Aff File Constellation

8/13/2019 Aff File Constellation

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1AC Plan Text

The United States Federal Government should fully fund theConstellation program.


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1AC China

Contention 1 is China

Without Constellation Air For e satellite laun h osts !illdou"le due to ommer ial ro!d#out

Ben $annotta , editor at C4ISR Journal, authoritative information source onintelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance, 3-12-20 1% !"S" #ir $orce %arns ofincreased launch costs& htt'())%%%"c4isr*ournal"com)stor+"'h' $ 4.3/..The U.S. Air For e and &ational 'e onnaissan e (ffi e ould fa e ma)orin reases in the ost of laun hing satellites as a result of the amaadministration*s de ision to an el &ASA*s shuttle repla ement program + ato' #ir $orce official said" ar+ a+ton, de'ut+ undersecretar+ of the #ir $orce fors'ace 'rograms, told mem ers of Congress on 5ednesda+ that the ("amaadministration had not as,ed the Air For e to examine the effe ts of

an eling &ASA*s Constellation program efore the $e " 1 announcement" Themilitary and intelligen e ommunity rely on the same manufa turers as&ASA to "uild the ro ,ets that laun h their satellites + "ut the White -ouseplans to turn to ommer ially o!ned ro ,et s to launch astronauts follo!ingretirement of the shuttle later this +ear" 6arl+ information sho%s the pri e ofro ,et propulsion systems for the military and &'( might dou"le / as aresult , a+ton said"

That trades off !ith funding for spa e "ased surveillan e 7urner Brinton, S'ace 8e%s Staff 5riter, 1-14-2011 !"S" #ir $orce 669: Budget6;'ected to S


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#tmos'heric #dministration" 7he #ir $orce ought three 669: launches in 2010 and'lans to u+ three in 2011, though Congress has not +et 'rovided full-+ear fundingfor the government" Starting in 2012, the #ir $orce %ill see< to u+ a out five 669:launches 'er +ear, #ir $orce Secretar+ Hichael Eonle+ said Jan" 12 at an #ir $orce#ssociation media riefing here" #t least some of the money needed to overrising 00 2 osts !ill "e dra!n from other spa e programs + and among themissions li,ely to get s6uee7ed is spa e surveillan e , sources said" The AirFor e at one time planned to have a com'etition under %a+ + no% to "uild afollo!#on to the Spa e 8ased Spa e Surveillan e satellite that launched inSe'tem er" That pro urement has "een deferred "eyond 9%19 , these sourcessaid"

We*ll isolate t!o internal lin,s for spa e targetingoordination:

14 S8SS solidifies spa e ontrol "y giving offensive anddefensive prote tion of our satellites against ASATs

China ;aily


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spa e surveillan e apa"ility , ut in fact, it is tantamount to enhan e spa e#stri,e apa"ility. S8SS s+stem is to provide s'ace for the U.S . goal ofdetailed data is a urate and riti al to om"at the 'remise for all land+ sea+air+ spa e anti#satellite !eapons , their de'lo+ment in s'ace ahead of itselfKreconnaissance forces" K In addition, the s+stem or the anti-satellite %ea'ons testin s'ace stations"

94 S8SS saves our "roader satellite and GPS arrays from de"risD urrent tra ,ing insuffi ient

Levin HcCane+, managing editor of overnment Com'uter 8e%s, /-12-2010Satellite %ill trac< s'ace *un


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#s 'art of an effort to "uild a more effective and surviva"le deterrent force,China has e;'anded the num er of missiles it de'lo+s and shifted a greater'ro'ortion of its deterrent forces to mo"ile systems in luding road-mo ilemissiles such as the E$-21, E$-31 and ;F#?1A . These ne! mo"ile apa"ilitiesma,e the tas, of tra ,ing and targeting China*s deterrent for es as part ofUS nu lear ounterfor e operations mu h more diffi ult . 7he relationshi'

et%een the !nited States and China is the most im'ortant strategic d+ad in the21st centur+" Eaintenan e of a redi"le nu lear ounterfor e apa"ility isne essary for maintaining the sta ilit+ of this relationshi' and to dis ourage 'otential Chinese adventurism in regional hots'ots such as the Tai!an Straitand the South China Sea. Eo"ility of Chinese nu,es ma,es them diffi ultto tra ,. !S trac< record on mo ile targets, including !"S" o'erations against Ira?i

allistic missiles in the first ulf 5ar and mo ile ground targets in the air cam'aignagainst Losovo, suggest that current !S ca'a ilities %ould e insufficient forconventional or nuclear counterforce o'erations" US spa e "ased surveillan eassets !ould "e parti ularly vulnera"le to Chinese ASAT apa"ilities %hilemanned and unmanned aerial assets %ould find it difficult to o'erate in the Chineseair defense environment" # trou ling issue for !S o'erations against Chinese missileforces is the 'ro lem of distinguishing et%een nuclear and conventionall+ armedtargets" 7he !nited States cannot currentl+ distinguish et%een units designated fornuclear and conventional o'erations and identical missiles are designated for othregional nuclear and conventional stri


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su marines in the acific launch 7rident II missiles at the Chinese ICBH field in=enan 'rovince" 7he 8av+ of success" 8ot onl+ %ere thosemissiles inaccurate, their %arheads had a relativel+ small +ield" FSimilarl+, until thelate 1 A0s, !"S" ICBHs lac


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course of several %eeuse their ac


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might mean permanently losing Tai!an. This !ould undermine thedomesti legitima y of the C hinese Co mmunist P arty+ !hi h in reasinglyrelies on the appeal of nationalism to )ustify its rule " # cri''ling defeat %ouldalso strain relations et%een 'olitical leaders in Bei*ing and the Chinese militar+" Tostave off a regime#threatening disaster + the politi al leaders might de ideto raise the sta,es "y pla ing part of the Chinese nu lear for e on alert i nho'es of coercing the !nited States into acce'ting a negotiated solution Ffore;am'le, a return to 7ai%an s 're-declaration statusG" 8y putting its nu learfor es on alert+ ho!ever+ China*s leaders !ould ompel a U.S. president toma,e a very diffi ult de ision: to a ede to "la ,mail F + agreeing to acease-fire and 'ressuring the 7ai%anese to renounce inde'endenceG, to assumethat the threat is a "luff 3a dangerous proposition+ given that ea hChinese $C8E arries a ity#"usting +%%%#,iloton !arhead4+ or to stri,ethe Chinese missiles efore the+ could e launched" =o% do #merica s gro%ingcounterforce ca'a ilities affect this scenario $irst, Ameri an nu lear prima ymay prevent su h a !ar in the first pla e. China*s leaders understand thattheir military no! has little hope of defeating U.S. air and naval for es. $fthey also re ogni7e that their nu lear arsenal is vulnera"le >and that'lacing it on alert might trigger a 'reem'tive stri the leaders may on ludethat !ar is a no#!in proposition " Second, if a %ar over 7ai%an started an+%a+,U.S. nu lear prima y might help ontain the fighting at the onventionallevel. 0arly in the risis+ Washington ould 6uietly onvey to 8ei)ing thatthe United States !ould a t de isively if China put its vulnera"le nu leararsenal on alert. $inall+, if China threatened to laun h nu lear atta ,s against #merica s allies, its territor+, or its forces in #sia, nu lear prima y !ouldma,e a preemptive first stri,e more palata"le to U.S. leaders. Anyde ision to atta , China*s $C8E for e+ though+ !ould "e fraught !ithdanger " # missile silo might have esca'ed detection" $urthermore, a stri


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onsidered the use of nu lear !eapons mandatory if the ountry ris,eddismem"ermen t as a result of foreign intervention" en Ridge%a+ said thatshould that ome to pass + !e !ould see the destru tion of ivilisation .

7here %ould e no victors in such a %ar" 5hile the 'ros'ect of a nuclearArmaggedon over Tai!an might seem inconceiva le, it annot "e ruled out entirel+, for China puts sovereignty a"ove everything else" en Ridge%a+recalled that the iggest mista


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'o%er in the s+stem" 5hat e;actl+ does it mean to e a hegemon in the modern%orld It is almost im'ossi le for an+ state to achieve glo al hegemon+, ecause itis too hard to 'ro*ect and sustain 'o%er around the glo e and onto the territor+ ofdistant great 'o%ers" 7he est outcome that a state can ho'e for is to e a regionalhegemon, and thus dominate one s o%n geogra'hical area" 7he !nited States has

een a regional hegemon in the 5estern =emis'here since the late 1A00s" #lthoughthe !nited States is clearl+ the most 'o%erful state on the 'lanet toda+, it is not aglo al hegemon" States that gain regional hegemon+ have a further aim( the+ seefrom Ksur'assing, or e?ualing, the 'o%er of the !nited States"K/ 7o ma


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ca'a ilities %ithout triggering a nuclear uildu' from China re?uires a considera lelea' of faith"A U6nd age 1A V


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9AC es US O China War

;ra!s in the U.S.Hichael =anlon, Senior $ello% foreign olic+, .-1-200., X7he Ris< of 5ar ver

7ai%an is Real,& Broo


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%ith strategic culture" 7he !nited States is used to great 'o%er 'olitics in the#tlantic area and most !S foreign 'olic+ e;'erts have learned their trade fromstud+ing that e;'erience" 7he !nited States must e careful not to assume that thelessons learned from that are transfera le to #sia" India-China-Ja'an relations %illnot necessaril+ 'la+ out li


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9AC es China#Tai!an Crisis

Tai!an risis inevita"le O long#term trendsEavid #" Shla'a


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Tai!an is opposing to the reunifi ation+ any step of themainland !ill lead to !ar

Joe E ;onald , #ssociated ress 5riter, #9 -2011, China s =u Calls for Closer 7ai%an 7ies,& International 8e%s, htt'())%%%"le;isne;is"com)hotto'ics)lnacademic)

China and Tai!an s'lit in 1 4 amid civil %ar ut Bei*ing claims the island as its

o%n territor+" 7he+ have no offi ial relations and fe% direct trade and travel lin


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source said" K7he mainland militar+ needs to e;ercise its restraint, or une;'ectedclashes ma+ ha''en,K ruling Luomintang 'art+ legislator Shuai =ua-min %arned"

7he defense ministr+ said it did not consider the intrusion to e deli erate" K#s longas an+ emergenc+ situation is detected, the militar+ has never hesitated to send our#ir $orce aircraft to the region for 'recautionar+ %arnings,K the Hinistr+ of 8ationalEefense said in a statement . 'elations "et!een the t!o nations have "een atodds sin e the end of a ivil !ar in 1H H "e ause China still onsidersTai!an as part of its territory and refuses to a"andon it.

Tai!an risis inevita"le O long#term trendsEavid #" Shla'a


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risis " 7he com ination of more than a de ade of P'C military moderni7ation and flat 7ai%anese defense s'ending have transformed the alance across thestrait a%a+ from one that had long favored 7ai%an" In the heat of an+ future cross-strait crisis, this shift in the 'erceived alance of for es seems to remove animportant impediment to Chinese use of for e.

Tai!an risis is inevita"le O irre on ila"le differen esEavid #" Shla'a%hich %ill e discussed in greater detail in the ne;t three cha'ters of thisre'ort> may onvin e its leaders that the mainland possesses redi"leoptions that go e+ond rhetoric and economic harassment if>more li


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9AC AT: Tai!an $ndependen e Eovement ;ead

;ying independen e movement is uni6ueness for ourargument O en ourages rises and Chinese adventurism

Eavid #" Shla'a


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fractious democrac+N %hile Bei*ing Fand 5ashingtonYG ma+ ho'e that the volatilit+ of'olitics in 7ai'ei %ill e reduced, it is not unli


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9AC $magery Iey To o ating ;F#?1A

;F#?1A has an off#road apa"ility O ensures the surviva"ility ofChinese se ond stri,e

Sean (*Connor , IHI87 #nal+sis, 4-1/- 9%%H, Sha+


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ress state in their 'a'er( [UChina sV strategic arsenal is gro%ing at a glacial'ace" China has onl+ 1A ICBHs, a num er that has remained essentiall+ unchangedfor more than a decade" In addition, these missiles are


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those Chinese $C8Es that its intelligen e has not found. 7hus, there is nomethod or model "y !hi h ie"er and Press an determine !ith any

ertainty that the num"er of surviving Chinese $C8Es after a sur'rise !"S"stri


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The ;F#?1A is ChinaNs first road mo"ile $C8E apa"le of hittingWashington " Before this missile, China relied on aging silo- ased E$-. ICBHs foruse as nuclear counterstri


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9AC es Prima y AT: Lin

U.S. an easily defeat Lin Class su"s O they*re designed to fulfillregional missions and are !ay noisy

=ans Iristensen , $#S Securit+ Blog, 11-21- 9%%H, China s 8ois+ 8uclear Su s,&htt'())%%%"fas"org) log)ss')200 )11)su noise"'h'\more-22A0China*s ne! Lin# lass "allisti missile su"marine is noisier than the'ussian ;elta $$$ # lass su"marines "uilt more than ?% years ago+ a ordingto a re'ort 'roduced + the !"S" 8av+ s ffice of 8aval Intelligence F (&$ G" 7here'ort 7he eo'le s 9i eration #rm+ 8av+( # Hodern 8av+ 5ith ChineseCharacteristics, %hich %as first 'osted on the $#S Secrec+ 8e%s Blog and has since

een removed from the 8I %e site U ut no% ac< hereN than


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2 S9BH gives the P A &avy its first credi le se ond#stri,e nuclear apa"ility.The authors must mean in prin iple+ "e ause in a !ar su h noisysu"marines !ould presuma"ly "e highly vulnera"e to U.S. or Lapanesea nti# s u"marine ! arfare for es " F7he noise level of China s most modern diesel-electric su marines is another matterN 8I sa+s some are com'ara le to Russiandiesel-electric su marinesG" 7hat does raise an interesting ?uestion a out theChinese SSB8 'rogram( if Chinese leaders are so on erned a"out thevulnera"ility of their nu lear deterrent+ !hy "ase a signifi ant portion of iton a fe! noisy platforms and send them out to sea !here they an "esun, "y U.S. atta , su"marines in a !ar #nd if Chinese 'lanners


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round#trip " Indeed, 8I s suggestion that five su marines %ould e necessar+ totoreach areas in the 8orth acific from %hich the J9-2 could target significant 'ortionsof the !nited States " This island hain offers a num"er of opportunities forfixed sensor empla ements , similar to the S S!S s+stem, that should provideample opportunity for US atta , su"marines and other US and LapaneseASW platforms to pi , up and trail the "oomer on patrol " #lthough I %asn tcleared the see the good stuff during m+ stint on the Ja'an des< at SE, a revie% of'ress re'orting suggests a high level of


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could hide and get out to sea" But the &avy an still study+ model and line!ith the Strait !ith sensors. This fa t is not lost on the (ffi e of &aval'esear h+ !hi h seems to "e very interested in the uni6ue o eanographyo"served in the South China Sea & and seems to have funded a fair amount ofresearch including the #sian Seas International #coustics 6;'eriment F#SI#6ZG,5ind+ Islands Soliton 6;'eriment F5IS6G and god


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9AC AT: &o U.S. First Stri,e

Eore eviden e O fear provesLeir ie"er , #ssistant rofessor of olitical Science at the !niversit+ of 8otre

Eame, and Ear+l Press+ #ssociate rofessor of overnment at EartmouthCollege, Jul+)#ugust 9%%< , Su'eriorit+ Com'le;,& 7he #tlantic,htt'())%%%"theatlantic"com)doc)200/0/)china-nuconventional andnuclear>focus increasingl+ on China, leaders in Bei*ing %ill li


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dis repan ies "et!een the vie!s that E &amara and others held duringthe 1HJ%s and the vie!s they later professed in their memoirs. Forexample+ in 1HJ? E &amara and Iennedy dis ussed U.S. options if Chinaatta ,ed $ndia for a se ond time. $n audio re ordings+ E &amara is heardto say+ 8efore any su"stantial ommitment to defend $ndia against Chinais given+ !e should re ogni7e that in order to arry out that ommitmentagainst any su"stantial Chinese atta ,+ !e !ould have to use nu lear!eapons . Any large Chinese Communist atta , on any part of that area!ould re6uire the use of nu lear !eapons "y the U.S.+ and this is to "epreferred over the introdu tion of large num"ers of U.S. soldiers./ 8utrather than shrin, "a , from the prospe t of using nu lear !eapons+Iennedy replied+ We should defend $ndia+ and therefore !e !ill defend$ndia/ if atta ,ed. 1 (ne might argue that these !ere merely poli ydis ussions and did not+ after all+ reVe t a tual "ehavior+ "ut it is dif ultto see a nu lear ta"oo permeating these deli"erations. (ther eviden efrom the Iennedy administration also asts dou"t on the strength of thenu lear ta"oo. For example+ at the pea, of the 8erlin risis of 1HJ1+ senior

ivilians in the White -ouse !or,ed !ith the Loint Chiefs of Staff to modifyU.S. nu lear !ar plans to improve the han es of a su essful rststri,e. 9 This !as not merely the !or, of midlevel "ureau rats. Their!or, led President Iennedy himself to notify the Loint Chiefs of Staff inSeptem"er 1HJ1 that he !anted a "rie ng the next day on the U.S.military*s a"ility to laun h a surprise nu lear disarming stri,e on theSoviet Union. Far from "eing a purely hypotheti al interest+ Iennedy*smessage to the Loint Chiefs said that he !anted this informationimmediately "e ause 8erlin developments may onfront us !ith asituation !here !e may desire to ta,e the initiative in the es alation of

onVi t from the lo al to the general !ar level./ ? General !ar/ !as aeuphemism for nu lear !ar. Eoreover+ even s holars !ho argue that thereis a po!erful ta"oo agree that nu lear !eapons may "e used in high#sta,es rises. The entral laim a"out the nu lear ta"oo is that it inhi"itsthe use of nu lear !eapons "ut does not prevent it. The impli ation is thatin future high#sta,es rises+ U.S. leaders may onsider initiating nu lear!ar )ust as they did in the past. #nd to avoid such circumstances, !"S"adversaries %ill %or< hard to mitigate their vulnera ilit+" Some scholars of thenu lear ta"oo appear to agree !ith our analysis on this point+ !orryingthat the statements+ dis ourse+ and a tual nu lear !eapons poli iesemerging from the George W. 8ush administration ould seriously !ea,enthe nu lear ta"oo. As Tannen!ald !rites+ the nu lear ta"oo !ould "eespe ially damaged if the nu lear do trines of nu lear states ontinue toemphasi7e nu lear !eapons as an important instrument of nationalse urity and even develop ne! roles for them/ if !e see the

development of ne! generations of Xmini#nu,es* that "lur the line"et!een onventional and nu lear !eapons+ thus lo!ering the thresholdfor nu lear use/ or if the United States ontinues !ith loose tal, a"outthe potential utility of nu lear !eapons./ 5 Tannen!ald remains hopefulthat "oth strategi and normative fa tors !ill mitigate against thesedevelopments+ "ut others are less optimisti that the 8ush administration!ill shift ourse in its nu lear poli y or dis ourse. J


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9AC es Spa e ;e"ris

Spa e de"ris is at its tipping point O A ollision ould threatenGPS a ura y

=eidi 8la,e , investigative re'orter for 7he Eail+ 7elegra'h, 2)1)20 11 , S'ace sofull of *un< that a satellite collision could destro+ communications on 6arth&,7heEail+ 7elegra'h, htt'())%%%"telegra'h"co"u


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Studies sho! spa e de"ris a ount of half of the ollision ris,sSimon Collard- Wexler et. al ", Senior Research fficer, International Securit+Research and utreach rogramme,Ee'artment of $oreign #ffairs and International 7rade, Canada, S'ace Securit+20 %J , htt'())%%%"s'acesecurit+"org)SSI200 "'df Hedia re'orts a out a forthcoming 8#S# stud+ reveal that the ris, posed "yor"ital de"ris to spa e raft may "e higher than previously thought " 9ea


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Pre#emptive avoidan e of de"ris only !ay to solve O on e it*sthere+ there*s no !ay to re over

Loel '. Prima , and &an y 0llen A"rams + Physi s ;epartment+University of California+ Santa Cru7+ -11-20 %9 Star 5ars $orever > #

Cosmic ers'ective& htt'())'h+sics"ucsc"edu)cosmo)!86SC r"'df Spa e is the most fragile environment that exists ecause it has the leasta ilit+ to re'air itself" nl+ the 6arth s atmos'here can remove satellites from or it"5hen the sun flares u' in its eleven +ear c+cle, it heats the u''er atmos'here andma


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endangered " 6ver+ 'erson %ho cares a out the human future in s'ace should alsorealiDe that militariDing s'ace *eo'ardiDes the 'ossi ilit+ of s'ace e;'loration"


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RRRST0E 0 T0&S$(&S


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9AC Constellation Iey to ST0E

&ASA missions are more important to the future of thestudents than anything else

Christo'her ;a!son , a freelance %riter and consultant %ith +ears of e;'eriencein educational technolog+ and %e - ased s+stems, 1-31- 9%1%+ Constellation'rogram cut( s'ace race no more,& net,htt'())%%%"Ddnet"com) log)education)constellation-'rogram-cut-s'ace-race-no-more)3.AA

7he !S s'ace 'rogram costs illions and illions of dollars" 5i


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math areers. 7he+


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Iilling Constellation ;estroys &ASA morale and hurts ST0E s,ills inAmeri a*s s hoolsIu7net7 X1% F9a%rence = LuDnetD, h"E Senior Scientist, 2)22)10, 7he 6nd of=uman S'aceflight &, htt'())%%%"americas'ace"org) ' 122A , )2 )11G

7here are *o s and there are *o s" #s far as the+ go, I ha''en to have a great one( comforta l+ 'aid, good enefits,terrific 'ro*ects and I %or< %ith the smartest, most dedicated team of 'eo'le on or off the 'lanet" I sa+ off ecauseI m 'art of a team that does dangerous things to ver+ e;'ensive 'eo'le" I hel' uild intelligent s'acesuits for 8#S#,ones that tell astronauts ever+thing from ho% much life su''ort the+ ve got left to ho% fast the+ have to %al< toget ac< to Base alive to %hen to eat and drin< F+es the+ tala ne"ulous program of loudy goals that
http://www.americaspace.org/?p=1228http://www.americaspace.org/?p=1228


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!ill inspire no one and pro"a"ly "e ut any!ay.> Han+ of us at 8#S# %orr+ thatthis so-called Kfle;i le 'lanK %ill end u' in the same grave+ard as its 'redecessorsN and that %e re a andoning theS'ace Shuttle at the a'e; of its evolution to%ards safet+ leaving us %ith no access to s'ace or re'airing largecom'onents of the ISS as it did the =u le S'ace telesco'e" #nd most of all %e as< %h+ a andon the vision If +oudon t li


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9AC a"or Shortage O General

-ighly s,illed la"or shortage oming O "a"y "oomer retirement Je 8ush , former governor of $lorida, 6d%ard Alden , Bernard 9" Sch%artD senior

fello% at the Council on $oreign Relations, s'ecialiDing in !"S" com'etitiveness, and 7homas $" E arty III, former 5hite =ouse Chief of Staff for !S resident BillClinton, 9%%H, !"S" Immigration olic+,& Council on $oreign Relations,%%%"cfr"org)content)'u lications)attachments)ImmigrationM7$R 3"'df

7he 7as< $orce elieves that the osts of losing preeminen e in attra tingtalented immigrants !ould "e very high. The U nited S tates has hit aplateau in the num"ers of Ameri an students graduating !ith advan eddegrees+ 'articularl+ in scientific and technical fields" Indeed, the num er ofscience and engineering hEs earned + !"S" citiDens has fallen + more than 20'ercent in the 'ast decade" 9? The United States !ill fa e an a eleratingshortage of highly s,illed !or,ers as the "ul, of the "a"y "oomgeneration starts heading into retirement " In 200 , there !ere moreholders of master*s+ professional+ and do toral degrees among the agefifty#five to fifty#nine ohort+ !hi h is nearing retirement+ than among thethirty to thirty#four ohort " Hore %orrisome, this stagnation in theedu ational a hievement levels of Ameri ans has ome at a time !henmany other ountries D South Lorea, Canada, Ja'an, $rance, S'ain, and others>have ontinued to expand the share of their populations re eiving higheredu ation.

US e onomi leadership is ollapsing no! "e ause of the ST0Egap

Harvin Cetron , 'resident of forecasing international 9td and ven ;avies ,science anal+st and former senior editor of mni magaDine, A- 9%1% , 7rendsSha'ing 7omorro% s 5orld forces in the natural and Institutional environment,& 7he$uturist, :ol" 44, 8o" 4The United States is losing its s ientifi and te hni al leadership to othercountries" ^ K The scientific and technical "uilding "lo ,s of our e onomileadership are eroding at a time !hen many other nations are gatheringstrength ,K the 8ational #cadem+ of Sciences %arns" K#lthough man+ 'eo'leassume that the !nited States %ill al%a+s e a %orld leader in science andtechnolog+, this ma+ not continue to e the case inasmuch as great minds andideas e;ist throughout the %orld" We fear the a"ruptness !ith !hi h a lead ins ien e and te hnology an "e lost##and the diffi ulty of re overing a lead

on e lost+ if indeed it an "e regained at all"K ^ #ccording to the 8ationalScience Board, R E s'ending gro%s + Q 'er +ear in the !nited States, onaverage . China spends 9%@ more on ' ; ea h year " ^ China is no% second tothe !nited States in the num er of research articles its scientists 'u lish each +earand gaining ra'idl+" ^ In patents earned ea h year+ Ameri ans are no! insixth pla e and falling. ^ Hilitar+ research no% a sor s much of the mone+ thatonce su''orted asic science" Since 2000, !"S" federal s'ending on defenseresearch has risen an average of /"4Q 'er +ear, com'ared %ith onl+ 4".Q forcivilian research" 7he ; efense Advanced ' esearch P ro*ects Agenc+ has een


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legendar+ for its su''ort of K lue s


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9AC es a"or Shortage O Eilitary $nnovation

es !or,er shortage O defense industry#dam Segal , Ira #" 9i'man senior fello% for counterterrorism and national securit+

studies at the Council on $oreign Relations, 9%11 , #dvantage( =o% #mericanInnovation can vercome the #sian Challenge(ne area %here shortages are li,ely is in the defense industry+ !here )o"sre6uire se urity learan e " But this shortage is li


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9AC &o US $nnovation &o!

The e onomi re ession+ edu ation and la , of investment aretan,ing US innovation

#rianna -uffington , co-founder and editor in chief, 3-2 - 9%1% , 5hen It Comesto Innovation, Is #merica Becoming a 7hird 5orld Countr+ ,& =uffington ost,htt'())%%%"huffington'ost"com)arianna-huffington)%hen-it-comes-to-innovatiM M.122A0"htmlIs #merica turning into a third %orld countr+ 7hat %as the 'rovocative to'ic of a'anel I too< 'art in last %ee< at a conference s'onsored + 7he 6conomist entitledKInnovation( $resh 7hin


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The urrent US fo us family unifi ation threatens Ameri anompetitiveness and e onomi innovation

Earrel H" West , vice 'resident and director of overnance Studies and foundingdirector of the Center for 7echnolog+ Innovation at Broo


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9AC ST0E Iey to ;(;

Foreign la"or dependen e rushes ;(; la"s O iti7enship isne essary

Richard Stephens , Senior : , =uman Resources and #dministration at Boeingand Chair of the #eros'ace Industries #ssociation, 2-4- 9%1% , 7estimon+ to the=ouse Science and 7echnolog+ Committee,& htt'())%%%"aia-aeros'ace"org)assets)Ste'hensQ205rittenQ207estimon+Q202-4-2010F1G"'df 5e are 'roud to e among those industries that have 'laced the !nited States in itsleadershi' role in technolog+, innovation and the a ilit+ to solve highl+ com'le;'ro lems" But as oth the 'ace of innovation and the need for 'ro lem-solvingaccelerate glo all+, the !nited States faces a com'etitive ga' that %e can closeonl+ if more of our +oung 'eo'le 'ursue careers in the gro%ing fields of S76Hdisci'lines" In m+ industr+, the #viation 5ee< 200 5or


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secondar+ teachers for science, math and technolog+N and 3G Hotivate our +outh to'ursue S76H-related careers that 'rovide great 'a+, deliver on the 'romise ofchallenging and fun %or


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t%o 'rimar+ findings of the grou' eing, " " " the inade6ua ies of our system ofresear h and edu ation pose a greater threat to U.S . national se urity overthe ne;t ?uarter centur+ than an+ 'otential onventional !ar that %e mightimagine"& Indeed, the onse6uen es of urrent trends are parti ularly a utefor defense firms , %hich must rel+ upon U.S. iti7ens for much of theirengineering for e and annot sim'l+ shift !or, overseas as does mu h ofthe ommer ial se tor "


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9AC AT: Private Se tor Solves

(nly ;(; la"s solve military dominan e O private industry istoo profit fo used O empiri s prove

Eon ;e oung , senior research fello% in the Center for 7echnolog+ and 8ationalSecurit+ olic+ at 8ational Eefense !niversit+, Center for 7echnolog+ and 8ationalSecurit+ olic+, 8ational Eefense !niversit+, Januar+ 9%%? , 7he Silence of the9a s,& Eefense =oriDons, 8um er 21,htt'())%%%"ndu"edu)C78S )doc!'loaded))E=21"'df Eyth: $ndustry Can ;o $t #ll" $ndustry !ill not ta,e on the full range ofne essary !or, ecause many areas hold limited opportunities for profit . Spe iali7ed defense te hnologies often have little or no appli a"ility to

ommer ial produ ts " !nli


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9a s,& Eefense =oriDons, 8um er 21,htt'())%%%"ndu"edu)C78S )doc!'loaded))E=21"'df

7o understand the 'olitical costs of inaction, one must understand %h+ ;(; hasla" oratorie s in the first 'lace" 7o e sure, their existen e is not "ased on auni6ue a"ility to perform r esearch and d evelo'ment" Instead, it is "ased ontheir uni?ue position as technical agents of the !"S" Government ,,no!ledgea"le of military re6uirements , and responsi"le for a ting in the&ation*s interests " The ;efense a"oratory meets this responsi"ility "yperforming three roles ( 'erformer of long-term, high-ris< 'ro*ectsN ?uic !ere never enemies inspa e + "ut !hen !e "egan ooperating on the ground they ut thefunding +> said veteran osmonaut Georgy Gre h,o + 0ven theAmeri ans !ould all us and say Nlaun h something ne!+ so theyNll give us

money.N> With ompetition e lipsed "y ooperation + 'ussiaNs spa e agen yhas survived over the past t!o de ades "y hiring out the third seat a"oardthe Soyu7 to foreigners.

4" Eemogra'hic shifts ma !ill "e a serious e onomi limitation of our gro!th "K K7hendou ling of E %ill e out of the ?uestion,K agrees Hr" Lle'ach"

5. 'ussian e onomi de line doesn*t ause lash out or !arThe &e! 'epu"li , 2)/) 9%%%#t the time and since, o servers of the events of 1 A -1 0 in 6uro'e have een'ro'erl+ amaDed at %hat ha''ened and at %hat did not ha''en" 7he Soviet em'irecolla'sed in 6astern 6uro'e" Eivided erman+ %as unified" Eemocraticgovernments re'laced communist dictatorshi's in 6astern 6uro'e" 7he Soviet !nionitself im'loded and %as reincarnated as ?uasi-democratic, ?uasi- authoritarianRussia" et a unified erman+ has not ecome a menacing $ourth Reich, and'ussia + despite a ollapse of its e onomy and the spe ta ular loss of theCold War+ did not turn in "itterness and frustration to the alliance ofnationalists and ommunists !ho !ere see,ing to reverse the humiliationsof a de ade ago

J. 'ussia annot "e ompetitive in the spa e industry and isnot lin,ed to the e onomy

Leith Crane and #rtur Usanov , director of R#8E s environment energ+ andeconomic develo'ment 'rogram, role of high technolog+ industries, 9%1% , 'ro*ectmuse


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Spa e is not a dynami industry in the glo"al e onomy " Commercial satellite launcheshave een fe%er than e;'ected as fi"er opti a"les have satisfied most of thein reased demand for ommuni ations apa ity despite the extraordinarygro!th of the internet. Host launches are still 'urchased + governments" 7he s'ace 'rogram in the!nited States a''ears to e in a 'eriod of retrenchment, and in 6uro'e it also faces udgetar+ 'ressures" #lthoughChina and India have e;'anding 'rograms, the+ tend to favor their o%n manufacturers" 'ussiaNs good

tra , re ord and "udgetary pressures in the United States provide roomfor ontinued sales of laun hes and ro ,ets as demand for o servation satellites remains,"ut the industry does not sho! signs of dynami gro!th " 8e% roc


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'ussiaNs ivil e onomy+ and the resurgen e of "road espionage la!s Fandseveral recent highl+ 'u liciDed convictionsG %ill


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9AC AT: I('US ;A

1. Won*t passD TAA is a prere6uisite James 7" 8erger , freelance usiness %riter and C6 of James 7" Berger)Har


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according to 'lan& until earl+ Jul+" =e added that the im'act the trade 'act %ase;'ected to have on the !"S" trade figures %as not on a scale that %ill 'rove

urdensome to the !"S" econom+"& Regarding the situation in Lorea, Lim said thatsome 'rogress could e made in #ugust" $f 3the pro ess4 starts in Septem"er+time !ill "e signifi antly delayed+/ Lim said citing 'rocesses such as the annual'arliamentar+ audit as 'otential causes of the dela+" $rom such 'ers'ective, it isnecessar+ to regard it not as an issue that should e seen through to the end oncestarted, ut one should e conducted in stages"&

?. Won*t passD South Iorean demo rats not on"oard6van 'amstad , Lorean corres'ondent for 7he 5all Street Journal,


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su''orters that he %as different from other 'oliticians -- that he could someho%overcome the 'olitical constraints and institutional arriers that have limited the'o%er of all his 'residential 'redecessors" I sa% it in the de ate regarding

uantanamo, militar+ commissions, the 'u lic o'tion, #fghanistan, e;tending theBush ta; hi


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5. &o lin,D

a. Fiat O the ma)ority of Congress has to pass the plan+ they!on*t "a ,lash against themselves

". &o spillover "et!een unrelated agenda items

. ;A*s intrinsi O poli yma,er ould pass "oth

J. Winners Win Jonathan Singer , J"E" !niversit+ of California W Ber


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United States ontinue to "e a !orld leader in spa e exploration N a out four-in-ten sa+ this is not essential F3AQG" oo,ing "a , on the shuttle program + a ma)ority355@4 say it has "een a good investment for the ountry " =o%ever, this is lo%er thanit %as in the 1 A0sN throughout the earl+ +ears of the shuttle 'rogram, si;-in-ten or more said the 'rogram %as agood investment Ea)orities in nearly all demographi groups say it is essentialthat the U.S. ontinue to "e at the vanguard of spa e exploration . #nd

partisan groups largely agree that Ameri an leadership is vital + althoughthis vie! is more prevalent among 'epu"li ans. T!o#thirds of 'epu"li ans3J assumed the duties of am assador to the!nited States" In a conversation in front of a ca'acit+ cro%d at the forum, the t%odi'lomats reflected on the historical strength of the alliance and %hat issues might'ut it at ris


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of the am"assadors "udged much" $n fa t , said =an, there is a ver+, ver+fundamental notion that U.S.#Iorea relations annot e s%a+ed + one or t%oevents ./ $t is and has "een an allian e , he said, that has never "een

underestimated or disregarded. $t !as al!ays entral "&

1%. &o Iorean onfli t ong I!on , 5ashington- ased anal+st of international affairs, 1# -2011,

Hisunderstandings ma+ 'rove fatal,& #sia 7imes,htt'())%%%"atimes"com)atimes)Lorea)H#0AEg02"htmlWith the mounting ost of oer ive "argaining , the &orth Ioreans are notplaying a Dero-sum strateg+ game li


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9AC AT: Spending ;A

1. Spending on !ars in Afghanistan and $ra6 out!eighEevin ;!yer , #BC 8e%s, -22- 9%11 , #fghanistan 5ar Costs 9oom 9arge ver

ama 7roo's #nnouncement,& htt'())a cne%s"go"com) olitics)afghanistan-%ar-costs-soar-o ama-troo's-announcement)stor+ id 13 02A.3resident ama s 'lanned dra%do%n of !"S" troo's in #fghanistan ne;t month fulfills a 'romise he made more

than a +ear ago, ut also underscores the over%helming costs of #merica s longest %ar" 5hile the !nited Statesgra''les %ith de t and deficit crises, taxpayers are expe ted to spend more than 11"illion this year in Afghanistan for militar+ o'erations, ase securit+, reconstruction, foreign aid,em ass+ costs and veterans health care" 7hat s more than dou le the amount the Ee'artment of =omelandSecurit+ s'ends 'er +ear to secure the nation s orders, screen air travelers and hel' #mericans recover fromnatural disasters, among other services" Afghanistan !ar spending is roughly six timesthe annual "udget of &ASA " #ll told, the %ar that egan in cto er 2001 has cost ta;'a+ers morethan an estimated @443 illion, according to the Congressional Research Service, and the lives of more than 1,.23!"S" militar+ service mem ers" olls sho% the !"S" 'u lic has ecome increasingl+ %ar %ear+, leading mem ers of

oth 'arties -- including some Re'u lican candidates for 'resident -- to 'ressure ama to e;'edite his #fghanistan'lan and re'rioritiDe the %ar funds" 7he 'ace of !"S" %ithdra%al 'ro'osed + ama Ksounds a little slo% and a littlecautious, %hen +ou loo< at one out of ever+ si; Eefense Ee'artment dollars going in su''ort of %hat %e re doing in#fghanistan,K former !tah governor and 'residential candidate Jon =untsman said toda+ on K H#"K K8ine+ears and .0 da+s into this conflict, the mone+ that has een s'ent on oth conflicts, %ell over @1 trillion, I thin< %ehave to sa+, 5hat have %e accom'lished in #fghanistan K he said" =untsman is not alone" 5hile ./ 'ercent of#mericans in the latest #BC 8e%s 'oll sa+ the %ar has contri uted to long-term national securit+, far fe%er, 2.'ercent, sa+ it has contri uted Ka great deal,K %hich is the


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+ 201 , %ith 'rivate firms ta


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$reshman Sen" John BooDman FR-#r


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s'ending and increase government s a ilit+ to meet our ever+ need" In short, !e !ill "e lied to "y"oth sides . The reality is far too frightening for any areer politi ian toa ,no!ledge. (ur nation "orro!s J "illion per day " In 2010, government s'ending onentitlement 'rograms alone e;ceeded total ta; revenue" 7oda+, one in si; #mericans receives mone+ directl+ fromthe treasur+ . 0very on eiva"le !ant and need of the masses is assumed to "egovernmentNs responsi"ility. And+ in the pursuit of votes+ politi ians have

"een only too !illing to ta,e it all on. f course, %e can t 'lace the lame entirel+ onCongress" olls consistentl+ sho% that %hile #mericans are for Ks'ending cutsK generall+, the+ are un%illing totarget s'ecific 'rograms" So even %hile %e recogniDe that our government is out of control, %e are un%illing tocurtail our o%n access to its treasur+" 7he 'resident, of course, es'ouses increased ta;es as the ans%er to our'ro lems" !nfortunatel+, Congress has 'roven over and over that it cannot control itself %hen 'resented %ithincreased ta; revenue" # %idel+ 'u liciDed stud+ com'leted + economists at hio !niversit+ sho%ed that, sincethe 1 40s, for ever+ dollar 5ashington received due to a ta; increase, it increased s'ending + @1"24" Ha%hich has een the icon of #merica s s'ace effort for a generation> !ill "emissed+ harder heads !ill "e glad to see the de ,s leared " 9ast +ear Baracthe unromantic name ofthe eef+ roc%ill e uilt'artl+ from rec+cled shuttle 'arts in an effort to save mone+ and use familiar technolog+" And spending!ill "e managed through fixed#pri e ontra ts instead of the ost#plus/

deals that helped to inflate the pri e of the shuttle.
http://www.economist.com/node/18895018http://www.economist.com/node/18895018


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9AC AT: (il ;A


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9AC AT: Asteroids ;A


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9AC AT: Aliens ;A

1. 0arthli,e onditions are rareD intelligent life forms pro"a"lydon*t exist

Ian Cra!ford , rofessor of #stronom+ and h+sics at !niversit+ College in9ondon, Jul+ 20 %%, 5here #re 7he+ Ha+ e 5e #re #lone In the ala;+ #fter #ll,&Scientific #merican, :olume 2A3, Issue 1, '" 3A-43G

7o m+ mind, the histor+ of life on 6arth suggests a more convincing e;'lanation" 9iving things have e;isted herealmost from the eginning, ut multicellular animal life did not a''ear until a out /00 million +ears ago" Formore than three "illion years + 0arth !as inha"ited solely "y single# elledmi ro organisms . This time lag seems to imply that the evolution ofanything more ompli ated than a single ell is unli,ely " 7hus, the transitionto multi elled animals might o ur on only a tiny fra tion of the millions ofplanets that are inha"ited "y single# elled organisms " It could e argued that the longsolitude of the acteria %as sim'l+ a necessar+ 'recursor to the eventual a''earance of animal life on 6arth"

erha's it too< this long>and %ill tafor acterial'hotos+nthesis to 'roduce the ?uantities of atmos'heric o;+gen re?uired + more com'le; forms of life" 8uteven if multi elled life#forms do eventually arise on all life "earingplanets+ it still does not follo! that these !ill inevita"ly lead to intelligent

reatures + still less to te hnologi al ivili7ations " #s 'ointed out + Ste'hen Ja+ ould inhis oo< 5onderful 9ife, t he evolution of intelligent life depends on a host ofessentially random environmental influen es. This ontingen y isillustrated most learly "y the fate of the dinosaurs . They dominated thisplanet for 1 % million years yet never developed a te hnologi al

ivili7ation " 5ithout their e;tinction, the result of a chance event, evolutionar+ histor+ %ould have een ver+different" The evolution of intelligent life on 0arth has rested on a largenum"er of han e events+ at least some of !hi h had a very lo!pro"a"ility " In 1 A3 'h+sicist Brandon Carter concluded that ivili7ations ompara"le !ithour o!n are li,ely to "e ex eedingly rare + even if lo ations as favora"le asour o!n are of ommon o urren e in the galaxy "&

9. The losest galaxy is over t!o million miles a!ayRich ;eem , Researcher and S'ecialist at Cedars-Sinai Hedical Center A)2.)200 J ,

!$ s and 6;traterrestrial #liens( 5h+ 6arth =as 8ever Been :isited,&htt'())%%%"godandscience"org)a'ologetics)ufo"html=ave %e een visited + e;traterrestrial eings from else%here in the universe $irst, $ !ould li,e toeliminate the idea that !e have "een visited "y "eings lo ated outside ouro!n galaxy. Andromeda+ the nearest galaxy to the Eil,y Way is 9 millionlight years distant " 7his means that if there !ere aliens in Andromeda + it !ouldta,e them longer than 9 million years to ome to earth "1 #nother 'ro lem is %h+ the+%ould %ant to visit our gala;+" The Andromeda galaxy is onsidera"ly larger than ourgalaxy . $f life !ere ommon in the universe + there should "e many timesmore of it in Andromeda+ than in our !impy galaxy . W hy !ould they even!ant to visit us M A third pro"lem for potential aliens is dete ting us . Wehave "een sending radio !aves for less than 1%% years . $t !ill "e another9 million years "efore those signals rea h our losest neigh"oring galaxy .The light 3and other ele tromagneti signals4 that they no! see representthe !ay the earth loo,ed 9 million years ago. 8eings in other galaxies


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!ould have no !ay of ,no!ing that advan ed life forms existed in ourgalaxy .

?. 0ven past Area 51 employees say there*s no aliens6ri< a itis , Seattle 7imes staff re'orter, 3)2/)20 1% , #rea .1 vets rea is "elied "y numerousresponses . 7%o such e;am'les %ere %itnessed in Eecem er 2010, %hen 8#S# held a ver+ 'u lic 'ressconference to announce a 'ossi le ne% life-form ased on arsenic, and in 1 , %hen scientists 'roclaimed that aHartian roc< contained fossil evidence of ancient life on the Red lanet and resident Bill Clinton made a statementon the to'ic" 8udget#hungry spa e agen ies su h as &ASA and private fund#raising organi7ations su h as the S0T$ $nstitute !ill shout to the highheavens a"out anything extraterrestrial they find+ from mi ro"es toEartians. 8ut should !e shout "a , to the aliensM $ am s,epti al " #lthough %ecan onl+ re'resent the su *ect of an 8 of 1 trial, and our s'ecies does have an unenvia le trac< record of firstcontact et%een civiliDations, the data trends for the 'ast half millennium are encouraging( olonialism isdead + slavery is dying + the per entage of populations that perish in !arshas de reased+ rime and violen e are do!n + ivil li"erties are up + and+ as!e are !itnessing in 0gypt and other Ara" ountries+ the desire for

representative demo ra ies is spreading + along !ith edu ation+ s ien eand te hnology. These trends have made our ivili7ation more in lusiveand less exploitative " If %e e;tra'olate that .00-+ear trend out for .,000 or .00,000 +ears, %e get asense of %hat an 67I might e li


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9AC AT: &ASA Tradeoff ;A


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RRRAT: C(U&T0'P A&S


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9AC AT: 0SA CP

1. Perm do "othD 0SA an*t do the plan aloneD"udget free7eEoug Eessier , - - 9%1% , 6S# ra''les %ith 7ight BudgetsN E9R 6sca'es

erman Budget Cuts&, htt'())%%%"atlasaeros'ace"net)eng)ne%si-r"htmid 4/ 2 'rintversion 1S'aceflight 8o% re'orts that 6S# is going through some elt tightening as it deals%ith the glo al recession( The 0 uropean S pa e A gen y *s spending free7e is not delaying missionsyet+ "ut all options !ill "e on the ta"le as the ash#strapped agen yprepares for even tighter "udgets in 9%11 and 9%19 , the organiDation s to' financialofficial said" 9ud%ig Lronthaler, 6S# s director of resources management, said the s'ace agenc+ should haveenough mone+ to avoid a moratorium on contract signings this +ear" But more serious onse6uen esmay "e in store for the next t!o years . $or 2010, I don t see a huge 'ro lem in the

udget,& Lronthaler said" 8ut it*s lear !e have to prepare ourselves that 9%11 and9%19 might "e tighter./ 6S# is freeDing s'ending for 2010 and 2011 at last +ear s level of 3"3. illioneuros, or @4 illion" 7he s'ace agenc+ s udget remains higher, ut 6S# s e;'enditures %ill e stretched out

through contract modifications"

9. ;oesn*t solve either advantageD US a tion ,ey

?. Conditionality is a voter O reates time and strategy s,e!s+argumentative irresponsi"ility+ and dispo solves

. Satellite funding "lo ,ed due to internal onfli tseter B" de Selding , 3-.- 9%1% , Controvers+ Eee'ens ver 6uro'ean 5eather

Satellite Contract&, htt'())%%%"s'acene%s"com)satelliteMtelecom)10030.-meosat-contract-issue-remains-unsettled"htmlEU&$C-+ Germany D German government offi ials are "laming their o!nta ti al erro r during negotiations !ith Fran e for the ontroversy that has"lo ,ed approval of 0urope*s 1.< "illion next#gen eration !eather satelliteprogram sin e the "eginning of the year and no! threatens to auselasting damage to the 1 #nation 0uropean Spa e Agen y 3 0SA G, ermangovernment and industr+ officials said"

5. Perm do the CP

J. &o neg fiatD no should not/ in the re7+ CPs are infinitelyregressive+ and many heat


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pro)e t " 7he 6uro'eans are not multilateralists at home" n the contrar+ + they !ant to turn0urope from an intergovernmental institution into a single nation##!ithreal po!er " It s true that even the $rench have no grand design to ta


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9AC AT: 'FSA CP

1. Perm do "oth

9. 'ussian spa e "udget an*t afford ne! pro)e ts OCapa"ilities are em"arassing

Tha,ur 9%11 F4)13)11, Sofia, Russian s'ace udget unam itious , sa+s s'aceagenc+ chief& htt'())eandt"theiet"org)ne%s)2011)a'r)russian-s'ace"cfm, #GRussian s'ace agenc+ 'os,osmos annot afford to finan e ground"rea,ingpro)e ts and ould "e overta,en "y China , sa+s its chief" Ros


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. ;oesn*t solve either advantageD US a tion ,ey

5. Perm do the CP



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9AC AT: Privati7ation CP

1. Perm do "oth

9. Privati7ation empiri ally failsLatherine 8utler , leader %riter at greeno'ia"com and at H88, 3-A- 9%1% , 7he

ros and Cons of CommercialiDing S'ace 7ravel&, htt'())%%%"mnn"com)green-tech)research-innovations)stories)the-'ros-and-cons-of-commercialiDing-s'ace-travel&$urther, ;inerman points out that private efforts into spa e have failed againand again . -e refers to do7ens of private start#ups that never got off theground + let alone into spa e " Einerman 'oints to o ,heed EartinNs #?? design +!hi h !as supposed to repla e the s'ace shuttle in 1HHJ. The design neversu eeded and ultimately ost the government H19 million and o ,heedEartin ?5< million. #maDon"com Chief 6;ecutive Jeff BeDos com'an+ 8lue (rigin set up the;C# program in the early 1HH%s. $ts su"or"ital test vehi le !as initially

su essful "ut !as destroyed in a landing a ident . Einerman claims, 7he Clintonadministration sa% the EC-Z as a Reagan)Bush legac+ 'rogram, and %as ha''+ to cancel it after the accident"&


. ;oesn*t solve either advantageD US a tion ,ey D andprivati7ation hurts innovation and leadership

Wu , chairman of the =ouse Science and 7echnolog+ Su committee on 7echnolog+and Innovation, 4-1.- 9%1% , Ee ate( ama s S'ace rivatiDation lan Is a Costl+Hista


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5. Perm do the CP


reall+ a %or entirely !ith governmentfunding + E#R #, 8S$, C6R8, and several other government agencies" # range of favora"lelegislation su h as the 8ayh#;ole A t have made it easy for private"usinesses to li ense the fruits of government resear h and developmentprograms on e;cellent terms" 5hat this means is that private/ high te hnology investorsand entrepreneurs such as 6lon Hus< and Jeff BeDos often have negligi"le experien e!ith the resear h and development of ore te hnologies ompara"le toro ,et engines. 7his differs from iconic historical inventors li


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9AC AT: Spending &8

Perm do "othD that solves their "udget arguments Oin entivi7ing private development saves &ASA resour es

for the plan. 7homas 8rannen , J"E" Candidate, Southern Hethodist !niversit+ Eedman Schoolof 9a%, Summer 9%1% , rivate Commercial S'ace 7rans'ortation s Ee'endenceon S'ace 7ourism and 8#S# s Res'onsi ilit+ to Both,& Journal of #ir 9a% andCommerce, '" 4While &ASA an refuse to learn from its mista,es and continue to insist on controlling allas'ects of s'ace e;'loration, despite its "udgetary onstraints+ the most mutually"enefi ial option is to re6uire &ASA to rely on private ommer ialproviders. 7he recertification of the Shuttle %ould re?uire large increases in or reallocations of 8#S# s udgetand could 'otentiall+ lead to the same inefficiencies that have 'lagued 8#S# throughout its histor+" Instead,&ASA should follo% the Committee s suggestion, learn from the su ess of pri7e#en ouraged innovation+ and >strengthen ... in entives to the ommer ial

providers> in their development of suita"le servi es to utiliDe in its ISS o'erations" 8yimplementing a potentially government#sponsored pri7e oupled !ithguaranteed ontra ts+ &ASA !ould serve its o!n purposes of shortening>the Gap> and !ould produ e additional in entives for innovation in theprivate ommer ial spa e transportation industr +" 9i


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9AC AT: China CP

1. Perm do "oth

9. China is pursuing spa e militari7ation O gains in overallspa e apa"ilities ause them to lose the gap

Ben 8lan hard , staff %riter for Reuters,


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enter an era of mutual hostilit+, one that might include desta"ili7ing+ hair#trigger defense postures in spa e !here "oth sides stand ready to laun ha first stri,e on a momentNs noti e " ne scenario involves the use of %ea'ons,such as lasers or *ammers, %hich see< to lind sensors on imaging satellites ordisa le satellites that 'rovide %arning of missile launches" Imagine, for e;am'le,5ashington s reaction if China disa led !"S" missile %arning satellites or vice versa"In that case, Sino#U.S. relations !ould "e highly vulnera"le to themisinterpretations and mis al ulations that ould lead to a onfli t inspa e " #lthough attac


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9AC AT: States CP

1. Come onD Permutation do the CP Blo% mebFif +ou have the guts, move onG

9. Courts !ill roll"a , O urrent la! means the legislative haspreempted the ounterplan

8ic< 'o"inson , $o; $ello% at Ja%aharlal 8ehru !niversit+ and JE ale 9a%,9%%< , CitiDens 8ot Su *ects( !"S" $oreign Relations 9a% and the EecentraliDationof $oreign olic+,& 40 #


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Around the !orld+ most ountries mista


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9AC AT: Satellite -ardening

1. Perm do "oth

9. CP an*t solve inevita"le China*s nu lear threataG =alle; sa+s that !"S" s'ace ased surveillance is the


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Contested Commons( 7he $uture of #merican o%er in a Hulti'olar 5orld&, Centerfor a 8e% #merican Securit+,=o%ever, replenishment and hardening is insuffi ient , as it does notaddress the fundamental pro"lem that the United States relies on a

ommons that is inherently fragile and vulnera"le " In the coming decades,the United States should not allo! its military to remain dependent onspa e to fight modern !ars " 7his vulnera ilit+ ma+ e sim'l+ too tem'ting atarget for adversaries during a ma*or conflict" 7hus, the U.S. military shoulddevelop apa"ilities and do trine to ensure it an operate at a high levelof effe tiveness !ithout the use of spa e for C3ISR" 8et%or


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res'onsi ilities to shareholders that 'reclude hardening their s+stems against amilitar+ aggressor" 7o address these shortfalls, the United States should

onsider options that improve the rates of return on investment+ ma,ing itmore finan ially attra tive for ommer ial servi e providers to design for,and meet, government needs" Such o'tions might include government guaranteesof a revenue stream to a commercial 'rovider to offset added demands on acommercial satellite" 7he+ might include outright financing of some commercials+stems %ith lo%-cost loans or su sidies for launch and o'erating costs"


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RRRAT: I'$T$IS


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9AC AT: Cap I

1. The "allot should evaluate ompeting politi al options

a. 'e7 8asis ### predi ta"le stasis on the topi !hi h out!eighs

". Unlimits ### evaluating reps is infinitely regressive andmeans !e ould never !in

. Aff hoi eD !e don*t endorse epistemology impa ts so !eshouldn*t have to de"ate them

d. Their I self marginali7es itself out of politi s and istherefore useless

Jose'h &ye , 'rofessor at =arvard !niversit+ and former dean of the =arvardLenned+ School, 4-13- 9%%H, 5ashington ost,htt'())%%%"%ashington'ost"com)%'-d+n)content)article)200 )04)12)#R200 0412022 0M'f"html 4-13-0

resident ama has a''ointed some distinguished academic economists andla%+ers to his administration, ut fe% high-ran


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and modeling !ould not have %ider significance if this trend did not raise 6uestions regarding the preparation of ne! generations and the futureinfluen e of the a ademi ommunity on pu"li and offi ial per eptions ofinternational issues and events" Tea hers plant seeds that shape thethin,ing of ea h ne! generation Nthis is 'ro a l+ the a ademi !orldNsmost lasting ontri"ution "K et too often scholars teach theor+ and methods thatare relevant to other academics ut not to the ma*orit+ of the students sitting in theclassroom efore them" Some academics say that !hile the gro%ing gap"et!een theory and poli y may have osts for poli y , it has produ ed "etter so ial s ien e theory , and that this is more important than !hethersu h s holarship is relevant " #lso, to some e;tent, the ga' is an inevita le resultof the gro%th and s'ecialiDation of the mainsta+s of glo aliDation> degrade humanand environmental !ell#"eing . Indeed, the 9%th entury sa! the UnitedStates* population multiply + four, income + seven, car on dio;ide emissions + nine, use ofmaterials + 2/, and use of chemicals + more than 100" et life expe tan y in reased from 4/ +earsto // +ears" (nset of ma)or disease such as cancer, heart, and res'irator+ disease has "een


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postponed et%een eight and eleven +ears in the 'ast centur+" =eart disease and cancer rates have een inra'id decline over the last t%o decades, and total cancer deaths have actuall+ declined the last t%o +ears, des'iteincreases in 'o'ulation" #mong the ver+ +oung, infant mortalit+ has declined from 100 deaths 'er 1,000 irths in1 13 to *ust seven 'er 1,000 toda+" These improvements haven*t "een restri ted tothe United States. $t*s a glo"al phenomenon . World!ide+ life expe tan yhas more than dou"led , from 31 +ears in 1 00 to / +ears toda+" India s and China s infant mortalitiese;ceeded 1 0 'er 1,000 irths in the earl+ 1 .0sN toda+ the+ are 2 and 2 , res'ectivel+" In the develo'ing %orld,the 'ro'ortion of the 'o'ulation suffering from chronic hunger declined from 3/ 'ercent to 1/ 'ercent et%een1 /0 and 2001 des'ite a A3 'ercent increase in 'o'ulation" lo all+ average annual incomes in real dollars havetri'led since 1 .0" Conse?uentl+, the 'ro'ortion of the 'lanet s develo'ing-%orld 'o'ulation living in a solutepoverty has halved since 1 A1, from 40 'ercent to 20 'ercent" Child la"or in lo% income countriesde lined from 30 'ercent to 1A 'ercent et%een 1 0 and 2003" 6?uall+ im'ortant, the !orld is moreliterate and "etter edu ated than ever" eo'le are freer 'oliticall+, economicall+, and sociall+ to'ursue their %ell- eing as the+ see fit" Eore people hoose their o!n rulers+ and havefreedom of expression . They are more li,ely to live under rule of la!+ andless limost im'ortantl+ in


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(f all religions + se ular and other!ise+ that of Earxism has "een "y far the"loodiest O loodier than the Catholic In?uisition, the various Catholic crusades, and the 7hirt+ ears 5ar

et%een Catholics and rotestants" In 'ractice, Earxism has meant "loody terrorism +deadly purges+ lethal prison amps and murderous for ed la"or + fataldeportations , man-made famines+ extra)udi ial exe utions and fraudulentsho! trials + outright mass murder and geno ide . $n total+ Har;ist regimesmurdered nearl+ 110 million 'eo'le from 1H1< to 1H


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5. Conditionality is a voter O reates time and strategy s,e!s+argumentative irresponsi"ility+ and dispo solves

J. Perm do "othD Criti6ue alone fails O integration of a tualsolutions ,ey

eter ;i ,ens and James (rmrod , :isiting rofessor of Sociolog+ at the!niversit+ of 6sse; #8E ^^9ecturer in Sociolog+ at the !niversit+ of Brighton,9%%< , Cosmic Societ+( 7o%ards a Sociolog+ of the !niverse& 'g 1 00xplanatory riti6ue an only go so far. Philosophy and so iology are onlytools for un overing ho! reality is stru tured and for freeing u' the discussion of feasi lealternatives" $t !ill ta,e mu h hard !or, and politi s on a mass scale to forge ne!so ial allian es + ounter#hegemoni ideologies and spa e pro)e ts that"enefit oppressed populations " 7he ultimate aim of this must e a relationshi' %ith the universethat does not further em'o%er the alread+ 'o%erful"


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selfishness+ and appealing to our Xhigher instin ts " Both are a'ocal+'tic, claiming to ea le to read the future and %arning, liWe donNt li,e to starve> and >Weli,e to spea, our minds !ithout fear of death K and K5e li


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to "etter use if they "ury some of their yni ism a out #merica s social and 'olitical'ros'ects and help forge pu"li and politi al possi"ilities in a s'irit of determination to,indeed, achieve our countr+ - the countr+ of Jefferson and LingN the countr+ of John Ee%e+ and Halcom ZN thecountr+ of $ran "ut more important to the 'ros'ect ofour flourishing - ?uestions such as K=o% is it 'ossi le to develo' a citiDenr+ that cherishes a certain he;is, one%hich 'riDes the character of the Samaritan on the road to Jericho almost more than an+ other K or K=o% can %es?uare the 'olitical dogma that undergirds the fantas+ of a missile defense s+stem %ith the need to treat #mericaas ut one mem er in a communit+ of nations under a Kla% of 'eo'les K The ne! pu"li philosophermight see, to understand la"or la! and military and trade theory anddo trine as mu h as theories of surplus value the logi of internationalmar,ets and trade agreements as mu h as riti6ues of ommodifi ation+and the politi s of omplexity as mu h as the politi s of po!er Fall of %hich canstill e done from our arm chairs"G This means going do!n deep into the guts of our6uotidian so ial institutions + into the grimy pragmati details !hereintelle tuals are loathe to d!ell "ut !here the offi ers and "ureau rats ofthose institutions ta,e diffi ult and often unpleasant+ imperfe t de isionsthat affe t other peoplesN lives+ and it means ma,ing honest attempts totruly understand ho! those institutions a tually fun tion in the a tual!orld "efore ho!ling for their overthro! ommen es " This might help ,eepus from "eing sla''ed do%n in de"ates "y true poli y pros !ho a tually


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9AC AT: Fem I









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and modeling !ould not have %ider significance if this trend did not raise 6uestions regarding the preparation of ne! generations and the futureinfluen e of the a ademi ommunity on pu"li and offi ial per eptions ofinternational issues and events" Tea hers plant seeds that shape thethin,ing of ea h ne! generation Nthis is 'ro a l+ the a ademi !orldNsmost lasting ontri"ution "K et too often scholars teach theor+ and methods thatare relevant to other academics ut not to the ma*orit+ of the students sitting in theclassroom efore them" Some academics say that !hile the gro%ing gap"et!een theory and poli y may have osts for poli y , it has produ ed "etter so ial s ien e theory , and that this is more important than !hethersu h s holarship is relevant " #lso, to some e;tent, the ga' is an inevita le resultof the gro%th and s'ecialiDation of ahara teristi ally holisti approa h that en ourages humans to stop

imagining ourselves as superior "eings morally entitled to dominatenature+ and instead to see ourselves as simple iti7ens of a "ioti

ommunity , no more or less 'rivileged than a frog, a tree, or a river" 7he im'ortantunit of moral consideration is Kthe land,K the entire communit+ of eings and'rocesses" #ldo 9eo'old, %hose %or< has formed the asis of much su se?uentholistic theoriDing, elieved that all action could e *udged according to a single


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moral 'rinci'le( K# thing is good %hen it tends to 'reserve the integrit+, sta ilit+and eaut+ of the iotic communit+" It is %rong %hen it tends other%iseK F 224G"

enerall+ stated, then, the land ethi ta,es no noti e of individuals ex eptinsofar as their presen e or a"sen e affe ts the ommunity. #lthough itavoids the crude Kgood animal) ad animalK fantas+ of anthro'ocentric 'ositions, the land ethi ontinues to distinguish "et!een lasses of animals. $ordomestic animals, the outcome of the stor+ is 'redetermined( the+ %ill e meat" $or%ild animals, a degree of chance is 'ossi le( although, as land ethic 'ro'onentBaird Callicott o serves, Kthe most fundamental fact of life in the iotic communit+is eating"""and eing eatenK F ./ G, %ild animals ma+ e;ercise their o%n cunning,lucthe land.>

. Feminist analysis often erases animal oppression+ )ust aspatriar hy does

Adams+ H% UCarol J( teacher at er


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sedated to A 7hesecriti?ues ma+ signal a move ac< to the 'oliticall+ engaged ecofeminisme;em'lified + the 1 A3 antholog+ Reclaim the 6arth( 5omen S'ea< ut for 9ife on6arth, edited + 9eonie Caldecotte and Ste'hanie 9eland" #lthough the a ovecriti?ues still share the asic values and goals of ecofeminism, Janet BiehlRethin


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%omen)nature meta'hors ut of all meta'hors" KInsofar as the ecofeminist ases forethics--interconnectedness, aliveness, %omen s caring --are mediated + themeta'hors of %oman nature, the+ avoid the 'ro lem of o *ectivit+ in the real%orld" 7hus, if an ethic is to e ased strictl+ on meta'hors, it ecomes %holl+tenuous"K She later e;'lains that meta'hors should not found 'olitical movements

ecause Kone of the functions of a 'olitical movement, let alone a radical one, is toe;'lain the %orld, not to o scure it"K Biehl criti?ues ecofeminism from ane'istemologicall+ sim'listic ground %here Krealit+K and Kmeta'hor,K KreasonK andKm+thK stand as 'ure 'olarities" But an+ ethics or 'olitics-- indeed, an+ %a+ ofthin


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li,e to spea, our minds !ithout fear of death K and K5e li


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9AC AT: Se urity I









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and modeling !ould not have %ider significance if this trend did not raise 6uestions regarding the preparation of ne! generations and the futureinfluen e of the a ademi ommunity on pu"li and offi ial per eptions ofinternational issues and events" Tea hers plant seeds that shape thethin,ing of ea h ne! generation Nthis is 'ro a l+ the a ademi !orldNsmost lasting ontri"ution "K et too often scholars teach theor+ and methods thatare relevant to other academics ut not to the ma*orit+ of the students sitting in theclassroom efore them" Some academics say that !hile the gro%ing gap"et!een theory and poli y may have osts for poli y , it has produ ed "etter so ial s ien e theory , and that this is more important than !hethersu h s holarship is relevant " #lso, to some e;tent, the ga' is an inevita le resultof the gro%th and s'ecialiDation of


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commitments that characterise Fand hel' individuateG diverse theoretical 'ositions" et, such a 'hiloso'hical turn is not %ithout its dangers and I %ill riefl+ mentionthree efore turning to consider a confusion that has, I %ill suggest, hel'ed to'romote the IR theor+ %ars + motivating this 'hiloso'hical turn" The first danger!ith the philosophi al turn is that it has an in"uilt tenden y to prioritiseissues of ontology and epistemology over explanatory and=or interpretivepo!er as if the latter t!o !ere merely a simple fun tion of the former. 8ut!hile the explanatory and=or interpretive po!er of a theoreti al a ount isnot !holly independent of its ontologi al and=or epistemologi al

ommitments Fother%ise criticism of these features %ould not e a criticism thathad an+ valueG, it is "y no means lear that it is+ in ontrast+ !hollydependent on these philosophi al ommitments " 7hus, for e;am'le, one neednot e s+m'athetic to rational choice theor+ Uend 'age ..V to recognise that it can'rovide 'o%erful accounts of certain %hat might

e called Fonl+ slightl+ tongue in cheenamel+, animage of !arring theoreti al approa hes !ith ea h+ despite o asionaltemporary ta ti al allian es+ dedi ated to the strategi a hievement ofsovereignty over the dis iplinary field. $t en ourages this vie! "e ausethe turn to+ and prioritisation of+ ontology and epistemology stimulates


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Uend 'age . V the idea that there an only "e one theoreti al approa h!hi h gets things right+ namely+ the theoreti al approa h that gets itsontology and epistemology right. This image feeds "a , into $'exa er"ating the first and se ond dangers+ and so a potentially vi ious

ir le arises "

. 0mpiri al eviden e proves realism des ri"es $' O hange ina ademi or politi al ideologies !on*t hange it.

John Eearsheimer , 7he 7raged+ of reat o%er olitics, 9%%1 ,htt'())%%%"%%norton"com)catalog)fall01)00202.e;cer't"htm, accessed 11)14)02

7he o'timists claim that securit+ com'etition and %ar among the great 'o%ers haseen urned out of the s+stem is %rong" In fact, all of the ma)or states around

the glo e still are deeply a"out the "alan e of po!er and are destined toompete for 'o%er among themselves for the foreseea le future" Conse?uentl+,

realism !ill offer the most 'o%erful e;'lanations of international politi s overthe next entury , and this !ill "e true even if the de"ates among a ademiand 'olic+ elites are dominated "y non#realist theories " In short, the real

!orld remains a realist !orld. States still fear ea h other and see, to gainpo!er at each other s e;'ense, ecause international anar hy >the driving forceehind great-'o%er ehavior> did not hange !ith the end of the Cold War ,

and there are fe% signs that such change is li


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7he first area %here some 'ost-em'iricists elieve science has not eenreconstructed is in still holding on to the Xna ve elief in Xan inde'endent data

ase " ost-em'iricists rightl+ argue that facts do not sim'l+ e;ist in the %orld, utare the 'roducts of conce'ts, %hich in turn are a function of theories, or at leasttheoretical assum'tions" $t is argued that fa ts are not independent oftheories , and therefore annot "e used to test theories " Sin e theories

reate fa ts , fa ts an al!ays "e found to support theories . These 'ost'ositivist philosophi al laims in and of themselves are not definitive+ "utthey are often treated that !ay to dismiss empiri al findings " #t first lush,this anal+sis, ecause it can e ?uite so'histicated, a''ears 'ersuasive, ut onfurther ins'ection it is at est 'arado;ical" While it is true that the !ay !e seethe !orld and !hat onstitutes its fa ts are a fun tion of the on epts !eemploy + this does not mean that no o"servations or 'uDDles existed "eforethe theory . Theories and conce'ts often follo% o servations and are meant toexplain or account for a pattern " 7heorists are not so much interested in Xfacts'er se as the+ are in the relationshi's et%een Xfacts Fvaria les, etc"G" ost-'ositivists argue, ho%ever, that ecause conce'ts create facts, an+ o'erationaldefinition derived from conce'ts does not create an inde'endent data ase" #ll dataare theor+-laden" #n+ good social scientists %ould agree %ith this, ut the %ordXinde'endent means different things to each side" $or the 'ost-em'iricist critic, itseems to mean that an+ data set %ill al%a+s e iased in favor of the theor+ thatinformed its collection" 7he im'lication here is that data sets %ill al%a+s 'roduceconfirmation rather than falsification of an e;'lanation or theor+" #s =a%even an alternative one > reprodu es the stifling 'arochialism and hidden po!er#mongering of sovereign scholarshi'" #n+ agenda of glo al 'olitics informed +critical social theor+ 'ers'ectives,& %rites Jim eorge must forgo the sim'le, al eit


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self-gratif+ing, o'tions inherent in read+-made alternative Realisms and confrontthe dangers, closures, 'arado;es, and com'licities associated %ith them" 0venreferen es to a real !orld+ dissidents argue, repudiate the very meaning ofdissiden e given their sovereign 'resum'tion of a universaliDa le, testa le Realit+"5hat dissident scholarshi' o'ts for, instead, is a sense of disci'linar+ crisis that

resonates %ith the effects of marginal and dissident movements in all sorts ofother localities"& ;espite its eman ipatory intentions + this approa heffe tively leaves the prevailing prison of sovereignty inta t . $t dou"lyin ar erates !hen dissident $' highlights the layers of po!er that oppress!ithout offering a heuristi + not to mention a program+ for eman ipatorya tion. Herel+ 'oliticiDing the supposedly non#politi al neither guideseman ipatory a tion nor guards it against demagoguery . #t est + dissident$' san tions a deta hed riti ality rooted Fironicall+G in 5estern modernit+"Hichael Sha'iro, for instance, advises the dissident theorist to tainteresting ,K to e sure, than thepragmati ally settled 6uestions a out %hat sha'e democrac+ should ta


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other %ords, the Cultural eft , in this countr+, too often dismiss Ameri an so iety as"eyond reform and redemption " #nd Rort+ correctl+ argues that this is a disastrous

on lusion , i"e" disastrous for the Cultural 9eft" I thin< it ma+ also e disastrous for our social ho'es, as I %ille;'lain" eftist Ameri an ulture riti s might put their onsidera"le talentsto "etter use if they "ury some of their yni ism a out #merica s social and 'olitical'ros'ects and help forge pu"li and politi al possi"ilities in a s'irit of determination to,indeed, achieve our countr+ - the countr+ of Jefferson and LingN the countr+ of John Ee%e+ and Halcom ZN thecountr+ of $ran "ut more important to the 'ros'ect ofour flourishing - ?uestions such as K=o% is it 'ossi le to develo' a citiDenr+ that cherishes a certain he;is, one%hich 'riDes the character of the Samaritan on the road to Jericho almost more than an+ other K or K=o% can %e

s?uare the 'olitical dogma that undergirds the fantas+ of a missile defense s+stem %ith the need to treat #mericaas ut one mem er in a communit+ of nations under a Kla% of 'eo'les K The ne! pu"li philosophermight see, to understand la"or la! and military and trade theory anddo trine as mu h as theories of surplus value the logi of internationalmar,ets and trade agreements as mu h as riti6ues of ommodifi ation+and the politi s of omplexity as mu h as the politi s of po!er Fall of %hich canstill e done from our arm chairs"G This means going do!n deep into the guts of our6uotidian so ial institutions + into the grimy pragmati details !hereintelle tuals are loathe to d!ell "ut !here the offi ers and "ureau rats ofthose institutions ta,e diffi ult and often unpleasant+ imperfe t de isionsthat affe t other peoplesN lives+ and it means ma,ing honest attempts totruly understand ho! those institutions a tually fun tion in the a tual

!orld "efore ho!ling for their overthro! ommen es " This might help ,eepus from "eing sla''ed do%n in de"ates "y true poli y pros !ho a tually


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9AC AT: -eidegger I









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universalit+ is accessi le from man+ stand'oints for man+ 'ur'oses" It is not a destin+, ut the 'lace on %hichdestinies can e %or


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reaction against the d+sto'ian 'olitics of technolog+ of the 'ost%ar 'eriod" #s technological issues are increasingl+contested toda+, the d+sto'ian ris< fades" $t is no longer suffi ient to hallenge the >one#dimensionality> of >te hnologi al thin,ing > !hat is needed is an a ountof te hnologyNs am"ivalen e as a lo us of so ial hange "

J. Perm do the alt

"ut more important to the 'ros'ect ofour flourishing - ?uestions such as K=o% is it 'ossi le to develo' a citiDenr+ that cherishes a certain he;is, one


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%hich 'riDes the character of the Samaritan on the road to Jericho almost more than an+ other K or K=o% can %es?uare the 'olitical dogma that undergirds the fantas+ of a missile defense s+stem %ith the need to treat #mericaas ut one mem er in a communit+ of nations under a Kla% of 'eo'les K The ne! pu"li philosophermight see, to understand la"or la! and military and trade theory anddo trine as mu h as theories of surplus value the logi of internationalmar,ets and trade agreements as mu h as riti6ues of ommodifi ation+

and the politi s of omplexity as mu h as the politi s of po!er Fall of %hich canstill e done from our arm chairs"G This means going do!n deep into the guts of our6uotidian so ial institutions + into the grimy pragmati details !hereintelle tuals are loathe to d!ell "ut !here the offi ers and "ureau rats ofthose institutions ta,e diffi ult and often unpleasant+ imperfe t de isionsthat affe t other peoplesN lives+ and it means ma,ing honest attempts totruly understand ho! those institutions a tually fun tion in the a tual!orld "efore ho!ling for their overthro! ommen es " This might help ,eepus from "eing sla''ed do%n in de"ates "y true poli y pros !ho a tuallyis this thesignificance of meaning Should %e sa+ that humanity , ta


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the ?uestion( 5hat is it to "e r indeed, is there not a more interrogative 6uestion ehind this?uestion, such that death, des'ite its certitude, %ould not e reduced to the ?uestion, or the alternative"et!een to "e and not to "eM ;oes death ome do!n only to tying the,not of the intrigue of "eing Eoes death not have its eminent meaning in the death of others,%here it signifies K + %a+ ofK an event that cannot e reduced to its eing In this eing that %e are, do KthingsKnot come to 'ass Use 'roduit-il'as des KchosesKV in %hich our eing does not count as first #nd if humanity

is not exhausted in the servi e of "eing+ then does not my responsi"ilityfor another Fin its em'hatic sense( m+ res'onsi ilit+ for the death of another, m+ res'onsi ilit+ as a survivorGrise up "ehind the 6uestion: What is it to "eM Eoes it not arise ehind the an;iet+ over m+o%n death #nd %ould time then not call for a different inter'retation of the 'ro*ection to%ard the future

1%. A epting -eidegger*s epistemology onstitutes a totalre)e tion of the (ther that allo!s the geno ide of millionsin gas ovens

6mmanuel evinas , 9ithuanian - orn $rench Je%ish 'hiloso'her and 7almudic commentator, =eidegger student, 9%%%, -d, Eeath, and 7ime, '"1 -1

7he descri'tion of the relation !ith the death of the other and !ith our o!n deathleads us to some rather singular propositions that !e shall have to deepentoday " 7he relation %ith the death of the other is not a ,no!ledge UsavoirV a out the deathof the other, nor the e;'erience of that death in its parti ular !ay of annihilating "eing Fif,as is commonl+ thought, the event of this death is reduci le to this annihilationG" 7here is no %hich confers u'on death its de'th, is neither a seeingnor even an aiming UviseeV" FIt is neither to see eing, as in lato, nor to aim at nothingness, as in =eidegger"G #'urel+ emotional ra''ort, moving us %ith an emotion that is not made u' of the re'ercussion on our sensi ilit+ andour intellect of a 'revious


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this latter %as signitive" This is a dis6uietude that therefore resists all appearing , all'henomenal as'ects, as though emotion 'assed + %a+ of the ?uestion, %ithout encountering the slightest?uiddit+, to%ard iA E6#7= #8E 7IH6 that acuit+ of death, and instituted an un


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9AC AT: 0mpire I









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to criti?ue the 'olitical econom+ of 6m'ire, and to note its unfortunatesimilarities to onventional theories of the ,no!ledge e onomy.

. Conditionality is a voter O reates time and strategy s,e!s+argumentative irresponsi"ility+ and dispo solves

." Capitalism is inevita"leD People !ill al!ays !ant to "ettertheir lives.

8aumol + %< " 5illiam J" Baumol, fficer of the Lauffman $oundation and a'u lished author + ale !niversit+, 200/, E C# I7#9ISH, B#E C# I7#9ISH,#8E 7=6 6C 8 HI6S $ R 57= #8E R S 6RI7 &, 'age 1 "At the "ottom+ e onomi gro!th is essential not "e ause humans aregreedy or ex essively materialisti + "ut "e ause they !ant to "etter theirlives " 7his is a natural as'iration and only !ith more e onomi output an morepeople live a more en)oya"le and satisfying existen e " f course, e onomigro!th is not the only goal in life. #s economists %ill e the first to 'oint out, there are al%a+strade-offs( Hore %or< leaves less time for 'la+ and for famil+" Hore out'ut often is accom'anied + an increase inun%elcome side effects, such as 'ollution . 8ut at the end of the day+ the ri her so ietiesare+ the more resour es they !ill have to address the si

Aff File Constellation

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