Age of Revolution The French Revolution. EARLY HISTORY OF FRANCE CHARLEMAGNE- 800 A.D.- First to...
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Transcript of Age of Revolution The French Revolution. EARLY HISTORY OF FRANCE CHARLEMAGNE- 800 A.D.- First to...
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Age of RevolutionAge of Revolution
The French Revolution
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EARLY HISTORY OF FRANCE
• CHARLEMAGNE- 800 A.D.- First to UNIFY France after Roman Control: divided up after his death-brought back education
• Followed by the MIDDLE AGES and FEUDALISM-strong nobles/weak king
• HUNDRED Years War- JOAN of ARC became a national heroin helped to unify FRANCE into a nation (development of Nationalism)
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EARLY HISTORY OF FRANCE• Bourbon Dynasty (Kings regained
power)– Louis XIV
• Considered the perfect example of an ABSOLUTE monarch by DIVINE right
• Built Palace of VERSAILLES at the expense of the French people
• Never called the Estates• “L’etat c’est moi” mean I
AM THE STATE• France reached the height of
their power during his REIGN
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CAUSES OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
•
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ABUSES OF THE OLD REGIMEREGIME• King had ABSOLUTE
POWER and ruled by DIVINE right
• King CENSORED speech and press
• King selected GOVERNMENT officials on the basis of NOBLE birth
• Lettres de Cachet- King IMPRISONED his enemies without a CHARGE, BAIL, or trial.
POLITICAL
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ABUSES OF THE OLD REGIMEREGIME
• Rigid CLASS System-population divided into 3 estates
– First-CLERGY
– Second-NOBILITY
– Third-EVERYONE ELSE
SOCIAL
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ABUSES OF THE OLD REGIMEREGIME
• THIRD Estate paid all of the taxes
• BOURGEOISIE (middle class) was hampered with many government restrictions on trade
ECONOMIC
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The French The French Monarchy:Monarchy:1775 - 17931775 - 1793
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FRENCH PHILOSOPHERS OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT
• Montesquieu
• Voltaire
• Rousseau
• SEPARATION OF POWERS
• FREE SPEECH & RELIGIOUS TOLERANCE
• DIRECT DEMOCRACY
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ENGLISH AND AMERICAN ENGLISH AND AMERICAN REVOLUTIONSREVOLUTIONS
• How did the American Revolution cause the French Revolution??
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FRENCH BOUGEOISIE• Sought a role in
shaping the GOVERNMENT; wanted a policy of laissez-faire
• WHAT DOES LAISSEZ-FAIRE MEAN???
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LOUIS XVI’S $$ DIFFICULTIES• Inherited a severe debt from
his PREDECESSORS
– Continues to spend heavily while refusing to TAX the FIRST and SECOND Estates.
• Call the French LEGISLATURE and the Estates-General into session in 1789
– Signified the King could not handle the problem alone
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UNDEMOCRATIC FEATURES OF UNDEMOCRATIC FEATURES OF THE ESTATES-GENERALTHE ESTATES-GENERAL
• Each Estate had ONE vote.
• The two privileged estates could out vote the unprivileged estate.
• WHAT does this mean?
VOTING
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UNDEMOCRATIC FEATURES OF UNDEMOCRATIC FEATURES OF THE ESTATES-GENERALTHE ESTATES-GENERAL
• First Estate-------->
• Second Estate----->
• Third Estate------->
300 REPRESENTATIVES
300 REPRESENTATIVES
600 REPRESENTATIVES
REPRESENTATION
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ESTATES-GENERAL BECOMES ESTATES-GENERAL BECOMES THE THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLYNATIONAL ASSEMBLY
• THIRD Estate demanded that each member, not each ESTATE have one vote in a new national assesmbly– King rejects the proposal
WHY???????
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ESTATES-GENERAL BECOMES ESTATES-GENERAL BECOMES THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLYTHE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY
• Third Estate REBELLED
– Declared themselves to the NATIONAL ASSEMBLY
– Issued the TENNIS COURT OATH
• Pledge to write a CONSTITUTION for France
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ESTATES-GENERAL BECOMES ESTATES-GENERAL BECOMES THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLYTHE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY
• MOB RIOTS helped to change the King’s mind and he CONSENTED to the National Assembly
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BASTILLE IS DESTROYED
• Rumors were spreading through PARIS that the King had ordered troops to break up the NATIONAL ASSEMBLY
• Mobs stormed the hated prison– Showed SUPPORT for the
National Assembly
– Warn the King not to RESIST REFORM
July 14, 1789
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Bastille (copy)
• French prison – stormed by French citizens
• This event began the French Revolution (July 14th, 1789 – Bastille Day!)
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WORK OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY
1789-1791
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WORK OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY
• Abolished SPECIAL PRIVILEGES and unfair TAXES
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WORK OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY
• Adopted the Declaration of the RIGHTS of MAN– Men are born FREE
and EQUAL– All CITIZENS are
entitled to a VOICE in the law making process
– All persons are GUARANTEED equality before the law
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WORK OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY
• FINANCIAL Aid to the Government
– Seized CHURCH lands
• 1/5 of total land
• Sold it cheaply to the PEASANTS
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WORK OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY
• Catholic CHURCH was put under STATE control– Formerly controlled by
the POPE
– Clergy were ELECTED by the PEOPLE
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WORK OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY
• Reformed local GOVERNMENT– Laws became
effective NATIONWIDE
– Stimulated loyalty and NATIONALISM
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WORK OF THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY
• Wrote the CONSTITUTION of 1791– Limited MONARCHY
• Had some EXECUTIVE powers
– Legislative ASSEMBLY• Consisted of
PROPERTY OWNERS being elected by TAXPAYERS to make the laws
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Declaration of the Rights of Man
•Similar to the American Declaration of Independence
•Stopped the privileges of the 1st and 2nd estates
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POLITCAL SPECTRUM IN FRANCEPOLITCAL SPECTRUM IN FRANCE
• Girondists-middle class control favored
• JACOBINS-wanted the poor to control the government
Those who favored a REPUBLIC
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POLITCAL SPECTRUM IN FRANCEPOLITCAL SPECTRUM IN FRANCE
• Louis XVI-attempted to FLEE the country but was captured
• DEVOUT Catholics
• French NOBLES
• Foreign MONARCHS– Kings of PRUSSIA and AUSTRIA
• Planned on INVADING France to put down the Revolution
Those who favored the OLD REGIME
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END OF THE LIMITED MONARCH• Mobs RIOTED upon the news that Foreign
armies were on their way
• Believe Louis XVI was in on the INVASION
• French legislature DETHRONED the King and called for the ELECTION of a NATIONAL CONVENTION– Would GOVERN France and write a new, more
DEMOCRATIC constitution
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NATIONAL CONVENTION NATIONAL CONVENTION PROMOTES THE REVOLUTIONPROMOTES THE REVOLUTION
1792-1795
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NATIONAL CONVENTION NATIONAL CONVENTION PROMOTES THE REVOLUTIONPROMOTES THE REVOLUTION
• Established the First French REPUBLIC– Tried Louis XVI on
charges of TREASON• Sentenced to death by
guillotine
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NATIONAL CONVENTION NATIONAL CONVENTION PROMOTES THE REVOLUTIONPROMOTES THE REVOLUTION
Jacobins dominate the National Convention-PROTECT the revolution from its foreign and DOMESTIC enemies
– Formed the COMMITTEE of PUBLIC SAFETY• CENTRALIZED all the government into one small,
dictatorial group
• Called for compulsory conscription (DRAFT)– Helped to remove FOREIGN INVADERS
• Instituted the REIGN of TERROR– Get rid of DOMESTIC enemies
– French people turned against the JACOBINS
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REIGN OF TERRORREIGN OF TERROR
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Reign of Terror (copy)
•Began with the execution of Louis XVI
•Tens of thousands of nobles killed
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NATIONAL CONVENTION NATIONAL CONVENTION PROMOTES THE REVOLUTIONPROMOTES THE REVOLUTION
• Abolished imprisonment for DEBT• Abolished SLAVERY in French Colonies• Adopted a national EDUCATION system• Prohibited PRIMOGENITURE
– Property no longer WILLED to ELDEST son
• Drew up a new CONSTITUTION for the republic– Headed by a FIVE man DIRECTORY (1795-1799)
• Very corrupt• Be in power until the rise of NAPOLEAN
MODERATES take control of the National Convention
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Directory (copy)
•Was weak and inefficient