Age of Faith, Renaissance and Age of Faith, Renaissance and ReformationReformation

Middle AgesMiddle Ages500-1000 AD-churches looted, 500-1000 AD-churches looted, priests uneducatedpriests uneducatedPeople lived in small towns for People lived in small towns for protectionprotectionWorked and lived on Manor- castle, Worked and lived on Manor- castle, church, farmland- people did not own church, farmland- people did not own anything…anything…Dark AgesDark Ages: classical works, : classical works, philosophies deemed inappropriate philosophies deemed inappropriate for Godly lifefor Godly lifeAge of Faith 1000 AD- monasteries Age of Faith 1000 AD- monasteries refurbished, popes sought powerrefurbished, popes sought powerProblems of ChurchProblems of Church

Priests were married with Priests were married with familiesfamilies

Church positions were sold- Church positions were sold- simonysimony

Kings controlled Bishops Kings controlled Bishops

Church AbusesChurch Abuses

Friars wandered, lived in poverty, but Friars wandered, lived in poverty, but corruptcorrupt

Some were uneducated, unable to read or Some were uneducated, unable to read or writewrite

Church leaders spent on pleasure- Church leaders spent on pleasure- common people lived in povertycommon people lived in poverty

Sought Sought IndulgencesIndulgences- pay for forgiveness- pay for forgiveness

Called for high taxesCalled for high taxes

Reform of ChurchReform of Church

Cluny, France (910): Benedictine monastary Cluny, France (910): Benedictine monastary founded- studied virtue and devotion to Godfounded- studied virtue and devotion to GodPopes restructured Church to act as Kingdom-Popes restructured Church to act as Kingdom-Pope Leo IX 1049Pope Leo IX 1049 Ruling Class, territory, taxation to pay for landRuling Class, territory, taxation to pay for land

Forbade Forbade SimonySimony and marriage of priests and marriage of priestsAdvisors for Pope (Advisors for Pope (CuriaCuria) established to act as ) established to act as court- developed canon lawcourt- developed canon lawCuria traveled to deal w/ Bishops, KingsCuria traveled to deal w/ Bishops, KingsChurch collected Taxes 1/10 of personal incomeChurch collected Taxes 1/10 of personal income

Crusades: Holy WarCrusades: Holy WarPope Urban II: issued a call of Pope Urban II: issued a call of arms to protect Constantinople arms to protect Constantinople from invading Muslim Turksfrom invading Muslim TurksCrusades to take back Holy Crusades to take back Holy Land launchedLand launchedEconomic & Religious Economic & Religious motivationsmotivationsChurch and Kings happy to Church and Kings happy to send Knights away: they were send Knights away: they were a threat to King and Church a threat to King and Church powerpowerSome Knights looking for land Some Knights looking for land & opportunity& opportunityMerchants leased ships to Merchants leased ships to transport armies; provided transport armies; provided loans to finance warsloans to finance wars

Children’s Crusade: 1212

The Crusades 1096-1204The Crusades 1096-1204

‘‘Come then, with all your people and give battle Come then, with all your people and give battle with all your strength, so that all this treasure with all your strength, so that all this treasure shall not fall into the hands of the Turks…shall not fall into the hands of the Turks…Therefore, act while there is still time lest the Therefore, act while there is still time lest the kingdom of the Christians shall vanish from your kingdom of the Christians shall vanish from your sight and, what is more important, the Holy sight and, what is more important, the Holy Tomb shall vanish. And in your coming you will Tomb shall vanish. And in your coming you will find your reward in heaven, and if you do not find your reward in heaven, and if you do not come, God will condemn you.’come, God will condemn you.’ Emperor Alexius Comnenus-Byzantine EmpireEmperor Alexius Comnenus-Byzantine Empire

Four CrusadesFour Crusades

11stst & 2 & 2nd nd (1097): Knights (1097): Knights primarily French- primarily French- German, Scots, Italians, German, Scots, Italians, Spaniards tooSpaniards tooNo great strategy; No great strategy; quarreled, didn’t quarreled, didn’t understand geographyunderstand geographyFinally conquered small Finally conquered small portion in Jerusalem portion in Jerusalem (1099)(1099)Area near Jerusalem Area near Jerusalem reconquered in 1144reconquered in 1144

Effects of CrusadesEffects of Crusades33rdrd Crusade led by Richard Crusade led by Richard the Lion-Heartedthe Lion-HeartedAgreement w/ Muslim Agreement w/ Muslim leader, Saladin (1192)leader, Saladin (1192)Jerusalem would remain in Jerusalem would remain in hands of Muslims, hands of Muslims, Christians could travel freelyChristians could travel freelyAnother Crusade (4Another Crusade (4thth) began ) began in 1198: Knights who took in 1198: Knights who took part sacked Constantinoplepart sacked ConstantinopleA permanent divide would A permanent divide would ensue: Roman Catholics ensue: Roman Catholics and Eastern Orthodoxand Eastern Orthodox

Byzantine Empire was Byzantine Empire was weakenedweakenedPope’s power weakenedPope’s power weakenedKings became strongerKings became strongerReligious intolerance Religious intolerance growsgrowsTrade increases between Trade increases between Europe & M. EastEurope & M. EastMuslim distrust of Muslim distrust of ChristiansChristiansEuropean technology European technology improves: learned from improves: learned from MuslimsMuslims

Historical PerspectivesHistorical PerspectivesThe most important legacy of the crusading movement was the sanctification [making holy] of violence in pursuit of ideas. This was not a new concept, but it took on new force when the Pope and the flower of Christian chivalry acted it out in the holy wars. The underlying concept out-lived its religious origin, ..and the state gradually replaced the Church as a holy cause.

- Norman Cantor, Historian

Let the holy sepulcher of our Lord and Savior, which is possessed by the unclean nations, especially arouse you… This royal city [Jerusalem], situated at the center of the earth is now held captive the enemies of Christ and is subjected, by those who do not know God, to the worship of the heathen. Accordingly, undertake this journey eagerly for the remission of your sins, with the assurance of the reward of imperishable glory in the kingdom of heaven.

- Pope Urban II, 1095

Renaissance: Set the StageRenaissance: Set the Stage

People suffered during Middle Ages- People suffered during Middle Ages- disease, corruption, deathdisease, corruption, death

Church taught that life was not joyous, but Church taught that life was not joyous, but a devotion to Goda devotion to God

Social Advancement during Middle Ages Social Advancement during Middle Ages was discouragedwas discouraged

Renaissance and ItalyRenaissance and Italy

1300-1600: explosion of 1300-1600: explosion of creativitycreativityRebirth of art and Rebirth of art and learning- moving away learning- moving away from dark period in Europefrom dark period in EuropeRenaissance fostered in Renaissance fostered in Italy:Italy:

Thriving citiesThriving cities Wealthy merchantsWealthy merchants Classical heritage of Greece Classical heritage of Greece

& Rome& Rome Latin language still taught at Latin language still taught at

universitiesuniversities

-Chancellor Rolin of Burgandy (later France) commissioned a painting of himself by Jan van Eyck (Flemish)

-Renaissance painters influenced by classical art

-Renaissance painters captured the importance of individuals

-Artists included objects in painting that depicted beauty

-Renaissance artists portrayed biblical characters in modernity

-People sought relevancy of religion in their own lives

Artists Reflected Renaissance Ideals

Urban CentersUrban Centers

Crusades opened up Crusades opened up overseas tradeoverseas tradeTowns grew in size- Towns grew in size- Northern ItalyNorthern ItalyCities are a place of new Cities are a place of new ideas and new productsideas and new productsCities hit hard by plague- Cities hit hard by plague- survivors could demand survivors could demand higher wageshigher wagesMerchants grew wealthy- Merchants grew wealthy- pursued interests in art pursued interests in art and literatureand literature

MerchantsMerchants

Merchants became Merchants became powerful politicians in powerful politicians in Italian city-statesItalian city-states

Did not inherit social Did not inherit social class- earned it through class- earned it through shrewd business dealsshrewd business deals

Merchants became Merchants became lenderslenders

Merchants increased Merchants increased trade and bankingtrade and banking

Classical HeritageClassical HeritageScholars looked down on Scholars looked down on Middle AgesMiddle AgesArtists drew inspiration from Artists drew inspiration from classical Rome ruinsclassical Rome ruinsScholars studied Latin Scholars studied Latin manuscripts & ancient manuscripts & ancient Greek manuscriptsGreek manuscriptsHumanists: focused on Humanists: focused on human potential and human potential and achievementsachievementsHumanists popularized Humanists popularized subjects of classical subjects of classical education: history, education: history, literature, philosophyliterature, philosophy

The Reformation- Extension of New The Reformation- Extension of New ThoughtsThoughts

Renaissance challenged Church authorityRenaissance challenged Church authority

Kings resented Pope’s attempts at controlKings resented Pope’s attempts at control

Germany (not unified) was chalk-full of Germany (not unified) was chalk-full of competing royalscompeting royals

Pope struggled to implement absolute Pope struggled to implement absolute authority in Germanyauthority in Germany

A new movement that sought freedom A new movement that sought freedom from the Church began in Germanyfrom the Church began in Germany

Reformation BackgroundReformation BackgroundChurch corruptionChurch corruptionPopes fought wars, spent Popes fought wars, spent extravagantly & extravagantly & disregarded spiritual dutiesdisregarded spiritual dutiesJohn Wycliffe of England John Wycliffe of England and Jan Hus of and Jan Hus of CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovakia

Denied the Popes had Denied the Popes had worldly powersworldly powers

Taught bible had more Taught bible had more authority than religious authority than religious leaderleader

Wycliffe exonerated from Wycliffe exonerated from Church, Hus burned at the Church, Hus burned at the stakestake

Martin LutherMartin LutherLuther was a Monk, studied Luther was a Monk, studied theology & taught at the theology & taught at the University of WittenbergUniversity of WittenbergSought to reform Catholic Sought to reform Catholic Church, not revolt against itChurch, not revolt against itUnhappy w/ his path in life- Unhappy w/ his path in life- prayed, fasted, did penanceprayed, fasted, did penanceFelt rejected by GodFelt rejected by GodDetermined the only way to Determined the only way to salvation was faith and salvation was faith and good deedsgood deeds

Worms

Wittenberg

Luther’s ReformsLuther’s Reforms

Johann Tetzel: Friar selling Johann Tetzel: Friar selling indulgences in Wittenberg, indulgences in Wittenberg, 15171517Money was used to rebuild Money was used to rebuild St. Peter’s Cathedral in St. Peter’s Cathedral in RomeRomeIndulgences gave the Indulgences gave the impression that man could impression that man could buy his way into heavenbuy his way into heavenLuther angered by the acts Luther angered by the acts of indulgenceof indulgenceSought to reform the Sought to reform the practices of the Catholic practices of the Catholic ChurchChurch

Luther’s Luther’s 95 Theses95 ThesesOctober 31, 1517 nailed 95 formal arguments against October 31, 1517 nailed 95 formal arguments against the Catholic Church to the church doors in Wittenbergthe Catholic Church to the church doors in WittenbergLuther opened the way for a debate about Church Luther opened the way for a debate about Church practicespracticesLuther went beyond attacking indulgences- he sought Luther went beyond attacking indulgences- he sought a reform of the churcha reform of the church People could win salvation thru faith alonePeople could win salvation thru faith alone All church teaching should be based on the words in the All church teaching should be based on the words in the

BibleBible All people with faith are equal- no need for Priests to All people with faith are equal- no need for Priests to

determine faith for a persondetermine faith for a person Denied authority of PopeDenied authority of Pope

Luther’s Message SpreadsLuther’s Message Spreads

95 Theses 95 Theses not meant to not meant to spread beyond Wittenbergspread beyond WittenbergPrinting Press added to Printing Press added to Luther’s message- soon Luther’s message- soon 95 95 Theses Theses were spread thru were spread thru Germany w/in weeksGermany w/in weeks Pope labeled Luther a Pope labeled Luther a viable threat- sent word for viable threat- sent word for him to him to recantrecant his his teachings- known as the teachings- known as the Papal BullPapal BullIn defiance- Luther burned In defiance- Luther burned Pope’s message in front of Pope’s message in front of studentsstudents

Diet of WormsDiet of Worms

Charles V (King of Spain and Charles V (King of Spain and Holy Roman Empire) feared Holy Roman Empire) feared Luther’s influenceLuther’s influence Luther put on trial in Worms, Luther put on trial in Worms, GermanyGermanyTrial demanded Luther recantTrial demanded Luther recantLuther didn’t recant, saying Luther didn’t recant, saying “Here I stand, God help me”“Here I stand, God help me”Charles V issued the Edict of Charles V issued the Edict of Worms:Worms:

Luther is a heretic and Luther is a heretic and outlawoutlaw

No one should provide food No one should provide food or shelter to himor shelter to him

All his books were to be All his books were to be burnedburned

The Reformation takes HoldThe Reformation takes HoldLuther went into hiding at Luther went into hiding at Wartburg CastleWartburg Castle in Eisenach, in Eisenach, GermanyGermanySpent a year translating Bible into Spent a year translating Bible into GermanGermanNew Testament published in 1522New Testament published in 1522Churches across Germany did Churches across Germany did away w/ Mass & implemented away w/ Mass & implemented new Communionnew CommunionServices done in Services done in GermanGerman, not , not LatinLatinMinisters began to wedMinisters began to wedSeparatists became Separatists became LutheransLutheransLuther did not preach violence- Luther did not preach violence- commoners revolted though commoners revolted though across Germanyacross Germany

German Response to LutherGerman Response to Luther

R e form atio n : P o st-L u th er

G e rm a n y a t W arP rin ce s in N . G e rm a n y su pp o rted L u th er

e xp lo ite d L u th e r's te ach ing to ta ke p o w e r fro m C h arle s VP rin ce s lo ya l to P o p e a rm ed ag a ins t P ro te sta n ts

P ro tes ta n ts v . C a tho licsA ll C hris tian s w h o be lo ng e d to n on -C ath o lic ch urch es

W a r th ro ug h ou t G e rm an y, to w ns & live s d e s tro yedE n de d w / P e ace o f A u g sb u rg

P e asa n ts Re vo lt- 15 24d e m a nd ed en d o f se rfd omL u the r ap p a lle d by revo lts

P rin ce s /R o ya ls c ru sh e d re vo lt: 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 k illed

The Counter ReformationThe Counter Reformationor Catholic Reformationor Catholic Reformation

This information, as well as an analysis of This information, as well as an analysis of artists and thinkers during the artists and thinkers during the Renaissance period will be examined in Renaissance period will be examined in your homework assignment.your homework assignment.

The assignment is for you to do over the The assignment is for you to do over the next few days.next few days.

We will discuss when you come back after We will discuss when you come back after Thanksgiving break.Thanksgiving break.