Topic : Reproduction Aim : Describe the different types of asexual reproduction.
Aim: How can we describe a mineral?
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Transcript of Aim: How can we describe a mineral?
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Aim: How can we describe a mineral?
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Turn and Talk
• Take one minute with your partner next to you and discuss what you think a mineral is.
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So what is a mineral?A mineral must meet the following
five characteristics. All rocks are made of minerals
What are the 5 characteristics of all minerals?
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1. A mineral occurs naturally.
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2. A mineral is solid.
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3. A mineral has a definite chemical composition.
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3. A mineral has a definite chemical composition.
• Find the ESRT page that deals with minerals.
• What is the composition of halite?
• Quartz
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TTYP
• What are the two most common elements in all minerals?
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Average Crustal Composition
• What two elements are the most abundant by mass in the crust?
• Oxygen• Silicon
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4. A mineral’s atoms are arranged in an orderly pattern.
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5. A mineral is inorganic(was never alive)
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Mineral or Not?
Water
Gold
Pearls
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Mineral or Not?
Diamond Coal
Silver
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These minerals make up most of the rocks found in the Earth’s crust.
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Of the almost 4000 known minerals, only about 30 are common.
The most common are
quartz
feldspar
micacalcite
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Minerals are arranged into groups…
• According to their chemical and physical properties.
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Mineral Groups
•Silicates•The most common (silicon & oxygen)
•Other groups include:•Carbonates
•Sulfides
•Oxides
•Halides
•Hydroxides
•Sulfates
The molecular structure is called a silica tetrahedron
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The importance of MineralsWithout a proper intake of zinc the immune system can become vulnerable and normal human growth can be delayed. Zinc also plays a key role in our ability to heal wounds
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Turn and Talk
• With your partner look at p. 16 of your reference table and find some common uses for minerals.
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Identification of Minerals
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To be able to identify these and other minerals, we need to look at the properties used to separate and
distinguish these minerals.
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Remember!:You cannot identify a mineral only
using one property.These properties need to be
considered together to correctly identify a mineral.
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1. Color
• What color the mineral is.• Color is the most easily observed
mineral property and the least useful!
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ColorMany minerals have a similar
color.
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ColorsMany minerals can turn colors due
to impurities, or they can change colors in various circumstances.
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Color
For example, pure quartz is colorless or white, impurities can make the mineral rose, purple or
pink!
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Some exceptions to the color rule would be cinnabar, which is
always red, and malachite, which is green.
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2. Streak
Streak of a mineral is the color of its powder when rubbed on an
unglazed white tile.Test: rub the mineral on a tile.
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Streak
The streak is often not the same color as the mineral.
A minerals color may vary, but the streak rarely will!
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3. Luster
Luster refers to the way a mineral shines in reflected light.
Notice the difference between these two minerals?
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3. Luster
The mineral on the left has a metallic luster, the one on the
right, a nonmetallic luster.
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Metallic or Non-metallic?
• Metallic• Galena
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Metallic or Non-metallic?
• Non-metallic• Quartz
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Metallic or Non-metallic?
• Metallic• Pyrite aka fool’s gold
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4. Hardness
The hardness of a mineral is its resistance to being scratched.
Diamond is the hardest of all minerals, and talc is the softest.
The harder one will always scratch the softer one
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Common hardness tests
• Unpolished finger nail = 2.5• Steel = 4.5• Glass = 5.5
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4. Hardness
Friedrich Mohs devised a hardness scale.
In this scale, ten well known minerals are given numbers from one to ten.Lets take a look at the ten minerals used and some of the simple tests.
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Talc (left) is the softest and has a hardness of 1. A soft pencil lead will scratch talc.
Gypsum is a bit harder and has a hardness of 2. A fingernail scratches gypsum.
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Calcite (left) has a hardness of 3 and a copper penny just scratches it.
Fluorite has a hardness of 4 and it can be scratched by an iron or brass nail.
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Apatite (left) has a hardness of 5 and can be scratched by a steel knife blade.
Feldspar has a hardness of 6 and it will scratch a window glass.
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Quartz (left), with a hardness of 7, is the hardest of the common minerals. It easily
scratches hard glass and steel.Topaz has a hardness of 8 and will scratch
quartz.
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Corundum (left) has a hardness of 9. Corundum will scratch topaz.
Diamond with its hardness of 10 can easily scratch the rest of the minerals.
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Hardness finder!
• Find a mineral that is softer than calcite. • Find a mineral that would scratch quartz.• Find a mineral that fluorite would scratch.
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On your own
• Create two questions using the hardness scale.
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5. Cleavage
The cleavage of a mineral is its tendency to split easily or to separate along flat surfaces.
Cleavage can even be observed on tiny mineral grains making it a very useful
property!
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5. Cleavage
Mica is probably the best example as it splits into thin sheets. It is said to
have one perfect cleavage.
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Cleavage
Feldspar splits readily in two directions, always at or near right angles.
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5. Cleavage
Not all minerals show cleavage.Those that don’t break along cleavage
surfaces are said to have fracture.
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Cleavage or Fracture?
• Cleavage• Halite
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Cleavage or Fracture?
• Fracture• Quartz
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Cleavage or Fracture?
• Cleavage• Biotite Mica
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Cleavage or Fracture?
• Fracture• Olivine
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6. Reaction to Acid
Calcite is calcium carbonate, CaCO3. If a drop of weak hydrochloric acid is
placed on calcite, the acid bubbles as carbon dioxide is released.
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7. Other special properties
Malleable
Magnetic
Radioactive
Flourescence
Taste
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Turn and talk: Looking at the samples below and what you’ve learned about minerals today what properties do you think you would use to identify them?