Topic: EvolutionAim: Describe the various piece of

evidence for evolution. Do Now: 1. Take out your Sedimentary Rocks

ISA.2. Copy the topic and aim for today’s

notes.HW:CL Genetics Due Tuesday 5/10

This pedigree chart shows a recessive trait being passed on through generations. 1.What is the relationship between individuals 1 and 2?2. How many offspring does the first generation have?3. How many offspring do individuals 7 and 8 have? Which ones have the trait?4. Identify the genotype of individual 7.

1 23 4

5 67

8

9 10 11 12 1314

This pedigree chart shows a recessive trait being passed on through generations. 1.What is the relationship between individuals 1 and 2?

They are married.They have offspring.

2. How many offspring does the first generation have?4 offspring.

1 23 4

5 67

8

9 10 11 12 1314

This pedigree chart shows a recessive trait being passed on through generations. 3. How many offspring do individuals 7 and 8 have? Which ones have the trait?

4 offspring11 and 13

4. Identify the genotype of individual 7. Heterozygous

1 23 4

5 67

8

9 10 11 12 1314

1. Identify the structure produced when combining DNA from two different organisms.

2. Identify the technique that is used to combine the desirable qualities of 2 different organisms.

3. Identify the technique in which humans change the genetic makeup of an organism.

4. Identify the technique which genetically identical offspring are produced by using the cells of an organism.

5. Identify the technique that is used to combine the desirable qualities of 2 organisms that are very similar.

Recombinant DNA

Hybridization

Genetic engineering

Cloning

Inbreeding

Cloning an individual usually produces organisms that

(1)contain dangerous mutations(2) contain identical genes(3) are identical in appearance and

behavior(4) produce enzymes different from

the parent

Which process is most similar to the process of cloning?

(1) Fertilization (2) Vegetative propagation(3) Meiosis(4) Gamete formation

Which process could be used by breeders to develop tomatoes with a longer shelf life and to develop cows with increased milk production?

(1) natural selection  (2) genetic engineering(3) sporulation         (4) chromatography

Evolution •Change in a species over time

Ancestor • Early form of an organism from which later forms have evolved from

This is an evolutionary tree. 1.Which species is the common ancestor?

2.Which species are found in the present time?

3.Which species have become extinct?

X

Species X

Species B, C and D

Species A

Fossils • Any trace or remains of an organism preserved by natural processes

•Bones

•Mold = shape preserved in rock as hollow form

•Cast = mold filled with minerals and hardens

•Petrifaction = remains of organism turns to stone

• Can be found in sedimentary rocka. Identify the layer that contains the YOUNGEST FOSSILS.

C

b. Identify the layer that contains the OLDEST FOSSILS.

A

c. Identify the layer that contains fossils that are MOST COMPLEX.

C

d. Identify the layer that contains the LEAST COMPLEX.

A

• As move down layers, fossils become:– Older– Less complex

More complex

Least complex

youngest

oldest

Anatomical evidence

• Homologous structures: similar structures with different functions

Embryological evidence

• Similarities in embryological development

FISHREPTILE BIRD (chicken)

MAMMAL (human)

Genetic evidence

• Similarities in DNA code

What do all of these similarities suggest?•These organism

evolved from a COMMON ANCESTOR

Let’s summarize…1. Define the term evolution.

Change in a species over time2. Where are fossils found?

Sedimentary rock3. Which layers have the youngest fossils?

Upper layers4. Identify some other pieces of evidence for

evolution. Homologous structuresGenetic evidenceEmbryological evidence

Vestigial structures

• Structures that don’t seem to have a function

• Ex:– Small leg bones in

whales

• Leg-like structures in skeleton of snakes

Vestigial organs indicate that they must have been present in a form in which they were highly functional in the ancestral forms.

  According to one theory, similarities in these embryos suggest common ancestry. As these embryos mature, they will most likely 

(1.) develop new organs according to the nutritional requirements of each organism 

(2.) show no similarity as adults  (3.) continue to closely resemble each other

as adults  (4.) develop the distinctive characteristics of

their species

The fossils found in layer B resemble the fossils found in layer A. This similarity suggests that 

(1.) the fossils in layer B were formed before the fossils in layer A 

(2.) modern forms of life may have evolved from earlier forms of life 

(3.) vertebrate fossils are only found in sediments  (4.) the fossils in layer A must be more complex

than those in layer B

The term "evolution" is best described as

(1)a process of change in a population through time

(2)a process by which organisms become extinct

(3)the reproductive isolation of members of certain species

(4)the replacement of one community by another

Which pair of structures are homologous?(1) wing of an insect and wing of a bird(2) tentacle of a hydra and flipper of a whale(3) front leg of an insect and bones in

the leg of a human(4) bones in the front leg of a dog and bones in the wing of  a bat

A study of the position and shape of the bones in the forelimbs of a flying squirrel, a bat, and a beaver showed that the beaver and the flying squirrel appear to be most closely related. This was most likely based on a study in the field of comparative 

(1.) anatomy  (2.) biochemistry  (3.) embryology  (4.) cytology

Two nucleotide sequences found in two different species are almost exactly the same. This suggests that these species 

(1.) are evolving into the same species  (2.) contain identical DNA  (3.) may have similar evolutionary

histories (4.) have the same number of

mutations

Which species will most likely survive changing environmental conditions?

(1)A species with few variations(2)A species that reproduces sexually(3)A species that competes with

similar species(4)A species that has a limited life

span

For these mammals, the number, position, and shape of the bones most likely indicates that they may have(1) developed in a common environment(2) developed from the same earlier species(3) identical genetic makeup(4) identical methods of obtaining food

The first life-forms to appear on Earth were most likely

(1) complex single-celled organisms

(2) complex multicellular organisms

(3) simple single-celled organisms(4) simple multicellular organisms

youngest

oldest

Most complex

Least complex

1. How many generations are represented in the pedigree?

2. In generation 1, which parent is a carrier of the recessive gene?

4

2 (dad)

3. In generation 2, which individual marries someone who is pure dominant?

4. In which generation does the first case of sickle cell anemia appear?

3

3rd generation

5. Which generation contains the most male carriers?

6. Can 2 carriers produce a child with sickle cell

anemia?

3rd generation

Yes

7. Can a normal person produce offspring with sickle cell anemia?

8. Which parents produce 2 children with sickle cell anemia?

No

15 and 16