Aerated water irrigation on table grapes
description
Transcript of Aerated water irrigation on table grapes
Aerated water irrigation on table grapes
Surya P. Bhattarai, David J. Midmore and Lance Pendergast
Introduction & outline
Background to oxygation research
Introduction to concept “Oxygation”, what is it?
Brief overview of research to date
Grapes
Future focus / activities
Plant / oxygen Active roots are major sinks for oxygen in plants -consume about x 9 their volume of oxygen gas
each day
In plant cells, oxygen participates in over 200 different cellular chemical reactions
95 % oxygen consumption is devoted towards energy needs (production of ATP) from carbohydrates)
Poor soil aeration is a major abiotic stress that limits
the success of crops
Left: Wetting front after 10 h irrigation @ 1.7 l h-1 from simulated emitter at 0.30 m in a loamy soil (Battam et al., 2003).
Right: Simulated wetting front after 12 h irrigation applied at 1.25 l h-1 from emitter installed at a depth of 0.40 m in a sandy (left) and clay (right) soil (Source: Thorburn et al., 2001)
Bigger wetting front in clay
Water
in-ai
r
out
Wetting front ubiquitous of
SDI
Research for Impact (Concept testing-industry adoption)Oxygation@CQU
Driver: Improving crop water productivity Issue: Impeded soil aeration associated with irrigation
Approach: Aerated water irrigation (oxygation)
Theory-1 MixaeratorSeairM-Air injector
TestAdoptVerify
Improve Diversify
Field trials, research outreach and industry collaboration for oxygation of annual and perennial crops
6
Cotton field trials
Lint yield (bales/ha) in vertosol over seven seasons
Results: 14.7% higher lint yield
Location: Nyang, Emerald, Soil: Vertosol, Irrigation: SDI, Trt: Oxygation & control, Replication:~6, Plot size:0.4 ha, Paddock: 0.4 x 12=4.8ha, Air injector: 12% by MI-1583, Irrigation: 6.3ML/ha
Pineapple @Valley Syndicate, YeppoonPlanting:24/10/07 (GC-2), Oxygation:14/03/08, Harvest:05/01-17/04/09, Mazzei-1583, Drip-Hydro PC 16/20 0.3m 1.2L/hr
1/1/08 1/7/08 1/1/09 1/7/09 1/1/10 1/7/10 1/1/11
Cum
ulat
ive
irrig
atio
n (M
L ha-1
)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
Control Oxygation
Treatments
1Harvested yield (t/ha) 2Industry yield (t/ha) Phytophthora
(% plants)Main crop Ratoo
n
Total Main crop Ratoon Total
Control 68.20 38.17 106.37 50.92 18.25 69.17
4.9
Oxygation
79.60 54.11 133.71 53.08 20.18 73.26
3.0
No-irrigation
71.30 19.07 90.37 49.50 16.42 65.92
10.5
P value 0.005 0.001 0.032 0.295 0.051 0.076
<0.001
LSD(p≤0.05)
6.43 10.76 12.36 n.s. 3.17 7.39 1.379
Industries Table grapes site 1 Table grapes site 2Collaborator Mr Jim Sands/Don Wills (completed) Mr Glen Pearmine (Continuing)
Address AACC, Emerald Campus, QLD 4720 Glency grape, Talafa Rd, QLD 4720
Crop history Planted 2001/2002 Planted 2001/2002
Soil type Sandy loam Vertosols
Variety Flame Menindee
Treatments Oxygation and control, surface and subsurface drip irrigation, 5 reps
Oxygation & control, above ground drip irrigation, 4 replications
Plot size 100x90m,30 rows @ 3 m x 2.5 spacing
1.13 ha G block, 142 m long28 rows@ 3m x 2.5m spacing
Air injector Mazzei air injector MI 1078 Mazzei air injector MI 1078
Oxygation 12% commenced 14/02/09 12% commenced 24/03/09
Crop stage Bearing, whole harvest Dec 2010 Bearing, fruit harvest Dec 2009-13
Preliminary data on crop and soil
Crop growth, biomass, irrigation, drainage, soil moisture,
Fruit setting and yield, crop water inputs, infiltration, gas exchange
Irrigation details Netafim drip, surface and subsurface ,0.75m emitter, 2.7L/h flow rate.
Netafim drip tube above ground @ 0.5m emitter, 2L/h flow rate.
Table grapes at Emerald QLD
Treatments Leaf photosynthesis(µ mol/m2/S)
Stomatal conductance ( mol/m2/S)
Transpiration rate (mmol/m2/S)
Leaf chlorophyll (SPAD)
Fluorescien (µg /g dwsoil/h)
Soil respiration (g CO2/m2/h)
Control 4.8 0.09 6.46 46.7 242 1.697Oxygation 5.8 0.11 7.45 50.3 157 1.753
SE 1.6 0.04 1.42 2.05 ns 0.061
Table . Leaf gas exchange, chlorophyll content, soil fluorescien (surrogate of microbial load), and soil respiration with and without oxygation in grapevine plot at Emerald, CQ, Australia.
Figure : Effects of oxygation and depth (Deep = 15cm, Shallow = 2cm) of drip placement on dry weight of grape variety Flame at pattern of soil AACC, Emerald, CQ, Australia.
Treatment
2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 AverageMarket yield (t/ha)
Berry load
(kg/vine)
Market yield (t/ha)
Berry load
(kg/vine)
Market yield (t/ha)
Berry load
(kg/vine)
Market yield (t/ha)
Berry load
(kg/vine)
Control 5.72 4.57 10.83 8.65 6.71 5.36 7.60 6.19Oxygation
6.04 4.83 11.28 9.01 8.27 6.61 8.53 6.82
SE 1.29 1.03 2.15 1.72 1.26 1.01 1.57 1.25
Table. Marketable berry yield and load per plant for table grapes (Menindee) with and without oxygation ( Emerald, Central QLD).
Figure : Soil respiration immediately after irrigation in oxygation and control plot
16/0
8/10
16/1
1/10
16/0
2/11
16/0
5/11
16/0
8/11
16/1
1/11
16/0
2/12
16/0
5/12
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Oxygation Control
Cum
ulat
ive
irrig
atio
n (M
L/ha
)
Uniformity of bubble distributionCollaboration• ANSTO, Netafim Australia• CQU computational sciences.
Monitoring of bubbles in irrigation water Oxygation
Effect of surfactant
Cost:benefit analysis
Item Unit Price ($)Venturi injector* 1 265
PVC elbows 4 10PVC t-pieces 2 10
Valves 2 45Pressure gauges 2 30
TOTAL $475Cost of oxygation 1 ha (475 x 2.5) = $1187
Table: Details of cost to retro-fit air injection to 0.4 ha plots cotton SDI site
* Costs would be less if installed with new system
Yield (control)
Yield (Oxygation)
Yield difference (bale/ha)
Cotton price ($/bale)
Return to investment
8.756 7.628 1.128 500 $562.5
Return to investment , yrs (1187/562.5) 2.1yrs
Table: Details of returns per ha
Industry perspective
System compatibility with current operation(retrofitting)
Ease of operation (“passive”)
Need for extension/technical support
Industry / grower enthusiasm?
Increased opportunity for collaborations
Future activities on oxygation Long term effects on soil properties Nutrient dynamics & movement of pollutants Aerated water for furrow irrigation Extending adoption by industries (sugarcane, hort)
Diversification (GHG- NOx, smart lawn-urban water security)
Uniformity of air distribution in the field Optimization of drip/SDI
Acknowledgements
• NPSI, Guy Roth • HAL• DAFF Emerald• Netafim Australia
• Particular thanks to the Growers - Tony Ronnfeldt - Glen Pearmine - John Crainey
PARTNERSHIP and Collaboration Growth
Oxygation
Thank you