Advanced electrolysis for the production of green hydrogen · 2021. 4. 21. · Electrode materials...

© Fraunhofer IFAMDr. Lars RÖNTZSCH, Head of department »Hydrogen technology«2021-04-20

SIDE EVENT “Future of Hydrogen H2”

Dr. Lars Röntzsch

© Fraunhofer

Advanced electrolysis for the production of green hydrogen


FRAUNHOFER INSTITUTE FOR MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY AND ADVANCED MATERIALS

◼ ~ 700 employees (incl. students)

◼ 52.5 Mio. EUR annual budget with ~80% third-party funding

◼ R&D areas

◼ Energy technology, engineering, electronics, aerospace, medical engineering

◼ One institute – five locations

Braunschweig

Joseph von Fraunhofer (1787–1826)» Scientist • Inventor • Entrepreneur «


FRAUNHOFER INSTITUTE FOR MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY AND ADVANCED MATERIALS

◼ Department »Hydrogen technology«

◼ Alkaline Electrolysis

◼ Alkaline Membrane Electrolysis

◼ Solid hydrogen carriers

◼ POWERPASTE technology

◼ FC components and systems

Fuel cellsystem tests

Solid hydrogenstorage

POWERPASTE„H2 on demand“

Fuel cellcomponent tests

High-dynamicheat storage

3D-electrodes forPower-to-X

Electrolyzer component tests

◼ Materials development & testing

◼ Fabrication techniques

◼ Process simulation

◼ Prototype development & testing


Hydrogen production

◼ From natural gas or biogas (methane)

◼ Steam reforming (production cost: 1.6 ... 2 €/kg)

CH4 + H2O → 3 H2 + CO and CO + H2O → CO2 + H2◼ Pyrolys is (in development)

CH4 → 2 H2 + C

◼ From water

◼ Electrolys is(3.5 ... 7 €/kg)

H1

1s1

1.008 Density (STP) 90 g/m³

Boiling point–253 °C

LHV33,3 kWh/kg3,0 kWh/Nm³


Electrical energy (PV, wind, …)

Hydrogen energy cycle


Roadmap on the industrialization of water electrolysis (focus: Germany)

Source:Study IndWEDe, 2018


Overview Electrolysis Technology

AEL

PEMELSOEL

AEMELAELPEMEL

SOEL

Today

2030+

~100 MW Global Electrolyzer Production 10 GW


Sources: Areva H2Gen, Asahi Kasei, Cummins, Enapter, Giner, IHT, ITM Power, ErreDue, H-TEC Systems, Hydrogenics, HydrogenPro, McPhy, NEL, PERIC, Siemens Energy, Sunfire, thyssenkrupp

1900O. Schmidt


Comparison electrolysis technologies

Technology Alkaline Electrolys is Anion Exchange Membrane Electrolys is

Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolys is

Solid Oxide Electrolys is

Functional scheme AEL AEM

EL

PEM

EL

SOEL

Cathode 2 H2O + 2 e– → H2 + 2 OH– 2 H2O + 2 e– → H2 + 2 OH– 2 H+ + 2 e– → H2 H2O + 2 e– → H2 + O2–

Anode 2 OH– → 0.5 O2 + H2O + 2 e– 2 OH– → 0.5 O2 + H2O + 2 e– H2O → 2 H+ + 0.5 O2 + 2 e– O2– → 0.5 O2 + 2 e–

Electrocatalysts C: Ni ; A: metal oxide(s) C: Ni ; A: metal oxide(s) C: Pt ; A: iridium oxide C: Ni ; A: metal oxide(s)

Separator diaphragm (porous) membrane membrane membrane

Electrolyte aqueous (KOH) solid (polymer) solid (polymer) solid (oxide)

Operation temp. 30 … 90 °C 30 … 80 °C 20 … 100 °C 600 … 1000 °C


Comparison electrolysis technologies(Outlook 2030)

Value Unit AEL AEMEL PEMEL SOEL

Electrical energy consumption

kWhel / kg-H2 50 … 55 50 … 55 50 … 55 40

Thermal energy consumption

kWhtherm / kg-H2 0 0 0 ~7

Operation pressure barabs a) 1b) 10 … 60 (+)

1.5 … 35 1.5 … 60 ~1

Cold start time min 15 … 60 5 … 10 5 … 10 600

Warm start time s 30 5 5 60

Current density A / cm² 0.2 … 1.0 0.5 … 2 1.0 … 4.0 0.3 … 0.6

Cell area m² 0.5 … 4 < 1 < 1 < 0.2

Life time stack h 120,000 80,000 100,000 80,000

CAPEX (1 MW class)* EUR / kWel < 300 < 300 < 300 < 300

Stack size 1 kW … 10 MW 1 kW … 10 kW 500 W … 3 MW 0.5 … 20 kW

Modul size > 100 MW > 1 MW > 100 MW > 1 MW

Hydrogen:HHV = 39.4 kWh / kgLHV = 33.3 kWh / kg

*) without installation and markup


30 kW electrolyzer

Electrode materials and cell des igns

nm² - µm² cm² 10 … 50 cm² 0.25 m²

3-electrode arrangement

single cellsEC-STM /SECPM

Development of advanced alkaline electrolysis

50 … 500 cm²

single cells / short stacks


Electrode materials for advanced alkaline electrolysis

◼ Electrocatalysts: activ ity , selectiv ity , long-term stability

◼ Chemical composition

◼ Specific modification of the electrode surface (topography, defect density)

◼ Catalyst substrate: Mechanical and chemical stability, electric conductivity, porosity

Low cellvoltage(target < 1.8 V@ > 0.5 A/cm²)


Increasing the surface area: Alloyed Metal Foams

◼ Surface modification: e.g. NiMo-alloy

◼ Powder metallurgical process: developed @IFAM

© Alantum


Example: Raney-Nickel electrodes

◼ Raney-Ni: Ni-Al alloys

◼ 1. Deposition of Al powder

◼ 2. Heat treatment

◼ 3. Leaching of Al-rich phases

→ Highly porous catalyst layer

→ Long-term stable HER catalyst: h300 < 50 mV

leaching

0 1 2 3 4 5

400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0

400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0

uncoated mesh

Raney-Ni mesh, before ELY test

Raney-Ni mesh, after ELY test

t / h

29.9 wt.-% KOH, -300mA/cm², N2, 333 K

hH

ER / m

V

hH

ER / m

V

Ni substrate Ni substrate

400 mm @ Fraunhofer IFAM


Challenges for electrolyzer manufacturers

◼ Improvement of long-term efficiency → long life time

◼ Higher power density

◼ Modular system design

◼ Supply chains

◼ Automated mass production for GW p.a.

◼ Specialist staff

◼ Lower CAPEX

◼ Easy installation

Source: Mayyas et al. (2019)


Our offer for R&D services

◼ Interdisciplinary expertise and all-inclusive know-how on advanced

alkaline electrolysis technology (AEL / AME)

◼ Pre-technical studies

◼ Literature and patent search and evaluation

◼ Freedom-to-operate analysis

◼ Value added chain analysis

◼ Technical projects

◼ Lab-based preparation and testing of AEL / AME electrodes and components

◼ Design, construction and testing of new AEL cell types

◼ Testing of AEL systems

◼ AEL technology benchmarking

◼ Networking

◼ H2 / FC industry

◼ Interest groups

◼ Public funding


Coming together is a beginning. Keeping together is progress.Working together is success.

Henry Ford


Thank you for your

Fraunhofer IFAMWinterbergstraße 28

01277 Dresden | Germany

Dr. Lars Röntzsch

Phone: +49 351 2537-411

E-Mail: [email protected]

w w w.ifam .fraunhofer.de/h2

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Advanced electrolysis for the production of green hydrogen · 2021. 4. 21. · Electrode materials...

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