump

+rogressive cavity pump

Rotary gear pump

+iston pump

"iaphragm pump

$cre pump

ear pump

%ydraulic pump

Rotary vane pump
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphragm_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piston_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_piston_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pump&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobe_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_cavity_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piston_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphragm_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_vane_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphragm_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piston_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_piston_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pump&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobe_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_cavity_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piston_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphragm_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotary_vane_pump


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Regenerative (peripheral) pump

+eristaltic pump

Rope pump

:lexible impeller

ear pump/edit0

ain article ear pump

ear pump

This is the simplest of rotary positive displacement pumps. !t consists of to

meshed gears that rotate in a closely fitted casing. The tooth spaces trap fluid and

force it around the outer periphery. The fluid does not travel back on the meshed

part, because the teeth mesh closely in the centre. ear pumps see ide use in car

engine oil pumps and in various hydraulic poer packs.

Screw pumpain article $cre pump

A $cre pumpis a more complicated type of rotary pump that uses to or three

scres ith opposing thread7e.g., one scre turns clockise and the other

counterclockise. The scres are mounted on parallel shafts that have gears that
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regenerative_pump&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peristaltic_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rope_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexible_impellerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pump&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydraulic_power_pack&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regenerative_pump&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peristaltic_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rope_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flexible_impellerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pump&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydraulic_power_pack&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screw_pump


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mesh so the shafts turn together and everything stays in place. The scres turn on

the shafts and drive fluid through the pump. As ith other forms of rotary pumps,

the clearance beteen moving parts and the pump;s casing is minimal.

+rogressing cavity pump/edit0

ain article +rogressive cavity pump

2idely used for pumping difficult materials, such as seage sludge contaminated

ith large particles, this pump consists of a helical rotor, about ten times as long as

its idth. This can be visuali-ed as a central core of diameter x ith, typically, a

curved spiral ound around of thickness half x, though in reality it is manufactured

in single casting. This shaft fits inside a heavy duty rubber sleeve, of all thickness

also typically x. As the shaft rotates, the rotor gradually forces fluid up the rubber

sleeve. $uch pumps can develop very high pressure at lo volumes.

Rootst!pe pumps

ain article Rootstype supercharger

#amed after the Roots brothers ho invented it, this lobe pumpdisplaces the

li*uid trapped beteen to long helical rotors, each fitted into the other hen
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pump&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_cavity_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roots-type_superchargerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobe_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pump&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_cavity_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roots-type_superchargerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobe_pump


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perpendicular at 6


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have been made). A number of rollers, shoes, or ipers attached to

a rotorcompresses the flexible tube. As the rotor turns, the part of the tube under

compression closes (or occludes), forcing the fluid through the tube. Additionally,

hen the tube opens to its natural state after the passing of the cam it dras(restitution) fluid into the pump. This process is calledperistalsisand is used in

many biological systems such as the gastrointestinal tract.

P"u%*er pumps

ain article +lunger pump

A plunger pump compared to apiston pump+lunger pumps are

reciprocating positive displacement pumps.These consist of a cylinder ith a

reciprocating plunger. The suction and discharge valves are mounted in the head of

the cylinder. !n the suction stroke the plunger retracts and the suction valves open

causing suction of fluid into the cylinder. !n the forard stroke the plunger pushes

the li*uid out of the discharge valve. 'fficiency and common problems 2ith only

one cylinder in plunger pumps, the fluid flo varies beteen maximum flo hen

the plunger moves through the middle positions, and -ero flo hen the plunger is

at the end positions. A lot of energy is asted hen the fluid is accelerated in the
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotor_(turbine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peristalsishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plunger_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piston_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotor_(turbine)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peristalsishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plunger_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piston_pump


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piping system. 9ibration and ater hammermay be a serious problem. !n general

the problems are compensated for by using to or more cylinders not orking in

phase ith each other.

Tr#p"e+st!"e p"u%*er pumps

Triplex plunger pumps use three plungers, hich reduces the pulsation of single

reciprocating plunger pumps. Adding a pulsation dampener on the pump outlet canfurther smooth the pump ripple, or ripple graph of a pump transducer. The dynamic

relationship of the highpressure fluid and plunger generally re*uires high*uality

plunger seals. +lunger pumps ith a larger number of plungers have the benefit of

increased flo, or smoother flo ithout a pulsation dampener. The increase in

moving parts and crankshaft load is one draback.

8ar ashes often use these triplexstyle plunger pumps (perhaps ithout pulsation

dampeners). !n 16>?, 2illiam @ruggeman significantly reduced the si-e of the

triplex pump and increased the lifespan so that car ashes could use e*uipment

ith smaller footprints. "urable high pressure seals, lo pressure seals and oil

seals, hardened crankshafts, hardened connecting rods, thick ceramic plungers and

heavier duty ball and roller bearings improve reliability in triplex pumps. Triplexpumps no are in a myriad of markets across the orld.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_hammerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_hammer


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Triplex pumps ith shorter lifetimes are commonplace to the home user. A person

ho uses a home pressure asher for 1< hours a year may be satisfied ith a pump

that lasts 1


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Rope pump schematic

"evised in 8hina as chain pumps over 1


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of the pump.

+ump is also reversible.

The pulser pump

!mpulse pumps/edit0

!mpulse pumps use pressure created by gas (usually air). !n some impulse pumps

the gas trapped in the li*uid (usually ater), is released and accumulated

somehere in the pump, creating a pressure that can push part of the li*uid

upards.

!mpulse pumps include

%ydraulic rampumps E kinetic energy of a lohead ater supply is storedtemporarily in an airbubble hydraulic accumulator, then used to drive ater to

a higher head.

+ulser pumps run ith natural resources, by kinetic energy only.

Airlift pumps run on air inserted into pipe, pushing up the ater, hen

bubbles move upard, or on pressure inside pipe pushing ater up.

%ydraulic ram pumps/edit0
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pump&action=edit&section=18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_ramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_accumulatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulser_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airlift_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pump&action=edit&section=19http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pump&action=edit&section=18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_ramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_accumulatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulser_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airlift_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pump&action=edit&section=19


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Airlift pump vs. eyser pump

A hydraulic ramis a ater pump poered by hydropoer.

!t takes in ater at relatively lo pressure and high florate and outputs ater at a

higher hydraulichead and loer florate. The device uses the ater

hammereffect to develop pressure that lifts a portion of the input ater that poers

the pump to a point higher than here the ater started.

The hydraulic ram is sometimes used in remote areas, here there is both a source

of lohead hydropoer, and a need for pumping ater to a destination higher in

elevation than the source. !n this situation, the ram is often useful, since it re*uires

no outside source of poer other than the kinetic energy of floing ater.

9elocity pumps/edit0

A centrifugal pump uses an impeller ith backardsept arms

Rotodynamic pumps(or dynamic pumps) are a type of velocity pump in

hich kinetic energyis added to the fluid by increasing the flo velocity. This
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_ramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_hammerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_hammerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pump&action=edit&section=20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotodynamic_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_ramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_hammerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_hammerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pump&action=edit&section=20http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotodynamic_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_energy


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increase in energy is converted to a gain in potential energy (pressure) hen the

velocity is reduced prior to or as the flo exits the pump into the discharge pipe.

This conversion of kinetic energy to pressure is explained by the :irst la of

thermodynamics, or more specifically by @ernoulli;s principle.

"ynamic pumps can be further subdivided according to the means in hich the

velocity gain is achieved./H0

These types of pumps have a number of characteristics

1. 8ontinuous energy

. 8onversion of added energy to increase in kinetic energy(increase in

velocity)

B. 8onversion of increased velocity (kinetic energy) to an increase in pressure

head

A practical difference beteen dynamic and positive displacement pumps is ho

they operate under closed valve conditions. +ositive displacement pumpsphysically displace fluid, so closing a valve donstream of a positive displacement

pump produces a continual pressure build up that can cause mechanical failure of

pipeline or pump. "ynamic pumps differ in that they can be safely operated under

closed valve conditions (for short periods of time).

Radialflo pumps/edit0

/>0These simply referred to as centripetal design pumps. The fluid enters along theaxial plane, is accelerated by the impeller and exits at right angles to the

shaft(radially). Radialflo pumps operate at higher pressures and loer flo rates

than axial and mixedflo pumps.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_law_of_thermodynamicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_law_of_thermodynamicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernoulli's_principlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pump&action=edit&section=21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_law_of_thermodynamicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_law_of_thermodynamicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernoulli's_principlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_energyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pump&action=edit&section=21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump#cite_note-6


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Axialflo pumps/edit0

ain article Axialflo pump

Axial pump (propeller in pipe)

These are referred to as centrifugal design pumps. The fluid is pushed outardfrom the center or axis. Axialflo pumps F 8entrifugal design pumps operate at

much loer pressures and higher flo rates than radialflo pumps F cepumps.

ixedflo pumps/edit0

ixedflo pumps function as a compromise beteen radial and axialflo

pumps. The fluid experiences both radial acceleration and lift and exits the

impeller somehere beteen < and 6< degrees from the axial direction. As aconse*uence mixedflo pumps operate at higher pressures than axialflo pumps

hile delivering higher discharges than radialflo pumps. The exit angle of the

flo dictates the pressure headdischarge characteristic in relation to radial and

mixedflo.
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pump&action=edit&section=22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axial-flow_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pump&action=edit&section=23http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pump&action=edit&section=22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axial-flow_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pump&action=edit&section=23


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'ductorjet pump

ain article 'ductorjet pump

This uses a jet, often of steam, to create a lo pressure. This lo pressure sucks in

fluid and propels it into a higher pressure region.

ravity pumps/edit0

ravity pumps include the syphonand %eron;s fountain. The hydraulic ramis also

sometimes called a gravity pump in gravity pump the ater is lift by gravitational

force.

$team pumps/edit0

$team pumps have been for a long time mainly of historical interest. They include

any type of pump poered by a steam engineand alsopistonless pumpssuch

as Thomas $avery;s or the +ulsometer steam pump.

Recently there has been a resurgence of interest in lo poer solar steam pumps

for use in smallholder irrigation in developing countries. +reviously small steamengines have not been viable because of escalating inefficiencies as vapour engines

decrease in si-e. %oever the use of modern engineering materials coupled ith

alternative engine configurations has meant that these types of system are no a

cost effective opportunity.

9alveless pumps/edit0

9alveless pumpingassists in fluid transport in various biomedical and engineering

systems. !n a valveless pumping system, no valves (or physical occlusions) are

present to regulate the flo direction. The fluid pumping efficiency of a valveless

system, hoever, is not necessarily loer than that having valves. !n fact, many
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eductor-jet_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pump&action=edit&section=25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syphonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heron's_fountainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_ramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pump&action=edit&section=26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistonless_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Saveryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsometer_steam_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pump&action=edit&section=27http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valveless_pumping&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eductor-jet_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pump&action=edit&section=25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syphonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heron's_fountainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_ramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pump&action=edit&section=26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_enginehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistonless_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Saveryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsometer_steam_pumphttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pump&action=edit&section=27http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Valveless_pumping&action=edit&redlink=1


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fluiddynamical systems in nature and engineering more or less rely upon valveless

pumping to transport the orking fluids therein. :or instance, blood circulation in

the cardiovascular system is maintained to some extent even hen the heartIs

valves fail. eanhile, the embryonic vertebrate heart begins pumping blood longbefore the development of discernible chambers and valves. !n microfluidics,

valveless impedance pumpshave been fabricated, and are expected to be

particularly suitable for handling sensitive biofluids. !nk jet printers operating on

the +ie-oelectric transducerprincipal also use valveless pumping. The pump

chamber is emptied through the printing jet due to reduced flo impedance in that

direction and refilled by capillary action.

+ump repairs/edit0

'xamining pump repair records and mean time beteen failures (T@:) is of

great importance to responsible and conscientious pump users. !n vie of that fact,

the preface to the


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#ot all plants are refineries, hoever, and different results occur elsehere. !n

chemical plants, pumps have traditionally been KthroaayK items as chemical

attack limits life. Things have improved in recent years, but the somehat

restricted space available in KoldK "!# and A$'standardi-ed stuffing boxesplaces limits on the type of seal that fits. Jnless the pump user upgrades the seal

chamber, the pump only accommodates more compact and simple versions.

2ithout this upgrading, lifetimes in chemical installations are generally around H< percent of the refinery values.

Jnscheduled maintenance is often one of the most significant costs of onership,

and failures of mechanical seals and bearings are among the major causes. 3eep in

mind the potential value of selecting pumps that cost more initially, but last much

longer beteen repairs. The T@: of a better pump may be one to four years

longer than that of its nonupgraded counterpart. 8onsider that published average

values of avoided pump failures range from J$O>


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AIR INLET .ALUE

The complete program of air inlet valves, manufactured out ofhigh *uality polyurethane, provides perfect solutions in practically all

poss ible vent ilat ion conceptsN for poul try as el l as pig houses . The

inlets, almost all executed ith automatic return or opening springs, are

available in a ide range of dimensions making projection possible in

practically all house concepts and cl imate condit ions .

The use of high *uality polyurethane ith a very high insulation value,

makes our program especially suitable for cold climate areas. The

program comprises of a full range of all inlet valves, ceil ing inle t

valves, inletunits for tunnel ventilation. #ely e expanded the

program ith an air inlet valve ith incorporated motor.

The air inlet valves are mostly available ith a curved inner flap or a

straight inner flap. The inlets ith a curved inner flap guide the air in the

direction of the animals. This execution is often used for poultry. The

straight inner flaps are more often used for pigs preventing the air to be

guided directly over the animals.The several series as you ill find them

on our site are divided in capacity.!n each series, the available executions

are indicated ith their on specific details.


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A SAFETY .AL.E

A safety valve is a valvemechanism hich automatically releases a substance

from aboiler,pressure vessel, or other system, hen the pressure or temperature

exceeds preset limits.

!t is one of a set of pressure safety valves (+$9) or pressure relief valves (+R9),

hich also includes relief valves, safety relief valves,pilotoperated relief valves,

lo pressure safety valves, and vacuum pressure safety valves.

$afety valves ere first used on steam boilers during the !ndustrial Revolution.

'arly boilers operating ithout them ere prone to accidental explosion.

9acuum safety valves (or combined pressureFvacuum safety valves) are used to

prevent a tank from collapsing hile it is being emptied, or hen cold rinse ateris used after hot 8!+ (cleaninplace) or $!+ (sterili-ationinplace) procedures.

2hen si-ing a vacuum safety valve, the calculation method is not defined in any

norm, particularly in the hot 8!+ F cold ater scenario, but some

manufacturers /10have developed si-ing simulations.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boilerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_vesselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot-operated_relief_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler_explosionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_valve#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boilerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_vesselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilot-operated_relief_valvehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler_explosionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_valve#cite_note-1


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:unction and design

A crosssectionof a proportionalsafety valve

The earliest and simplest safety valve as used on a 1>L6 steam digesterand

utili-ed a eight to retain the steam pressure (this design is still commonly used

onpressure cookers)N hoever, these ere easily tampered ith or accidentally

released. Cn the $tockton and "arlington Railay, the safety valve tended to go

off hen the engine hit a bump in the track. A valve less sensitive to sudden

accelerations used a spring to contain the steam pressure, but these (based on

a $alterspring balance) could still be screed don to increase the pressure

beyond design limits. This dangerous practice as sometimes used to marginally
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiview_orthographic_projection#Cross-sectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_digesterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_cookerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockton_and_Darlington_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Salter_(inventor)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_balancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiview_orthographic_projection#Cross-sectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_digesterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_cookerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockton_and_Darlington_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Salter_(inventor)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_balance


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increase the performance of a steam engine. !n 1?H>,Mohn Ramsbottominvented a

tamperproof spring safety valve that became universal on railays.

$afety valves also evolved to protect e*uipment such aspressure vessels(fired or

not) and heat exchangers. The term safety valve should be limited to compressible

fluid applications (gas, vapor, or steam).

The to general types of protection encountered in industry are thermal

protection and flo protection.

:or li*uidpacked vessels, thermal relief valvesare generally characteri-ed by the

relatively small si-e of the valve necessary to provide protection from excess

pressure caused by thermal expansion. !n this case a small valve is ade*uate

because most li*uids are nearly incompressible, and so a relatively small amount of

fluid discharged through the relief valve ill produce a substantial reduction in

pressure.

:lo protection is characteri-ed by safety valves that are considerably larger than

those mounted for thermal protection. They are generally si-ed for use in situations

here significant *uantities of gas or high volumes of li*uid must be *uickly
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ramsbottom_(engineer)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_vesselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_exchangerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thermal_relief_valve&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Ramsbottom_(engineer)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_vesselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_exchangerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thermal_relief_valve&action=edit&redlink=1


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$afety relief valve ($R9) an automatic system that relieves by static

pressure on both gas and li*uid/citation needed0.

+ilotoperated safety relief valve (+C$R9) an automatic system thatrelieves on remote command from a pilot, to hich the static pressure (from

e*uipment to protect) is connected/clarification needed0.

&o pressure safety valve (&+$9) an automatic system that relieves static

pressure on a gas. Jsed hen the difference beteen the vessel pressure and

the ambient atmospheric pressureis small.

9acuum pressure safety valve (9+$9) an automatic system that relieves

static pressure on a gas. Jsed hen the pressure difference beteen the vessel

pressure and the ambient pressure is small, negative and near to atmospheric

pressure.

&egal and code re*uirements in industry

!n most countries, industries are legally re*uired to protect pressure vessels and

other e*uipment by using relief valves. Also, in most countries, e*uipment design

codes such as those provided by the A$', A+!and other organi-ations like !$C

(!$C G1>) must be complied ith. These codes include design standards for relief

valves./0/B0

Today, the food, drinks, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals industriescall for hygienic safety valves, fully drainable and 8leanable!n+lace. ost are

made of stainless steelN the hygienic norms are mainly BA in the J$A and '%'"

in 'urope.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarifyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarifyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Mechanical_Engineershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Petroleum_Institutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_valve#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_valve#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarifyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_of_Mechanical_Engineershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Petroleum_Institutehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_valve#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_valve#cite_note-3


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"evelopment of the safety valve/edit0

"eadeight lever valves/edit0

lever arm safety valve

The first safety valve as invented by "enis +apinfor his steam digester, an early

pressure cooker rather than an engine./G0A eight acting through a lever held don

a circular plug valve in the steam vessel. @y using a KsteelyardK lever a smaller

eight as re*uired, also the pressure could easily be regulated by sliding the

same eight back and forth along the lever arm. +apin retained the same design forhis 1L0'arly safety valves ere regarded as one of the

engineman;s controls and re*uired continuous attention, according to the load on

the engine. !n a famous early explosion at reenichin 1?


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2hen used on locomotives, these valves ould rattle and leak, releasing near

continuous puffs of aste steam.

"irectacting deadeight valves/edit0

"eadeight safety valve(16


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$alter spring balance

The $altercoil springspring balancefor eighing, as first made in @ritain by

around 1LL


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+hoenix (1?G0This as

encouraged by them being fitted ith easily adjustable ing nuts, the practice of

adjusting the boiler;s orking pressure via the safety valve being an accepted

behaviour ell into the 1?H


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+aired springbalance safety valves of a P$" 8lass H.


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!n 1?HH, Mohn Ramsbottom, later locomotive superintendent of the R,

described a ne form of safety valve intended to improve reliability and especially

to be tamperresistant. A pair of plug valves ere used, held don by a common

springloaded lever beteen them ith a single central spring. This lever ascharacteristically extended rearards, often reaching into the cab on early

locomotives. Rather than discouraging the use of the spring lever by the fireman,

Ramsbottom;s valve encouraged this. Rocking the lever freed up the valves

alternately and checked that neither as sticking in its seat. /10'ven if the fireman

held the lever don and increased the force on the rear valve, there as a

corresponding reduction of force on the forard valve./110/0

9arious forms of Ramsbottom valve ere produced. $ome ere separate fittings to

the boiler, through separate penetrations./0Cthers ere contained in a Jshaped

housing fastened to a single opening in the boiler shell. As boiler diameter

increased, some forms ere even set inside the boiler shell, ith the springs

housed in a recess inside and only the valves and balance lever protruding outside./0

These had obvious drabacks for easy maintenance.

@ 166166 L Mune 1?HH $afety valves, feeding apparatus for steam

boilers.

A draback to the Ramsbottom type as its complexity. +oor maintenance or

misassembly of the linkage beteen the spring and the valves could lead to a

valve that no longer opened correctly under pressure. The valves could be heldagainst their seats and fail to open or, even orse, to allo the valve to open

but insufficiently to vent steam at an ade*uate rate and so not being an obvious

and noticeable fault./B0isassembly of just this nature led to a fatal boiler

explosion in 16


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as almost ne, at only eight months old. /G0The report of the in*uiry into this

accident as

#aylor valves ere introduced around 1?>>. Abellcrankarrangement reduced

the strain(percentage extension) of the spring, thus maintaining a more

constant force./note 10They ere used by the&QQ#'R./H0

K+opK valves/edit0

Ross pop valve, from Tornado

All of the preceding safety valve designs opened gradually and had a tendency

to leak a KfeatherK of steam as they approached KbloingoffK, even though this

as belo the pressure. 2hen they opened they also did so partially at first and

didn;t vent steam *uickly until the boiler as ell over pressure./110

The *uickopening KpopK valve as a solution to this. Their construction as

simple the existing circular plug valve as changed to an inverted Ktop hatK

shape, ith an enlarged upper diameter. They fitted into a stepped seat of to

matching diameters. 2hen closed, the steam pressure acted on the small
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_valve#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellcrankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strain_(mechanics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_valve#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire_%26_Yorkshire_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Eastern_Railway_(UK)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_valve#cite_note-Ahrons.2C_176-26http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/valveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornadohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_valve#cite_note-Semmens.2C_Steam_Locomotives.2C_safety_valves-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_valve#cite_note-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellcrankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strain_(mechanics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_valve#cite_note-25http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire_%26_Yorkshire_Railwayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Eastern_Railway_(UK)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_valve#cite_note-Ahrons.2C_176-26http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_2/valveshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LNER_Peppercorn_Class_A1_60163_Tornadohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_valve#cite_note-Semmens.2C_Steam_Locomotives.2C_safety_valves-11


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diameter and as balanced by the spring force. Cnce the valve opened a little,

steam could pass the loer seat and began to act on the larger upper diameter

too. This greater area overhelmed the spring force and the valve fle

completely open ith a KpopK.

Rather than demonstrating their virility by alays shoing a feather at

the valve, firemen no tried toavoid noisy bloing off, especially around

stations or under the large roof of a major station. This as mostly at the behest

of stationmasters, but firemen also realised that any bloing off through a popvalve asted several pounds of boiler pressureN estimated at < psi lost and

1> lbs or more of shovelled coal.

+op valves derived from Adams;s patent design of 1?LB, ith an extended lip.R & Ross;s valves ere patented in 16


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AD.ANTAGES

'asy to operate

'asy to maintain

#o need of electrical energy to generate compressed air


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DISAD.ANTAGES

8ost of e*uipment is high

Air is produced only at the time of vehicles crossing


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APPLICATIONS

Applicable in all speed breakers on the road and traffic rush areas.


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Air Generation From Speed Braker

Documents

Transcript of Air Generation From Speed Braker