ADVANCING SUSTAINABILITY AND SECURITY GOALS … · Advancing Sustainability and Security Goals...
Transcript of ADVANCING SUSTAINABILITY AND SECURITY GOALS … · Advancing Sustainability and Security Goals...
ADVANCING SUSTAINABILITY AND
SECURITY GOALS USING
ARCHITECTURAL SMART GLASS
Presented at the National Building Museum by:
Gregory M. Sottile, Ph.D.
Research Frontiers Inc.
January 25, 2011
© Research Frontiers Inc.
Introduction
• Thank you for this opportunity.
• Today’s presentation:
– summarizes energy use in United States buildings.
– describes architectural smart glass.
– discusses how architectural smart glass can advance
sustainability and security goals in buildings.
2Advancing Sustainability and Security Goals Using Architectural Smart Glass
All U.S. Buildings: Energy Consumption
3Advancing Sustainability and Security Goals Using Architectural Smart Glass
U.S. building stock: approximately 254.3 billion ft2. Public buildings: approximately 17.8 billion ft2 (7% of total)
All U.S. buildings: commercial, residential and industrial.
Annual growth, 2010-2030: approximately 0.8%
Approximately:
• 40% of primary
energy used in US
• 75% of electricity
U.S. Commercial and Residential Buildings
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(1) Built after 2000
COMMERCIAL
2010:
• 76% existing
• 24% new
1) Based on PNNL calculations. 2) Built after 2000. 4) EIA
now excludes parking garages and commercial buildings on
multi-building manufacturing facilities from the commercial
building sector.
RESIDENTIAL
2010:
• 85% existing
• 15% new
U.S. Commercial and Residential Buildings:
Aggregate Energy Expenditures
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> $400 billion/year (2006 dollars (adjusted for inflation))
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U.S. Commercial and Residential Buildings:
Primary Energy Consumption
Increasing
dependence on
electricity
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U.S. Commercial and Residential Buildings:
Primary Energy Consumption by Fuel Type
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U.S. Commercial and Residential Buildings:
Energy Consumption by End-Use Splits
HEATING & COOLING = 32.5%
LIGHTING = 17.7%
Example: Contributions to Cooling
Requirements (10,000 ft2 Office Building)
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Windows (30%) + Lighting (19%) = 49% of total contribution
Fenestration in U.S. Buildings
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Insulating Glass Historical Penetration, by Sector (% of Total U.S. “Usage”, i.e. “Sales”)1
Despite the increasing sales penetration of
insulating glass, fully 43% of the widows in
the U.S. are still single glazed (i.e. non-IG).2
High-Performance Buildings
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U.S. EISA-2007 Legislation
A high-performance commercial building that is designed,
constructed, and operated:
• to require a greatly balanced quantity of energy to operate;
• to meet the balance of energy needs from sources of
energy that do not produce greenhouse gases;
• in a manner that will result in no net emissions of
greenhouse gases; and
• to be economically viable.
High-Performance Buildings: Energy
Efficiency, Occupant Well-Being, Security
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Does the building excel at its intended purpose?
• Energy efficiency
• Occupant comfort, health
• Worker productivity
• Learning rates in schools
• Sales in retail environments
• Security
• More
LEED®: Holistic View of Green Building
and Sustainability
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EXAMPLE:
LEED 2009 for New Construction and Major Renovations
CATEGORY
POSSIBLE
POINTS
Sustainable Sites 26
Water Efficiency 10
Energy and Atmosphere 35
Materials and Resources 14
Indoor Environmental Quality 15
Innovation and Design
Process
6
Regional Priority Credits 4
TOTAL 110
INCLUDES:
• Indoor air quality (IAQ)
• Controllability of systems
• Thermal comfort
• Daylight and views
“Exceptional” and/or
“innovative” performance
above LEED requirements
Smart Glass
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SMART GLASS
Energy Efficiency
Occupant Well-Being
Security
Smart Glass
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Glazing/Fenestration
products whose light-control
properties change in
response to a stimulus
Smart Glass
Windows Doors Skylights Partitions
Various Terms for Smart Glass
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Smart Glass
Chromogenic Glazings
Dynamic Glazings
Smart Windows
Dimmable Windows
SwitchablesSwitchable
GlassVariable
Tint Glass
Smart Glass: Industry Definitions
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ASTM International: “Chromogenic Glazings”
A glazing consisting of one or more layers of
chromogenic materials, which are able to alter their
optical properties in response to a change in ambient
conditions such as illumination intensity, temperature, or
applied electric field.
Smart Glass: Industry Definitions
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NFRC: “Dynamic Glazings”
Any fenestration product with the ability to change its
performance properties, allowing the occupant to control
their environment by tinting (or darkening) a window with
the flip of a switch or by raising and lowering a shade
positioned between panes of glass.
Smart Glass is Not New
• Electrochromic automotive mirrors
– Worldwide demand in 2009 > 14 million
mirrors1
• Photochromic eyewear
– 18% of eyeglass lenses sold in the U.S.2, up
from approximately 13% in 20033
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Evolving Smart Glass Industry
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Small Area
Auto mirrors
Eyewear
Lenses
Large Area
Windows &
skylights
Doors
Partitions
Sunroofs
Aerospace Smart Glass/Polycarbonate
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Automotive Smart Glass
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Automotive Sunroofs Using Smart Glass:
Example
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Architectural Smart Glass
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Smart Glass: A Growing Segment of the
U.S. Glass Market
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Smart glass demand is projected to grow 20X
faster than demand for flat glass overall.
Types of Smart Glass
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Passive Active
Photochromic Thermochromic
Electrochromic (EC)
Liquid Crystal (PDLC)
Suspended Particle
Device (SPD)Passive smart glass
responds to non-electrical
stimuli and is not controllable.Active smart glass responds
to an electrical stimulus and is
controllable manually or
automatically.
Smart Glass
Active Smart Glass: Electrochromic (EC)
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Active Smart Glass: Liquid Crystal (LC)
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Also known
as polymer
dispersed
liquid crystal
(PDLC)
technology.
Active Smart Glass: Suspended Particle
Device (SPD)
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Active Smart Glass: Comparison of
Performance Characteristics
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CHARACTERISTIC
ELECTROCHROMIC
(EC)
LIQUID
CRSYSTAL (LC)
SUSPENDED
PARTICLE
DEVICE (SPD)
Light-control Effect Shading
(Dark to clear)
Diffusing
(Translucent and
clear)
Shading
(Dark to clear)
Powered State Dark Clear Clear
Visible Light
Transmission (VLT)
(approx.) in
Darkest State
>3.0% >55% <0.5%
Switching Speed and
Consistency
Slow (minutes),
slower as window
size increases
Milliseconds,
regardless of
window size
1-3 seconds,
regardless of
window size
Number of Light-Control
States
Typically 2 2 Infinite
Voltage DC AC AC
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Smart Glass: Product and Project Types
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SMART GLASS
Energy Efficiency
Occupant Well-Being
Security
IGUs and Single Panels for:
• New construction
• Replacements
• Retrofits
Smart Glass & Energy Efficiency:
Variable Heat-Control
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44%
3%
Typically managed by
spectrally selective
coatings (e.g. low-e)
Dynamically controllable
by smart glass
Smart glass
products typically
block 99% of UV
Smart Glass & Energy Efficiency:
Variable Heat-Control
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Dynamic control of
incoming solar
energy:
•Harvest heat on cold
days (reduce energy for
heating)
•Reject heat on hot days
(reduce energy for
cooling)
•Adapt to varying
conditions and needs
during the day
29%
57%
6%
25%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Smart Glass/Dark Smart Glass/Clear
Solar Heat Gain Coefficients: Examples of Two Smart Glass Configurations
Northern Zone
Southern Zone
SHGC
Smart Glass & Energy Efficiency:
Variable Heat-Control
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CASE STUDY
Problem
•Residential home
•3 large skylights in kitchen
•Desire for natural light
•Excessive heat gain in summer
•High energy bills, occupants uncomfortable
Solution
•Retrofits (SPD); structural integrity of initial
skylight installation preserved
•Dynamic heat control
Result
•22% reduction in zoned heating (year-over-
year, July and August)
•Occupant comfort improved
University of Cambridge Study –
“Smart Building Envelopes”
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FOCUS:
The associated reduction in
energy cooling required to
maintain a user comfortable
room environment.
• Laboratory testing
• Real-world testing
• Environmental modeling
CONCLUSIONS
• Suspended Particle Device (SPD)
smart glass used in windows was
significantly more energy efficient
than regular clear float glass.
• Solar gain was found to be
reduced by as much as 90%
through SPD smart glass.
• Contributing to substantial
reduction in annual cooling
loads.
Smart Glass & Energy Efficiency:
Daylighting
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Daylighting
A design strategy that
employs the available daytime
exterior light to illuminate the
interior of buildings.
Goals:
•Satisfy task and ambient lighting needs
with natural daylight
•Reduce energy used for artificial lighting
•Improve occupant comfort
Smart Glass & Energy Efficiency:
Daylight Harvesting
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Economic Benefits of
Daylight Harvesting
Potential annual savings of 35% to
60% on lighting energy.
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Smart Glass & Energy Efficiency:
Daylight Harvesting
SMART GLASS
(e.g. T-Vis Range: 1-50%)
STATIC TINT (e.g. T-vis 30%) &
CONVETIONAL WINDOW TREATMENT
Integrated System:
Glazing and Shading as Single Unit
(Low maintenance)
Multi-Component System: Glazing (with
Tint) and Window Treatments are Distinct
Components
(Higher maintenance)
9AM
5PM
9AM
5PM
1PM 1PM
Example: Typical Office, Windows/Skylights with…
Glazing in clear state; harvest
natural light; reduce use of
energy for artificial lighting
Glazing’s tint too light-blocking;
increased energy used for
artificial lighting to satisfy
task/ambient needs
Glazing in optimally tinted
state to balance energy and
task/ambient lighting needs
Glazing in optimally tinted
state to balance energy and
task/ambient lighting needs
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Smart Glass and Occupant Well-Being
Reduction of Glare
Shading with View Preservation
Daylighting (including thermal comfort)
Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)
Distinctive Features of Smart Glass
Smart Glass and Occupant Well-Being
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Glare Control
Glare from windows detracts from worker performance1
Shading with View Preservation
Adequate and pleasing window view contributes positively
to worker performance1
Daylighting
Improved learning rates in schools with the most daylight2
Higher retail sales in daylit versus non-daylit stores3
Thermal Comfort
Solar heat gain control4
Smart Glass and Occupant Well-Being
• Improved Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)
– Window and shading system as a single unit
– “Smooth as glass” surface is easily cleaned
– Accumulation of particulates and germs is minimized
– Health care facilities:
• Risk of nosocomial infections is reduced.
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Smart Glass and Security: Occupants
and Facilities
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• Automated Light-Control
• Preserve or Inhibit Views On-Demand
Visual Security
• Laminated Fabrications
• Blast-resistance
• Ballistic-resistance
• Anti-eavesdropping
• RF Sheltering
Structural Security
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Smart Glass: Conclusion
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SMART GLASS
Energy Efficiency
Occupant Well-Being
Security
HIGH-PERFORMANCE BUILDINGS
Energy Efficiency
• Solar Control
• Daylight Harvesting
Occupant Well-Being
• Reduction of Glare
• Shading with View Preservation
• Daylighting
• Solar heat gain control
Security (Occupants and Facilities)
• Visual Security
• Structural Security
Sources
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PAGE 3: All U.S. Buildings: Energy Consumption
Testimony of Edward Mazria (Architecture 2030) before the United States Senate Committee on Energy
and Natural Resources “Building Sector Energy Policy Issues”, February 26, 2009.
PAGE 4: U.S. Commercial and Residential Buildings
2009 Buildings Energy Data Book, U.S. Department of Energy.
PAGE 5: U.S. Commercial and Residential Buildings: Energy Expenditures
2009 Buildings Energy Data Book, U.S. Department of Energy.
PAGE 6: U.S. Commercial and Residential Buildings: Primary Energy Consumption
2009 Buildings Energy Data Book, U.S. Department of Energy.
PAGE 7: U.S. Commercial and Residential Buildings: Primary Energy Consumption by Fuel Type
2009 Buildings Energy Data Book, U.S. Department of Energy.
PAGE 8: U.S. Commercial and Residential Buildings: Energy Consumption by End-Use Splits
2009 Buildings Energy Data Book, U.S. Department of Energy.
PAGE 9: Example: Contributions to Cooling Requirements (10,000 ft2 Office Building)
U.S. Department of Energy, as cited by APS
(http://www.aps.com/_files/services/BusWaysToSave/Envelope.pdf)
Sources
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PAGE 10: Fenestration in U.S. Buildings
1.) 2009 Buildings Energy Data Book, U.S. Department of Energy, 2.) Helms, J.H., Lawrence Berkeley
National Laboratory, (2002), Measured Winter Performance of Storm Windows.
PAGE 11: High-Performance Buildings
Zero Energy Commercial Buildings Consortium, Net-Zero Energy: A Directional Goal for Commercial
Buildings, http://zeroenergycbc.org/index.php.
PAGE 12: High-Performance Buildings: Energy Efficiency AND Occupant Well-Being
Photos credits - Innovative Glass Corp. and Research Frontiers Inc.
PAGE 13: LEED®: Holistic View of Green Building and Sustainability
U.S. Green Building Council, LEED 2009 for New Construction and Major Renovations
PAGE 15: Smart Glass
Photo credit - Research Frontiers Inc.
PAGES 17-18: Smart Glass: Industry Definitions
1.) ASTM International, and 2.) National Fenestration Rating Council (NFRC)
Sources
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PAGE 19: Smart Glass is Not New
1.) Gentex Corporation, 10-K, and 2.) Heiting, G., (2010), All About Vision, Photochromic Lenses, and
3.) Schell, J.F. (2008), Eyecare Business, Photochromic Phenomenon.
PAGE 21: Aerospace Smart Glass/Polycarbonate
Photos: 1.) Nextant Aerospace (upper left), and 2.) InspecTech Aero Service, Inc.
PAGE 22: Automotive Smart Glass
Photo credits – (clockwise from upper left): 1.) Hino Motors, Ltd., 2.) DiMora Motor Car Company, 3.)
Isoclima S.p.A., and 4.) Elite Auto Tune.
PAGE 23: Automotive Sunroofs Using Smart Glass: Example
Video: Research Frontiers Inc.
PAGE 24: Architectural Smart Glass
Photo credits – 1.) SmartGlass International (upper left), and 2.) Innovative Glass Corp.
PAGE 25: Smart Glass: A Growing Segment of the U.S. Glass Market
The Freedonia Group, (2008), Advanced Flat Glass to 2012.
PAGE 27: Active Smart Glass: Electrochromic (EC)
www.How StuffWorks.com
Sources
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PAGE 28: Active Smart Glass: Liquid Crystal (LC)
www.How StuffWorks.com
PAGE 29: Active Smart Glass: Suspended Particle Device (SPD)
1.) www.How StuffWorks.com, and 2.) Video from Research Frontiers Inc.
PAGE 30: Active Smart Glass: Comparison of Performance Characteristics
Research Frontiers analysis of various industry sources
PAGE 32: Smart Glass & Energy Efficiency: Variable Heat-Control
National Renewable Energy Lab, Reference Solar Spectral Irradiance: Air Mass 1.5,
http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/spectra/am1.5/.
PAGE 33: Smart Glass & Energy Efficiency: Variable Heat-Control
DSET Laboratories, a division of Atlas Material Testing Technology, in accordance with ASTM and
ASHRAE testing and calculation protocols, using samples of SPD smart glass.
PAGE 34: Smart Glass & Energy Efficiency: Variable Heat-Control
1.) Photos credit – Innovative Glass Corp., and 2.) Case study supplied by Research Frontiers Inc.
PAGE 35: University of Cambridge Study –“Smart Building Envelopes”
University of Cambridge, Department of Engineering, June 2010, Smart Building Envelopes, released
by SmartGlass International Ltd.
Sources
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PAGE 36: Smart Glass & Energy Efficiency: Daylighting
1.) American Institute of Architects, AIA 50/50, and 2.) Photo credit – Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory.
PAGE 37: Smart Glass & Energy Efficiency: Daylight Harvesting
New Buildings Institute as cited by Archi-Tech Magazine, 2008
PAGE 40: Smart Glass and Occupant Well-Being
Sources. 1.) California Energy Commission, (2003), Windows and Offices: A Study of Office Worker
Performance and the Indoor Environment, 2.) California Energy Commission, (2003), Daylighting in
Schools: Reanalysis Report, 3.) California Energy Commission, (2003), Daylight and Retail Sales, and
4.) University of Cambridge, Department of Engineering, June 2010, Smart Building Envelopes,
released by SmartGlass International Ltd.
PAGE 41: Smart Glass and Occupant Well-Being
Photo credit – Research Frontiers Inc.