Archosaur Phylogeny

Mark Norell, George Barrowclough, Joel Cracraft (AMNH), Peter

Makovicky (TFM), Brad Livezey (CMNH), James Clark (GWU), John

Gatesy (UCR), Chris Brochu (UI)

Saurischian diversity

All evidence agrees that crocodiles are the closest

living relatives of birds.

Saurischia

Ornithischia

Archosauria

Dinosauria

~30 species

~10000 species

Crurotarsi Ornith

odira

The Problem….• Although it has been firmly established that birds are

ingroup dinosaurs there have been no detailed phylogenetic treatments of the complete group at fine taxonomic levels.

• No large combined analysis of molecular and morphological characters has been undertaken• Our experience working on coelurosaurian phylogeny has

taught us that character placement is greatly affected by taxon sampling regimes

• Fine-grained taxonomic sampling is key for a clear understanding of macroevolutionary events, such as avian origins and the evolution of associated key morphological and behavioral character systems.

Where we are at4 winged-dromaeosaur

Fossilized behavior

Goals

• Combine all relevant morphological characters into a single large matrix

• Examine an extensive series of archosaur taxa• Code taxa at the specimen level• Sequence an extensive series of Neoaves and

Crocodylia• Develop a Supermatrix database to store all

relevant character and specimen data

The Supermatrix

• A virtual archive of information• Includes both text and images• Web accessible• Platform independent• Strict version control• Entries can be combined into composites• Data can be output into formats for phylogenetic

analysis

Progress

Supermatrix model developed and site under constructionHundreds of saurischian specimens have been scored & photographedA master list of morphological characters is compiled and being updatedOngoing development and expansion of analyses for sub-clades

Saurischia

Brachiosaurus brancaiCamarasaurus lentus

Diplodocus carnegiiPatagosaurus fariasi

Volkheimeria chubutiensisLappare ntosaurus madagasc

Omeisaurus maoianus

Shunosaurus lii

Barapasaurus tagoreiIsanosaurus attavipachi

Kotasaurus yamanpalliensiVulcanodon karibaensis

Blikanasaurus cromptoniLessemsaurus sauropoidesAntetonitrus ingenipes

Melanorosaurus readiJinshanosaurus xinwaensis

Riojasaurus incertus'Kholumolumosaurus ellenbergerorum'

Anchisaurus polyzelus

Yunnanosaurus huangiGyposaurus sinensisLufengosaurus huenei

Massospondylus carinatus

Mussaurus patagonicus

Coloradisaurus brevis

Ruehleia bedheimensis

Plateosaurus gracilisPlateosaurus engelhardti

Efraasia minorThecodontosaurus antiquusThecodontosaurus caducus

Saturnalia tupiniquimElaphrosaurus bambergiLiliensternus liliensterniCoelophysis bauri

Herrerasaurus ischigualastensisEoraptor lunensis

Lesothosaurus diagnosticusHeterodontosaurus tucki

Pisanosaurus mertiiPseudolagosuchus major

Marasuchus lilloensisLagerpeton chanarensis

8483

82

8180

7978

77

7675

74

73

72

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69

68

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66

65

646362

61

6059

5857

56

55

54

5352

51

50

4948

4745

4443

42

41

4039

3837

363534

3331

3029

28

272625

24

23

22

21

2019

181716

15141312

111087

62

10

Sauropodomorpha

Saurischia

Dinosauria

Eusauropoda

Neosauropoda

AllosaurusSinosauropteryxTyrannosaurusAlbertosaurusStruthiomimusOrnithomimusAnserimimusArchaeornithomimusGallimimusGarudimimusHarpymimusShenzhousaurusPelecanimimusOrnitholestesMononykusShuuvuiaPatagonykusAlvarezsaurusIngeniaOviraptorCitipatiOviraptorConchoraptorChirostenotesAvimimusMicrovenatorCaudipteryxBeipaosaurusSegnosaurusErlikosaurus AlxasaurusDromaeosaurusDeinonychusVelociraptorUnenlagiaUtahraptorSaurornitholestesAchillobatorAdasaurusUkhaa dromaosaurSinornithosaurusMicroraptorSinovenatorEK TroodontidTroodonSaurornithoidesSaurornithoidesByronosaurusSinornithoidesRahonavisArcheopteryxConfuciusornis

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Ornithomi-mosaurs

Troodontids

Dromaeosaurs

Aves

Oviraptorosaurs

Alvarezsaur

Tyrannosaurs

= Liaoning taxon

Theropod Working Grouphttp://research.amnh.org/users/norell/TWGhome.html

NEOAVIAN PHYLOGENY

Mayr & Clarke, 2003

Modern Bird Phylogenetics:Scope of the Molecular Data

Follow a liberal interpretation of generic limits: ~2450 extant genera to be sampled(expect 82%, or 2112, to berepresented by tissues

S & A had 760 genera in their "Tapestry." We expect 2.6Xcoverage in this study.

Sequencing partitioned equally betweenCracraft, Barrowclough, and Baker labs

Conopophagidae

FurnariidaeDendrocolaptidaeFormicariidaeRhinocryptidaeThamnophilidae

Furnariidae

Dendrocolaptidae

FormicariidaeRhynocryptidae

Thamnophilidae

Phylogeny of theFurnarii (suboscines)

135 of 148 generarepresented

many new insights intogeneric relationships

new biogeographic insights into origins of South Americanavifauna

16 Fringillidae (6)MotacillaPasserPloceusPrunellaIrenidae (2)Nectariniinae (2)ArcanatorModulatrixPromeropsTurdinae (2)MuscicapaCinclusMimusSturnusBombycillidae (2)Regulus (2)CerthiaSittaPolioptilaTroglodytesZosteropsGarrulaxSylviaCisticolaPycnonotusAegithalosHirundo (2)AlaudaCulicicapaElminiaParus (2)RemizPetroicidae (6)Picathartidae (2)Corvus (3)CyanocittaCorvinellaLaniusMonarcha (2)GrallinaMelampitta (2)CorcoraxStruthideaManucodia (2)ParadisaeaPtilorisChaetorhynchusRhipiduraDicrurus (2)AegithinaDryoscopusTelophorusBatisPrionopsVangaArtamusCracticusGymnorhinaStreperaOreoicaPitohuiOriolus (2)SphecotheresParamythiaColluricinclaPachycephala (2)FalcunculusPtilorrhoaCoracina (2)LalagePericrocotusVireonidae (2)ErpornisDaphoenosittaCnemophilusLoboparadisaeaPhilesturnusMelanocharitidae (4)Orthonychidae (2)Pomatostomidae (2)EphthianuraMeliphagaPardalotus (2)MalurusAiluroedusPtilonorhynchusClimacterisCormobatesMenuraCampylorhamphusFurnariusFormicariusScytalopusConopophagaThamnophilusMionectesTyrannusPipraRupicolaSchiffornisTityraNeodrepanisPhilepittaPsarisomusSmithornisPittaAcanthisittaÑAcanthisittidaeCoraciasGallus

1

"Suboscines"

34

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

13

14

15

17

Meliphagoidea

Climacteridae

New World

Old World

12

18

21

20

24

25

23

22

19 Callaeatidae

2

Oscines

Menuridae

Phylogeny and diversification of thelargest avian radiationF. K. Barker, A. Cibois, P. Schikler, J. Feinstein, andJ. Cracraft. 2004. PNAS 101:11040-11045

The passerines (passeriforms) arose in Australasian part of Gondwana prior to KT

Significant incongruence with DNAhybridization "Tapestry" (e.g., Australasian "Corvida" massively paraphyletic)

RAG-1 and RAG-2 nuclear genes (4129 bp)

All "families" except 1 (Hypocoliidae,endemic to Iran and Iraq!)

Otus OW

Otus NW

Otus Af r.

Strix

Asio

Bubo

Tyto

Ninox

NycteaKetupa

Ciccaba

Aegolius

Athene

Phodilus

StrigiformesRAG-1

Australasian Ninoxis sister to all otherstrigines

Otus is polyphyletic and now the separate cladesmake more sense biogeographically

Barn owls are sister tostrigines as expected

Phylogeny of the Owls

25 of 31 genera represented

What remains to be done….

• Visit more collections and sequence/score more taxa

• Annealing of subclade matrices to create Supermatrix

• Upload information onto Supermatrix website• Development of user-friendly interface to

facilitate broad use.• Large-scale simultaneous analysis of all the data