SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGIES FOREnvironment Management

National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI)

Waste Management Innovation: Towards a Green, Inclusive, Circular Economy, 17-18th April, 2017

Points of Discussion…..

• Waste Water and Municipal Solid Waste

• Status and Direction

• What is being done and can be done?

• Sustainability Parameters

Wastewater Issues…• About 68000 MLD of wastewater is

generated in urban India comprising Class I and Class II cities.

• Maharashtra generates about 7000 MLD excluding rural areas

• Only about 30% gets treated across the country.

• Treatment level available in cities with existing treatment plant varies from 2.5 % to 89 % of the sewage generated.

Why This Status ?

• CSIR NEERI and CPCB studies between 2002-2015 show:– Most STPs do not function as 24x7 power is not

available across India [ More so in smaller cities]– Funds of O&M are negligible or Not given on time– Trained manpower to run these STPs not available– Funds…………..!!

• Water and Sewage Services not linked

Waste water from Housing Sector

• About 80 % of water supply ends as wastewater

• Large areas of marine and fresh water bodies impacted by these discharges

• Collection a major challenge

• Treatment and disposal another major issue

Name STP Installed Capacity (In MLD) TreatmentColaba 41 Preliminary + OutfallWorli 757 Preliminary + OutfallBandra 797 Preliminary + OutfallVersova 131 Aerated LagoonMalad 240 Preliminary Bhandup 180 Aerated LagoonGhatkopar 138 Aerated LagoonTotal 2284

Name STP Installed Capacity (In MLD) Treatment

Thane 54Treated (not all

Sewage)

Kalyan-Dombivali 30 No Treatment

Bhivandi-Nizampur 17 Preliminary

Navi Mumbai 184.65 (Currently 167 MLD Used) Treated

Ulhasnagar 28 No Treatment

Ambernath 28 No Treatment

Total 341

Details of Sewage Treatment Plant (STP)

Sewage Status 2016

0%20%40%60%80%

100%120%

Total Sew

age

In Sewers

To WwTW

Treated

Compliant

BalanceCollected

The current planned improvement by MCGM will change this scenario in next 3-5 years

What if there is no power?What if there are no trained manpower?What if there are no O&M funds available?

Can we stand near a Sewage Treatment Plant?Can a gardener understand Sewage Treatment?Can it be part of Aesthetics?Can I use this water ???

Looking at the waste water treatment methods being used currently, We asked Some Questions

Role of plants and microbes: Nature Work

Suspended Solids Sedimentation/Filtration

• BOD Microbial degradation (aerobic, anaerobic)Sedimentation

• Nitrogen Ammonification, nitrification, denitrificationPlant uptake, Ammonia volatilization if pH

• Phosphorus Adsorption-precipitation reactionswith Fe, Al, Ca) Plant uptake

Removal Mechanisms

Slope 1:100Horizontal and Vertical Movement of wastewater

PreTreatme

nt Zone

Meta Wire Mesh

Cross Sectional View

Emergent Microphyte sub-surface wetland System

OnWorld Environment Day

5th June, 2006at

Kalina CampusMumbai University

PHYTORID based First Plant was set up and inaugurated in 2006

Nutsedge

Canna Cattails

Wetland Plants

The Beginning of Pay Off [ Industries waking up First

Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd. Igatpuri, 60 CMD

Later………..Siemens Ltd. Kalwa Works, 500 CMD

Economics Made Sense to Industries : Bharat Forge, Baramati 100 CMD

Designed for treatment domestic wastewater i.e. grey and black waterDesigned to treat the flow of 125 CMD.

Treated water is reuse for gardening and irrigation and curing purpose.

Vrundavan Gardens Co-Op. Hosing Society, Ponda, Goa.

Generate 90,000 ltr wastewater /day, plant is having capacity of 120 CMD

HOUSING SOCIETIES

EIFFEL CITY BY EIFFEL DEVELOPER, CHAKAN, PUNE

And Then Housing sector……..

Water Bodies - Current Status

About 83 in Delhi, 200 In Punjab, 250 in Karnataka and in many states, water bodies are in disused condition and need rejuvenation

Typical Lake with Natural Drainage Pattern

Lake with Peripheral Wetland Ecosystem

The Shahadara Lake Rejuvenation Project

Sewage Water treated by the “Phytorid Technology” based on constructed wetland

FLORAFT and Natural Motes will be used for Rejuvenating the lake in the Shahadara locality of East Delhi

Floating Wetland Ecosystem for Lakes

Floating Treatment FLORAFTERfor Nutrient Removal

Thane , 3 lakes

Nabi Lake

Lonar Lake

Phytorid Plant on Nabi Lake

Lake Area: 3 HaNatural Wetland System 500 KLD Plant

Treats entire Sewage from Lonar City

Lonar Lake (under threat), Maharashtra

Anaerobic BioDigester (ABD) Technology

• Based on biological treatment with manygroups of anaerobic bacteria

• The anaerobic microorganismresponsible for the conversion of theorganic matter in gases

ADVANTAGESUsed in sewage, grey water treatment for:

Less Sludge Production and Space Requirement.

Dose not requires continuous operation.

User Friendly, very low running cost.

Can be reused for gardening, flushing, irrigation,

etc.

Process Scheme

In-Situ System for Open Drains Treatment

Use of Bio-culture into the polluted system merely optimises nature'sengineering. Bacteria degrades sludge and pollutants dissolved in thewater column, turns them into carbon dioxide, water and bacterialbiomass.

The introduction of mixture of anaerobic, facultative and micro-aerophilic organisms into the sludge layer loosens the upper layers ofthe sludge to hasten the bio-dredging of the sludge layer.

Bio-Mining-Dredging

Large AreaHigh Pumping CostHigh Pipeline costFrequent breakdown of system

Compact SystemsNo or less Pumping CostMinimum Pipeline costEffective Maintenance

Wastewater Management

Life cycle analysis of wastewater treatment systems• The treatment system should be• Economically viable, Environmentally Friendly, and

Sustainable.

Guidelines for life cycle analyses of wastewater treatment systems.• Pros and cons of the systems• Eg: Energy consumption, Residual pollution left over,

Environmental degradation, contribution to global warming etc..

Selection of Treatment Technologies

Multiple Options of Sustainable Tech

• Low Cost and Low Energy– Phytorid– Floating wetland– Anaerobic Bio Digestor

• Low Cost and Medium Energy– Rotating Biological Contactor– Moving Bed BioFilm Reactor (MMBFR)

Solid Waste Management Sustainability

Areas of Concern and Need for Innovation

• MSW Rules 2016 needs segregation

• Technology for processing will be efficient if segregated…………

• Landfills overflowing: Its Reuse, New Places, Public Response, Health Issues……………

SWM Status Sr.No. Name of the Corporation Present Status of disposal sites

w.r.t. MSW (M&H) Rules, 2016

1 Mumbai Open Dumping/BLF

2 Bhiwandi-Nizampur Open Dumping

3 Kalyan-Dombivali Open Dumping

4 Mira-Bhayandar Processing ?. No Sanitary Lanfill

5 Navi Mumbai No Processing. Only Sanitary Landfill

6 Thane Open Dumping

7 Ulhasnagar Open Dumping

8 Ambernath Open Dumping

Other Cities

Name of the ULBs Present Status of disposal sites w.r.t. MSW (M&H) Rules, 2000

Nalasopara

RLF for 4 ULBS under development

Navghar-Manikpur

Virar Vasai

Alibaug Open Dumping Karjat Open Dumping

Khopoli Open Dumping Panvel Open Dumping

Matheran Open Dumping + Processing Pen Open Dumping Uran Open Dumping

Kulgaon-Badlapur Open Dumping

CIDCO area Processing and Sanitary Landfill..?

• Wide variation in the management of the municipalsolid waste amongst all cities in MMR

• As per the survey, solid waste generation in GreaterMumbai was found to be 515 g per capita, 501 g percapita for Rest of Corporations and 324 g per capita forMunicipal Councils.

Salient Status of SW Management

• Electronic Waste Still an Issue!!• MMRDA Plan for E waste• Informal sector E waste Collection

• Biomedical Waste Management is reasonably betterhandled• Smaller Hospital and clinics: Still a large gap• Processing and disposal in limited places• Financing pattern for such projects

Projections in Municipal Waste Generation in MMR till 2051

Mun

icip

al S

olid

Was

te

Gen

erat

ion

(TPD

)Year 2009 2011 2021 2031 2041 2051

GM 6534 6863 7957 9081 10253 11455

RC 3058 4991 10238 15698 21373 27261

MC 523 656 912 1190 1496 1840

Total MMR 10864 13292 19996 26971 34226 41767

Technologies for Waste Treatment

• Composting- Anaerobic Composting- Aerobic Composting- Vermicomposting

• Waste-to-Energy- Incineration- Pelletisation- Pyrolysis/Gasification- Bio-Methanation- Landfill Gas Recovery

Advantages and Disadvantages of Composting (in Indian scenario)

Item Aerobic Composting Anaerobic Composting

Vermicomposting

Foul odour in process Yes Yes No

Quality of End Product Moderate Moderate to Good

Good to Excellent

Time for Composting 2-3 weeks 6-8 months (minimum)

6 months (minimum)

Use for production of gas (CH4)

No Yes (in controlled

environment)

No

Attracts rodents, pests, dogs, etc.

Yes No No

Need for Constant Monitoring

Low High Very High

Storage capacity of end product

Low Low High

Market demand Moderate Moderate High (for agriculture)

Item Aerobic Composting Anaerobic Composting

Vermicomposting

Power requirements Yes (if mechanized) No Yes

Intensity of skilled labour requirement

Low Moderate High

Land requirement Low Moderate High

Quality of waste segregation

Moderate High Very high

Leachate pollution High High Low

Contamination of aquifers (large scale)

High Moderate to high

Low

Capital Investment Moderate Moderate High

O&M Costs Moderate Moderate High

Advantages and Disadvantages of Composting (in Indian scenario)…..

Advantages and Disadvantages of Waste-to-Energy ( in Indian scenario)

Item Incineration Pelletisation Pyrolysis Bio-Methanation

Landfill Gas Recovery

Requirement for segregation

High Very High High High -

Energy recovery (in optimum conditions)

Around 14 times waste stream

Around 14 times waste stream

Around 14 times waste stream

Around 11 times waste stream

Around 11 times waste stream

Direct Energy Recovery

Yes No Yes No No

Overall efficiency in case of a small set up

Low Low Moderate High Low

Efficiency in case of high moisture

Very low Very low Low Moderate Moderate toHigh

Land requirement Low Low Moderate Low toModerate

High to veryhigh

Transportation costs Moderate High High High Very high (depends on location of landfill)

Advantages and Disadvantages of Waste-to-Energy ( in Indian scenario)…

Item Incineration Pelletisation Pyrolysis Bio-Methanation

Landfill Gas Recovery

Ability to tackle bio-medical and low-hazard waste

Yes No Yes (to some extent)

No No

Concerns for toxicity of product

High NA NA NA Moderate toHigh

Leachate Pollution None None None High (in case of no protection layer)

High (Landfill)Low (SanitaryLandfill)

Concern for Atmospheric Pollution

High (not easy to control)

Moderate Moderate (easy to control)

Low Moderate

Sustainability of source/ waste stream

Moderate Low Low Low High

Capital Investment High Very High Very High Very High High

Possible Options… for Sustainability………

• Centralised– Collection for overall MSW– Technology for WTE, composting or landfilling– State Level Authority: Institution

• Decentralised– Ragpickers organisation– Segregation planning and assessment– Technology use for composting: economics, space,

applicability : Validation– Institutional Support System Creation

Major Pointers…….

• Encourage the local experience in these technologies as they are going to be here for long and stakes are much higher

• We must learn from some mega projects failure in India relating to MSW

• Doing and learning and learning and doing is what will help.

• Any other overseas agencies wanting to be partner in these projects:

• Need to know what wastes and variations• Stakes to be high enough to be there for long period• Waste processing costs have to be always kept low• Financial models of waste management of the advanced country not

applicable in India• Limited liability

Email: r_kumar@neeri.res.in Ph:0712-2249999

022-24974607; Fax: 022-24936635

Dr. Rakesh KumarDirector

National Environmental Engineering Research Institute

Disclaimers: Some data and information collated from ULBs, may vary depending upon any recent changes and developments