Agricultural Technologies

SciTech 11

What is Agriculture?

• Agriculture/farming:

What is Agriculture?

• Farmers are less than ____ of the population in the US, but they make food for _________________ of the population (food shipped to other countries)

• _______________ must be involved!

• In 1900’s, one farmer could feed ____ people. Today, 1 farmer can feed _______________!

History of Agriculture

• ______________• The first person to turn from the ____________

__________ lifestyle to _________ probably did so by using his bare ________, and perhaps some sticks or stones.

• _________ such as ______, ________, and _______________ were developed and used for thousands of years.

• During this time, almost ___________ worked in agriculture because each family could _______ ______________________ for themselves.

History of Agriculture• ___________________________

• With the Industrial Revolution and the development of more _______________ __________, farming methods advanced.

• Instead of harvesting grain by hand with a sharp blade, __________________ cut a continuous path.

• Instead of ___________ the grain by beating it with sticks, machines separated the ________ from the _______________

History of Agriculture• _______________• Power was originally supplied by _________ or

other _____________. • With the invention of steam power came the

___________________• Agricultural _____________ took over the heavy

________________________.• The steam-powered machines were low-

powered by today's standards but ___________ _______________________

• Their slow speed led farmers to comment that tractors had two speeds: "slow, and darn slow."

History of Agriculture

• ______________________________• __________, and later _______________

became the main source of power for the next generation of tractors.

• These engines also contributed to the development of the self-propelled, combined harvester and thresher, or _____________ for short.

Mechanization

• Mechanization: ______________________________ ___________________

• _____________ clearing soil, tilling soil, planting seeds, cultivating crops, harvesting crops

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Mechanization

• Harvesting- _______________________ ___________________

• _________ cut plant, separate the grain, and package stalks all at once

• -__________________________ farmers can produce

• -huge ____________________________!

Mechanization• GPS = ________________________• Receivers, computers and satellites determine

_____________ of object on earth• Placed in tractors and combines to ________

________________• -get ________________ furrows (rows),

less compacting soil, no overlap of pesticides• -also ___________ sections of fields and

__________________ (more water, pesticides etc)

How has productivity changed?

• Productivity: ____________________ (~35 L or 60 lbs) _____________

• 1830: 250-300 hours, 5 acres of land, all work by hand• 1890: 40-50 hours• 1930: 15-20 hours• 1955: 6-12 hours• 1965: 5 hours• 1975: 3.75 hours• 1987: 3 hours, 3 acres, all mechanized

• _________________________________

Dairy Farming• Produces _______________________

• Milk flows from ____________ through ___________ to milk house for processing

• Feed conveyers, ______________, and ____________ have made task easier

• In past, one cow produce milk for __ people

• -now, one cow makes milk for __ people

What about all the poop?

• _________ is separated and solids applied to fields, liquid used as _________

• -often stored in _________ and treated with ________ to make ____________

• ___________ from manure is collected and used to _________________

Aquaculture

• Raising of _________________________ _______________ in a controlled water environment

• Water temp and chemistry and ______ _______________ are controlled

• Results in ___________________ that _____________

Aquaculture Facts

• Facts:

• _____________ is farmed and imported

• 32% of marine organisms are farmed

• China is world leader in aquaculture

• What is farmed? Carp, Salmon, Oysters, Clams

Aquaculture Benefits

• Increased ___________/ _______ of organism/ efficiency

• ____________________ and maintains natural populations

• Meets ________________ in ______________________

• ____________ success • Decreased dependence on _________

products

Aquaculture

• Local Examples:

• BC has __________________, started in 1971

• BC is _____ largest producer of farmed salmon

• __________________ dollar market

Environmental Concerns

• 1. Seals can ______ tightly packed salmon through nets _________________

• -farmers began ______________ seals (now banned)

• -now used “acoustic harassment devices” that can __________________

• -sounds have ______________ many ____________________ from natural territory

Environmental Concerns

• 2. ____________ flow ___________ into natural habitat

• -many ________________________ produced in salmon farms __________ to wild fish

• -farmed fish treated with __________ but still _____________ to wild salmon

Environmental Concerns

• 3. Epidemics of _____________

• -billions of lice spread to _____________ as they enter the ocean from streams

• -one study found that ____ of wild fish near fish farms had ___________________

Environmental Concerns

• 4. _____ are coated with ___________, which is ingested by farm fish

• 5. Ivermectin antibiotic for sea lice is __________ in high quantities

• -accumulates on bottom of ocean, where _________ and other organisms ingest it

Environmental Concerns

• 6. ____________!

• -__________________ to wild fish

• -since they are larger, they _____________ wild fish

• -______________________ by mating with wild fish

Pesticides

• A _____________ is a substance or mixture of substances used to __________

• Although there are _________ to the use of pesticides, there are also _________, such as potential __________________ and other animals

Pesticide Variety• Algicides or Algaecides for the control of algae • Avicides for the control of birds • Bactericides for the control of bacteria • Fungicides for the control of fungi and oomycetes • Herbicides for the control of weeds • Insecticides for the control of insects - these can be Ovicides

(substances that kill eggs), Larvicides (substances that kill larvae) or Adulticides (substances that kill adult insects)

• Miticides or Acaricides for the control of mites • Molluscicides for the control of slugs and snails • Nematicides for the control of nematodes • Rodenticides for the control of rodents • Virucides for the control of viruses

Holy variety,Batman!

Agricultural Pesticides• Pesticides can ________________ by

____________ crop losses to _________ and other pests; in the US, farmers get a ______________________ they spend on pesticides

• One study found that _________ pesticides ________ crop yields by about _____

• Another study found that a _____ on pesticides may result in a _____ of food prices, ___________, and an ___________ _________________

Pesticide Enviro Concerns• Over ____ of sprayed insecticides and ____ of

herbicides reach a destination _____________ ____________, including non-target species, air, water, bottom sediments, and _______.

• _______________ occurs when pesticides suspended in the air as particles are ________ _____________, potentially contaminating them.

• Pesticides cause _____________, and some pesticides are ___________ organic pollutants and contribute to __________________.

Pesticide Health Concerns

• Each year, ____________ in agriculture in the developing world experience severe ____________________ and _________ ______!

• According to one study, as many as ____ ____________ workers in developing countries may suffer ________________ ___________ yearly

An Example - DDT

• Used in WWII to __________________

• Used for years as an ____________

• Accumulates in animals at ____________ _______, causing many deaths in _________ and _________

• Linked to many types of _________

• Banned in US in _____, but still around…

•http://allergykids.files.wordpress.com/2008/05/ddt-household-pests-usda-mar47c2.jpg