African Civilizations (8:1-3)
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Transcript of African Civilizations (8:1-3)
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African Civilizations
Chapter 8:1-3
1500 BC- 500 AD
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In Your Notes:
• Check to make sure you have all main ideas that are underlined in your notes. If you do not, add them. If you do, mark/circle them to find them more easily.
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Section 1: Diverse Societies in Africa
• Main Idea= African peoples developed diverse societies as they adapted to varied environments
• Why it matters now? Differences among modern societies are also based on people’s interactions with their environments
• THEMES: how geography affects societies
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Setting the Stage
• “Geography is the mother of history”
• First human inhabitants
• Early civilizations: Egypt, Carthage and Kush
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Geography• Second largest continent in the
world• Occupies 1/5 of the earth’s land
surfaces• Coastline has few harbors and
ports• Africa lies on the equator (tropics)• From plains to snowy mountains• From drought to rainfall• From rocky to rain forests
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From Deserts to Rain Forests
• Desert makes up 40% of continent
• Deserts can reach 136 degrees
• Sahara and Kalahari Deserts
• Rainforests- ½ of the middle of Africa
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From Fertile Farmlands to Grassy Plains• Fertile land on the
northern and southern tips
• Largest amount of people live on the savannas (grassy plains)
• Savannas cover 40% of continent
• Desertification= a transformation from fertile land into desert
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Early Humans Adapt to Environment
• People moved outward from the area’s first migration and adapting to the different geography
• Developed technologies to adapt
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Nomadic Lifestyles
• Roamed for food• Still nomadic hunter-
gatherers roaming Africa today
• Eventually, domesticated animals
• Many modern Africans are pastoral herders
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Transition to a Settled Lifestyle• Agriculture probably began
in 10,000 BC• To survive many moved to
the Nile Valley and into West Africa
• Savannas had the best agricultural lands
• With an increased amount of food, some could practice other activities (metal, pottery, jewelry)
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Crash Course: Agricultural Revolution
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Organizing Africa
• Different activities led to organizing into communities with simple governments
• Village chief• Centralized powers• These communities
developed into great kingdoms
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*African Common Characteristics• 1. Importance of basic social unit,
the family– Extended family– Clan= a group that shared common
ancestors• 2. Belief in one creator, or god
– Animism= religion in which spirits played an important role in regulating life
– Spirits sent to animals, plants and natural forces
• 3. Oral stories kept history alive– Griots= storytellers
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Early Societies in West Africa
• How we know about Africa?– *oral history– Recent archaeology findings
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Djenne-Djeno
• *Djenne= ancient city in Africa, objects dated from 250 BC, oldest known city in Africa south of the Sahara
• Uncovered in 1977• Excavated a huge mound
with hundreds of thousands of artifacts
• 50,000 residents• Knew how to smelt iron• Houses of mud bricks• Trading center
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The Nok Culture• Nok= earliest known
Western African culture• Present day Nigeria• 500- 250 BC
Farmers• *First people to know how
to smelt iron• Might have taught Djenne
people• Might be direct ancestors
of some modern Africans
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Section 2: The Kingdom of Aksum & East African Trade
• Main Idea: The kingdom of Aksum became an international trading power and adopted Christianity
• Why it matters now? Ancient Aksum, which is now Ethiopia, is still a center of Eastern Christianity
• THEMES: religion spread through trade
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Setting the Stage
• Before Nok, Kush in the east was powerful enough to conquer Egypt
• Assyrians came in and drove Kushites south
• Kush remained powerful until it was conquered by another more powerful kingdom
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The Rise of the Kingdom of Aksum• Aksum= kingdom located
in modern day Ethiopia• Legend traces back to King
Solomon of ancient Israel• May have begun when
Arab people crossed the Red Sea into Africa
• Mingled with Kushites and passed along their written language, skills with stone and building aqueducts
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Aksum Controls International Trade
• Location made it an important trading center
• Red Sea coastline gave it influence over sea trade on the Med. Sea & Indian Ocean
• Along caravan route to Egypt and Meroe
• Adulis= Aksum’s chief seaport• *International trading power• Traded: salt, rhino horns, tortoise
shells, ivory, emeralds, gold
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A Strong Ruler Expands the Kingdom
• Ezana= great ruler that brought the kingdom of Aksum to its height
• Conquered Yemen, then Kush
• Burned Meroe to the ground
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A Cosmopolitan Culture Develops• Aksumites had a diverse
culture • Adulis (port) was
cosmopolitan– Included people from: Egypt,
Arabia, Greece, Rome, Persia, Indian and Byzantium
• Out of all the languages of Aksum, *Greek stood out as the international language of the time
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Spread of Christianity• One god= Mahrem• Believed their king was
directly descended from him• Animists, honored nature
and dead ancestors• Offered sacrifices to those
spirits, Mahrem and the Greek god of war, Ares
• Christianity spread from trade
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Split over Christianity
• Dispute: nature of Christ, whether he was divine, human or both
• Coptic Church of Egypt and the Ethiopian Orthodox Church (22 million members) formed
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Aksumite Architecture
• Used stone instead of mud bricks• Carved stone to fit perfectly
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Language & Agriculture
• Askum was the only ancient African kingdom known to have *developed a written language
• First south of the Sahara to mint coins
• Terrace farming• Dug canals to bring in water,
dams, holding tanks to store water
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The Fall of Aksum
• Lasted 800 years• Declined under invaders
who practiced Islam• Muslims conquered and
spread religion along as they went
• Ports were cut off, and the kingdom declined in international power
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Section 3: Bantu Speaking Peoples
• Main Idea: Throughout history, people have been driven to uproot themselves and explore their world
• Why it matters now? Migration continues to shape the modern world
• Theme: Migration
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*Causes for Migrations
• Environmental changes• Economic pressure• Political and religious
persecution• Technological development
• Best way to study patterns of movement is to study the movement of languages
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Massive Migrations
• *900 languages in the Niger-Congo all stemmed from the parent language, Proto-Bantu
• Bantu-speaking peoples• Bantu= “people”• Bantu went south
spreading their language
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Bantu Language
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Bantu Culture
• Not one people but a group of people
• Nomads• Skill of ironworking*• Spread their skills• Within 1500 years they
were able to reach the southern tip of Africa
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*Why did the Bantu migrate?
• 1. Agriculture fed more people and therefore population increased and they had to move (not enough land to go around)
• 2. Advancing Sahara Desert (desertification)
• 3. War between tribes
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*Effects of the Bantu Migration
• Spread of culture• Intermingling and
intermarrying• Were a unifying
influence throughout Africa
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“Guns, Germs & Steel: Bantu & Ancient Africa”