African Nationalism C aim – to explain and begin to analyse how significant African

nationalism was for decolonisation B/A aim – to analyse the development and impact of African

nationalism and how significant it was for decolonisation

What is nationalism? What do you need for nationalism to exist?

What might cause nationalism to accelerate in Africa?

What might inhibit the development of nationalism in Africa?

Answer one of these questions on your post-it note.

•Ext. Swap with someone else who has finished and comment on their

answer – do you agree with it?

Benedict Anderson 1983. He believed nationalism is brought about when it is socially

constructed and people all imagine themselves to be part of the same group.

He said… ‘a nation is imagined because the members of even the smallest nation will

never know most of their fellow-members, meet them, or even hear oft hem, yet in the

minds of each lives the image of their communion’.

Discuss in your pairs…•Whether you think you need to imagine communities to have nationalism•If you can think of an example of this•Whether it would be easy for African colonies to do this. Write down some notes. Ext. Why might Egypt have experienced nationalism in the late 1800s then?

• What might inhibit nationalism in Africa?

The development of African nationalism

• In your pairs sort your cards into elements that may inhibit nationalism, that may promote it, and anything in the middle

• Write down …. Are there any themes which appear in promoting nationalism? (for example the growing involvement of the peasantry)

• Write down … Do you notice any trends?

• Ext. Africa experienced many strains of nationalism – ethnic solidarity (tribal), territorial nationalism (nationalism within territories established by colonial rulers) and Pan-Africanism (which wanted to unite Africans as they argued that they had so much in common). Why did they experience so many strains and what impact might this have?

What do we have for each side? Themes? Trends?

Inhibiting nationalism Promoting nationalism

•Can you tell when something is resisting colonisation or when it is nationalism?

•The counter-argument…•Some argue that nationalism wasn’t that important as….•India became preoccupied with religious divisions

•Nigeria became preoccupied with ethnic divisions (Yoruba and Igbo)•Gold Coast – the Ashanti group demanded a third general election to

prove Nkrumah’s CPP’s national legitimacy, many ex-soldiers remained loyal to Britain

•Kenya and southern Rhodesia experienced a white nationalism•Igbo women in Nigeria played a large role in nationalism and

decolonisation, but had a minimal role in the following years of independence

•Do you still believe that nationalism is important? Why?

•Can you tell when something is resisting colonisation or when it is nationalism?

•The counter-argument…•Some argue that nationalism wasn’t that important as….•India became preoccupied with religious divisions

•Nigeria became preoccupied with ethnic divisions (Yoruba and Igbo)•Gold Coast – the Ashanti group demanded a third general election to

prove Nkrumah’s CPP’s national legitimacy, many ex-soldiers remained loyal to Britain

•Kenya and southern Rhodesia experienced a white nationalism•Igbo women in Nigeria played a large role in nationalism and

decolonisation, but had a minimal role in the following years of independence

•Do you still believe that nationalism is important? Why?

• How far do you agree that the changing attitudes of the British government towards independence was the main reason for the growth of African nationalism from the late 1950s?

• P1 – it was the main reason …..• P2 – other reason • P3 – other reason

Write your paragraph in your pair. Make sure you include lots of reasons, facts and examples. MAKE SURE YOU EXPLAIN HOW THINGS LED TO THE GROWTH OF AFRICAN NATIONALISM.

You need to make it explicit, not just assume the examiner will know what you mean. Swap with your partner. What could they improve in it? Use the marking grid to help you.

African Nationalism C aim – to explain and begin to analyse how significant African

nationalism was for decolonisation B/A aim – to analyse the development of African nationalism

and the impact this had on decolonisation

On your mini-whiteboards…

C - How significant is African nationalism for decolonisation? Analyse – by saying whether it is more or less significant than economic causes and British attitudes…Explain – clearly explain why it is more or less significant with examples (use your card sort)

B-A - How did African nationalism develop over time and what impact did this have on decolonisation? (It had a greater impact than….because…. A lesser impact than….because… With reasons and examples)

• Are you like….– Darwin – that it was a combination of the metropole,

periphery and international events? – Robinson and Gallagher – that it was largely the decisions

of the metropole?

– Vote and explanations…– How could you include this in an introduction for this question “How far do you

agree that the changing attitudes of the British government towards independence was the main reason for the growth of African nationalism from the late 1950s?”

• Did Africa bring about its own independence? • Themes – nationalism, Ghana, Gambia,

metropole, periphery.

• Homework – read chapter 4 in your books ‘changing colonial societies’, handout on Ghana

African Nationalism C aim – to explain and begin to analyse how significant African

nationalism was for decolonisation B/A aim – to analyse the development what impact African

nationalism had on decolonisation

Case study 1 – Ghana Stick your timeline into chronological order.

Collect essays.

Ghana

• How did nationalism develop in Ghana? • What impact did this have on decolonisation

in Ghana?• What impact did this have on decolonisation

in Africa?

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AjBcRMjOWzg

How did Nkrumah impact decolonisation in Africa? Use your sheets to discuss an answer to this question. • Egypt, Sudan and Somalia had become independent before Ghana – so what is special about this one? • Nkrumah adopted peaceful tactics – e.g. Boycotts. • Wanted to prepare Africa as an equal in a global society, had to dismantle colonsialism and put in new structures • Wanted to enable the individual through education to do this • Willing to use powers – got the Soviets to help him build the Ghana Atomic Reactor Centre at Kwabenya and the USA to help him

build the Akosombo Hydro-Electric Project (which helped him combat unemployment) and thought that these would empower Ghana

• Nkrumah studied Garvey’s ideas of pan-Africanism, and moderated these to what was possible on the ground • 1958 – Ghana hosted the first Conerence of independenct African States in Accra• 1958 Nkrumah luanchedt he idea of an African Personality • 1958 – All African Peoples Conference followed• Nkrumah established a strong education system in his country• Believed in socialism • Ghana gave a loan to Guniea after France tried to punish them for voting No in their referendum. • Ghana supported the SWAPO in Namibia, ANC in South Africa, NLK in Algeria and other freedom fighters groups. • Nkrumah helped to found the Organisation of African Unity • Nkrumah hoped that socialism would help to resist neo-colonialism through multi-national exploitation • In 1963 Nkrumah said there should be overall continental planning, a unified land, sea, air, military and defnece strategy and a

common foreign policy• There has been some African continental intergeation – but Structural adjustment programs still remain in Africa

• How far do you agree that the growth of African nationalism was fuelled mainly by Ghana’s success in gaining independence?

• (Total for Question 13 = 30 marks)P1 P2 P3

• 14 How far do you agree that the changing attitudes of the British government towards independence was the main reason for the growth of African nationalism from the late 1950s?

• (Total for Question 14 = 30 marks)• Write a conclusion for the earlier essay you

wrote as a class.

• What three key facts spring to mind for how Ghana, Nkrumah and nationalism in Africa caused decolonisation?

Gambia

• Why did it come about• Impact