Adolescents' Love Relationships

8/8/2019 Adolescents' Love Relationships

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Journal o f Youth a nd Adolescence, Vo l. 22, No. 3 , 1993

T h e R o m a n t i c E x p e r i e n ce o f A d o l e sc e n t sS a t i s f y i n g L o v e R e l a t i o n s h i p sR o g e r J . R . L e v e s q u e 1Received Au gus t 27, 1990; accepted No vem ber 9 , 1992

in

Th e love experiences o f over 300 yo uth s were analyzed to identi fy correlatesan d predictors o f satisfying love relat ionships. Th e pro ject ma de use o f a ne wm easure o f love exper iences an d o ther measures spec ifica lly a dapted fo r ado-lescen t po pu lation s. R esu lts revealed striking resemblances between a dole scen tan d adu l t relat ionships in terms o f the contr ibutions o f com m itmen t , co m m u-nicat ion, com pan ionship, an d passion. Ado lesc en t relat ionships di ffered fro mthose o f adul ts in tha t there w as no connect ion be tween a lac k o f negativeaffects, con flict or trouble, a nd relationship satisfaction. Variables tha t pre viou sresearch ha d ov erlo ok ed --e xh i lar at io n, growth, toleration, appreciat ion, a ndspecia lness- -p layed impor tant ro les . S imi lar i t ies be tween the sexes abounded,al thoug h there were also consis tent pat terns o f dif ferences.

INTRODUCTIONSeveral researchers have embarked on the empirical quest to under-

stand love's vicissitudes. The endeavor, however, has been significantly lim-ited by the tendency to ignore adolescent love experiences. This researchThe research was supported, in part, while the author was a predoctoral fellow in the ClinicalR e s e a r c h Training Program in Adolescence at Michael Reese Hospital and Medical Center,and the University of Chicago. The grant was funded by the National Institute of MentalHealth 5T32 NH14668-14.

1Postdoctoral fellow, Center on Children, Families and the Law, University ofNebraska-Lincoln. Received J.D. from Columbia University School of Law, New York, in1993. Received Ph.D. from Department of Psychology, Committee on Human Development,the University of Chicago, in 1990. Research interests include the development of adolescentloving relationships, particularly in cultural contexts, with a focus informed by biosocial andpsychoanalytic models. Current interest lies in the examination of violent attachmen ts in thelives of adolescents.2 1 9

0047-2891/93/0600-0219507.00/0 9 1993 Plenum PublishingCorporation


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220 Levesquee f f o r t e x t e n d s o u r f i e l d o f in q u i r y to t h e a d o l e s c e n t y e a r s . M o r e s p ec if ic a ll y,t h is p r o j e c t a t t e m p t s t o b r o a d e n o u r u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f w h a t s p e ci fi c r el a-t i o n s h i p c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s c o r r e l a t e w i t h a n d p r e d i c t r e l a t i o n s h i p s a t i s f a c t i o na m o n g a d o l e s c e n t s. A b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f w h a t c o n t r ib u t e s t o r e la t io n -s h i p s a t i s f a c t i o n a m o n g a d o l e s c e n t s m a y a l l o w u s t o s p e c u l a t e a b o u t h o wa d o l e s c e n t r e l a t i o n s h i p s d i f f e r f r o m a d u l t r e l a t i o n s h i p s , a b o u t t h e i n f l u -e n c e s o f g e n d e r o n r e l a t i o n s h i p s a t is f ac t io n , a n d a b o u t t h e p l a c e l o v e re -l a t i o n sh i p s f i l l i n o u r l i v e s .

L i t e r a t u r e R e v i e w

Lov i ng Re l a t i ons h i psM a j o r t h e o r e t i c a l p e r s p e c t i v e s a n d e m p i r ic a l a p p r o a c h e s t o l o v in g r e -l a ti o n s h i p s h a v e e m e r g e d f r o m p r e v i o u s re s e a r c h ( L e v e s q u e , 1 9 9 0). R e -

s e a r c h e r s h a v e e i t h e r f o c u s e d t h e i r e f f o r t s o n t h e c o m p o n e n t s o f s p e c i f i cr e l a t i o n s h i p s o r r e l a t i o n s h i p s t y l e s .R e s e a r c h e r s w h o h a v e f o c u s e d o n t h e c o m p o n e n t s o f l o v i n g r e l a t i o n -s h i p s h a v e i d e n t i fi e d s e v e ra l c o m p o n e n t s . T h e f i rs t t o o p e r a t i o n a l i z e " l o v e , "R u b i n ( 1 9 70 , 1 97 3 ), d e v e l o p e d a m e a s u r e l a te r f o u n d t o i n d e x t h r e e c o m -p o n e n t s : t r u s t , c a r i n g , a n d n e e d ( S t e c k et al . , 1 9 8 2 ) . T h e l a t e s t t o o p e r a -t i o n a l i z e l o v e , S t e r n b e r g ( 1 9 8 6 ) , i d e n t i f i e d t h r e e c o m p o n e n t s : i n t i m a c y ,c o m m i t m e n t , a n d p a ss io n . B e t w e e n R u b i n a n d S t e rn b e r g , t h e r e w e r e o t h e rn o t a b l e a t t e m p t s t o i n d e x l o v in g re l a ti o n s h ip s . F o r i n s t a n c e , D a v i s a n dT o d d ( 1 98 2 ) a r g u e d t h a t l o v in g r e l a t io n s h i p s c o u l d b e d i s t in g u i s h e d b y f o u rv a r i a b l e s : v i a b i l i t y , p a s s i o n , i n t i m a c y , a n d s u p p o r t . S w e n s e n a n d T r a h a u g( 1 9 85 ) , i n c o n t r a s t , f o u n d l o v i n g re l a t io n s h i p s t o c o n s i s ts o f six c o m p o n e n t s :e x p r e s s i o n o f a f f e c t io n , s e lf - d is c l o s u r e , t o l e r a n c e , m o r a l s u p p o r t , u n e x -p r e s s e d f e e l in g s , a n d m a t e r i a l s u p p o r t .R e s e a r c h e r s w h o h a v e f o c u s e d t h e i r e ff o r t s o n r e l a t io n s h i p s ty l es h a v eg r o u n d e d t h e i r e f f o rt s o n L e e ' s ( 19 7 3, 1 9 8 8 ) o r ig i n a l ty p o l o g y : eros ( p h y s i c a ll o v e ) , m a n i a ( o b s e s s i v e l o v e ) , s torge ( f r i e n d s h i p , c o m p a n i o n a t e l o v e ) ,p r a g m a ( p r a c t i c a l , o b j e c t i v e l o v e ) , l udus ( g a m e - p l a y i n g l o v e ) , a n d agape (a l lg i v i n g , s e l f - s a c r i f i c i n g l o v e ) . L e e ' s e f f o r t t o e m p i r i c a l l y c a p t u r e h o w i n d i -v i d u a l s a p p r o a c h r e l a t i o n s h i p s h a s r e c e i v e d c o n s i d e r a b l e e m p i r i c a l a t t e n -t i o n ( L a s sw e l l a n d L a s s w e l l, 1 97 6; H e n d r i c k a n d H e n d r i c k , 1 98 6; D a v i s a n dL a t t y - M a n n , 1 9 8 7 ; S a n d o r a n d R o s e n t h a l , 1 9 8 6 ; H e n d r i c k a n d H e n d r i c k ,1 9 8 8 , H e n d r i c k e t aL, 1 9 8 8 ; H e n d r i c k a n d H e n d r i c k , 1 9 8 9 ) .D e s p i t e s t r i k i n g a d v a n c e s , n o t a b l e c r i t i c s ( R u b i n , 1 9 9 0 ; B e r s c h e i d ,1 98 8; M c C l e l l a n d , 1 9 8 6) h a v e v o i c e d t h e i r c o n c e r n s : t o o h i g h a p r e m i u mh a s b e e n p l a c e d o n q u a n t if ic a t io n w i th t h e r e s u l t th a t t h e c o m p l e x n a t u r e


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Romantic Experience 221o f lo v e h a s n o t b e e n s u ff ic ie n tl y a p p r e c i a te d . C o m m e n t a t o r s a s s er t t h a t t h ec u r r e n t e f f o r t s t o q u a n t i f y l o v e w i l l r e m a i n o f l i t t l e v a l u e i f t h e y a r e n o tf o l l o w e d t h r o u g h i n s o m e w a y . T h a t i s , t h e y a s s e r t t h a t t h e o b j e c t o f t h el o v e c o m p o n e n t a n d l o v e s t y l e r e s e a r c h s h o u l d b e t o a i d i n t h e d i s c o v e r ya n d u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e d y n a m i c s o f lo v in g r el at io n s h ip s . T o c o u n t e r t h e s ec r it ic i sm s , th i s p r o j e c t a i m s t o i d e n t i f y a n d o p e r a t i o n a l i z e i m p o r t a n t c o m -p o n e n t s o f l o v e a n d t o u n d e r s t a n d t h e d y n a m i c s o f sa t is f yi n g l o v e r e l a t io n -ships.

R e l a t i o n s h i p S a t i s f a c t i o nI n v e s t i g a t o r s h a v e h a d c o n s i d e r a b l e s u c c e s s i n m e a s u r i n g r e l a t i o n s h i p

sa t i s f ac tion (S pan ie r , 1976 ; Sha rp ley and C ross, 1982 ; F l e t c he r e t a l . , 1987;H en dr i c k , 1988). L ikewise , r e se a rch e r s a l so e f f ec t ive ly hav e iden t i f i ed sev -e ra l con t r ibu to r s to , and co r re l a t e s o f , s a t i s fy ing r e l a t ionsh ips . W hi l e theg e n e r a l iz a b i l it y o f t hi s r e s e a r c h i s li m i t e d b e c a u s e i t f o c u s e d o n a d u l ts , o f t e ni n c l u d e d s u b j e c ts w h o w e r e n o t i n v o lv e d in r e la t io n s h i p s , a n d u s e d d i f f e r e n tm e a s u r e s a n d a p p r o a c h e s , t h e r e s u lt s a r e i n st r u c ti v e f o r t h e y p o i n t t o c o n -s i s t en t pa t t e rns .

T h e H e n d r i c k a n d H e n d r i c k r e se a r c h te a m h a s h a d c o n s i d er a b le s uc -cess in l i nk ing aspec t s o f r e l a t ionsh ips wi th r e l a t ionsh ip sa t i s f ac t ion . F i r s t ,t h e y i d e n t i f ie d i ts m o s t c o n s i s t e n t c o r r e l a te : c o m m u n i c a t i o n ( H e n d r i c k ,1 98 1). T h e p o s it iv e r e l a t io n s h i p b e t w e e n q u a l i t y o f c o m m u n i c a t i o n a n d r e -l a t ionsh ip sa t i s f ac t ion has r ece ive d unw aver in g em pi r i ca l sup po r t ( see , e .g .,A n t il l a n d C o t t o n , 1 9 8 7 ; F i tz p a t ri c k , 1 9 8 7 ; S m i t h e t a l . , 1 9 9 0 ; A s s h a n dB yers , 1990). S eco nd , t he H en dr i c ks iden t i f i ed a h igh ly s ign i fi can t r e l a t ion -s h ip b e t w e e n c o m m i t m e n t to , o r i n v e s t m e n t in , th e r e la t io n s h i p a n d r e la -t i o n s h i p s a t i s f a c t i o n ( H e n d r i c k e t a l . , 1 9 8 8 ) . T h i s f i n d i n g w a s a l s o n o tw i t h o u t c o n s i d e r a b l e p r e c e d e n t ( M u r s t e i n an d M a c D o n a l d , 1 9 8 3 ; R u s b u l t,1983 ; R usbu l t e t a l . , 1 98 6; S w e n s e n a n d T r a h a u g , 1 9 8 5 ; B r o d e r i c k a n dO ' L e a r y , 1 9 8 6 ) . T h i r d , t h e H e n d r i c k a n d H e n d r i c k t e a m f o u n d t h a t s e x u a lp a s s i o n a n d i n t i m a c y le a d t o r e l a ti o n s h i p s a ti s fa c t io n ( H e n d r i c k a n d H e n -d r i c k 1 9 91 ). T h a t l in k h a s a l s o b e e n r e p e a t e d l y f o u n d b y o t h e r s ( s ee , e .g .,S n y d e r , 1 9 7 9 ; L e w i s a n d S p a n i e r , 1 9 7 9 ; R e t t i g a n d B u b l o z , 1 9 8 3 ; S n y d e re t a l . , 1986).O t h e r r e s e a r c h e r s f o u n d t h a t o t h e r a s p e ct s o f re l at io n s h i p s a l so l i n k e dt o r e l a t i o n s h i p s s a t i s f a c t i o n . A m m o n s a n d S t i n e t t ( 1 9 8 0 ) f o u n d a p o s i t i v er e l a t io n s h i p b e t w e e n e m o t i o n a l su p p o r t a n d r e l a t io n s h i p s a t is f a c ti o n . R e t t i ga n d B u b l o z ( 1 9 83 ) f o u n d t h a t c o m p a n i o n s h i p o r s h a r e d t i m e t o g e t h e r a ls oc o n t r i b u t e d t o r e l a t i o n s h i p s a t i s f a c t i o n . M a r g o l i n a n d W a m p o l d ( 1 9 8 1 ) o b -s e r v e d a l i n k b e t w e e n t h e l a c k o f c o n f l i c t , o r l a c k o f n e g a t i v e a f f e c t a n d


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222 Levesquebehav io r s , and an inc rea se in sa t is f ac tion . Th i s f ind ing has s ince bee n wide lyd o c u m e n t e d ( K r o k o f f e t a L , 1 9 8 8 ; D a v i s a n d O a t h a u t , 1 9 8 7 ; S u r r a a n dLongs t r e th , 1990) .

D a v i s a n d L a t t y - M a n n ( 1 9 8 7 ) a t t e m p t e d t o l i n k r e l a t i o n s h i p s a t i s f a c -t ion wi th love s ty l e s , i n s t ead o f a spec t s o f r e l a t ionsh ips . The i r r e su l t s r e -vealed tha t e ros (phys ica l love) , agape (a l l g iv ing , se l f -sacr i f ic ing love) , andl u d u s ( g a m e - p l a y i n g l o v e ) c o r r e l a t e d w i th r e l a ti o n s h i p s a ti s fa c t io n . T h e s er e s u l t s h a v e y e t t o r e c e i v e e m p i r i c a l c o n f i r m a t i o n f r o m o t h e r r e s e a r c h e f -for t s .

G e n d e r D i f f e r e n c e sA v e n e r a b l e r e s e a r c h t r a d i t i o n f o c u s i n g o n t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e ng e n d e r a n d s e x u a l a t t it u d e s h a s r e s u l t e d i n a f ir m l y e s t a b l is h e d c o m p o s i t e .

M a l e s a r e m o r e g a m e p l ay i n g , s e x u a ll y p e r m i ss i ve , a n d i n s t r u m e n t a l . F e -m a l e s a r e m o r e f r i e n d s h i p o r i e n t e d , p r a c t i c a l , d e p e n d e n t , a n d s o m e t i m e sm o r e r e s p o n s i b l e a n d c o m m u n a l . I n b r i e f , t h e n , m a l e s a p p e a r r e l a t i v e l ym o r e g o a l o r i e n t e d w h i le f e m a l e s a p p e a r r e la t iv e l y m o r e r e l a ti o n s h i p o r i -e n t e d ( B a i l e y e t a l . , 1 9 8 7 ; H e n d r i c k a n d H e n d r i c k , 1 9 8 6 ; H e n d r i c k e t a L ,1 9 8 4 ; H e n d r i c k e t a l . , 1 98 5). T h e s e f i n d i n g s c o n c u r w i t h a n d s u p p o r t t h ec l ai m t h a t m e n a n d w o m e n g e n e r a l ly d e f i n e a n d a p p r o a c h r e la t io n s h i p sd i f f e ren t ly ( e . g . , W hi t e e t a l . , 1986 ; H a t f i e ld , 198 3 ; Gi l l igan e t a l . , 1988;W h i tl e y , 19 88 ). S i m i l ar p a t t e r n s h a v e b e e n n o t e d t o a p p e a r i n a d o l e s c e n c e ,a p e r i o d u n d e r s t o o d t o i n te n s if y g e n d e r r o l e e x p e c t a t io n s ( H i ll a n d L y n c h ,1 98 3). R e s e a r c h o n g e n d e r d i f f e r e n c e s i n so c ia l r e la t io n s h i p s d u r i n g a d o -l e scenc e , how ever , has dea l t a lm os t exc lus ive ly wi th sam e sex pee r s , a s B ly tha n d F o s t e r - C l a r k ( 1 9 8 7 ) h a v e n o t e d . R e c e n t r e s e a r c h c o n f i r m s t h e i r c l a i m ;i n v e st ig a t io n s o f g e n d e r - s p e c i f i c p a t h w a y s t o i n t im a c y c o n t i n u e t o f o c u s o nf r i e n d s h i p a n d s a m e s ex b o n d i n g ( e .g ., C a m a r e n a e t a L , 1990).D e s p i t e t h e a p p a r e n t l y c o n s is t e n t g e n d e r e d a p p r o a c h t o r e l a ti o n sh i ps ,e x a c t l y h o w t h e s e a p p r o a c h e s a c t u a l l y p l a y t h e m s e l v e s o u t i n r e l a t i o n s h i p sl a r g e l y r e m a i n s a m y s t e r y . R e s e a r c h e r s h a v e e x a m i n e d , s p o r a d i c a l l y b u tq u i t e i n f o r m a t i v e l y , t h e i n f l u e n c e o f g e n d e r o n r e l a t i o n s h i p s a t i s f a c t i o n .M u r s t e i n a n d M a c D o n a l d (1 98 3) r e p o r t e d t h a t, f o r m e n , m a r i t a l sa ti sf a c-t i o n w a s b e s t p r e d i c t e d b y t h e i r l e v e l o f c o m m i t m e n t w h i l e , f o r w o m e n ,m a r i t a l s a t i s f a c t i o n w a s e q u a l l y w e l l p r e d i c t e d b y t h e i r o w n o r t h e i r h u s -b a n d ' s c o m m i t m e n t . D a v i s a n d O a t h o u t ( 1 9 8 7 ) f o u n d t h a t c o m m u n i c a t i o nw a s s t r o n g l y p r e d i c t iv e o f r e l a t io n s h i p s a t is f a ct io n f o r w o m e n , b u t n o t f o rm e n . H e n d r i c k e t a l . ( 19 8 8 ) f o u n d t h a t m e n ' s s e l f- d is c l o su r e t o t h e i r p a r t n e rp r e d i c t e d s a t i s f a c t i o n , w h i l e f o r w o m e n , b o t h s e l f - d i s c l o s u r e a n d t h e p e r -c e i v e d a b i l i t y t o e l i c i t s e l f - d i s c l o s u r e w e r e p r e d i c t i v e . T h e H e n d r i c k a n d


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Ro m antic Experience 223H e n d r i c k t e a m a ls o r e p o r t e d a c o n s i st e n t la c k o f g e n d e r d i f fe r e n c e s int e r m s o f b o t h e r o s ' ( p a s s i o n a t e l o v e ) a n d l u d u s ' ( g a m e - p l ay i n g l o v e ) b o t hr e l a t i ng t o r e l a t i ons h i p s a t is f a c t ion : t h e f o r m e r pos it i ve ly a nd t he l a t te rn e g a t i v e l y c o r r e l a t e d . T h e t e a m a l s o r e p o r t e d n o d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e p o s i t i v er e la t io n s h i p b e t w e e n c o m m i t m e n t a n d r e la t io n s h i p s a t is f ac t io n ( H e n d r i c ke t a l . , 1 9 8 8 ) . O t h e r r e s e a r c h e r s h a v e e i t h e r f o u n d n o s e x d i f f e r e n c e s ( e . g . ,A s s h a n d B y e r s , 1 9 9 0 ; R e t t i g a n d B u b l o z , 1 9 8 3 ; D a v i s a n d L a t t y - M a n n ,1 9 8 7 ; S a n d o r a n d R o s e n t h a l , 1 9 8 6 ) o r h a v e n o t s o u g h t t o i n v e s t i g a t e / r e p o r tt h e m .

METHODSubjects

O v e r 3 0 0 y o u t h w h o d e s c r i b e d t h e m s e l v e s a s c u r r e n t l y e n g a g e d i n ad a t i n g r e l a t i o n s h i p p a r t i c i p a t e d i n t h i s s t u d y . T h e s t u d e n t s c a m e f r o m f o u rC h i c a g o a r e a h i g h s c h o o l s a n d o n e h i g h s c h o o l i n r u r a l M a i n e . ( R e c r u i t -me n t me t hods d i f f e r e d s l i gh t l y be t we e n s c hoo l s . I n a l l c a s e s , s c hoo l o f f i c i a l sw e r e c o n t a c t e d b y t h e r e s e a r c h e r . S c h o o l o f fi ci al s w e r e a l l o w e d t o d e c i d eh o w t h e s t u d y w o u l d b e a d m i n i s te r e d w i th i n t h e i r s c h o o l. In s o m e s c h o o ls ,s t ud e n t s pa r t i c i pa t e d i n t he s t udy a s pa r t o f a s oc ia l s c i e nc e c la s s a c t iv i ty[ h o w e v e r , o n l y t h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e s o f d a t in g s t u d e n t s w e r e r e t a in e d f o ra na lys is ]. I n o t h e r s c hoo l s , o f f ic i al s a n no un c e d t ha t a ny s t ud e n t s w ho we r eda t i ng c ou l d t a ke p a r t i n t h is s t udy by filling ou t t he qu e s t i onn a i r e du r i ngs c h e d u l e d s e s s i o n s . A l l s t u d e n t s w e r e e n c o u r a g e d t o d i s c u s s t h e i r r e l a t i o n -s h i ps a s we l l a s t he i r r e a c t i ons t o t he a n on ym ou s que s t i onna i r e . I n t wos c h o o l s , p a r e n t a l c o n s e n t f o r m s w e r e u s e d . ) I n t o t a l , t h e s a m p l e i n c l u d e d177 g i rl s a nd 127 bo ys ( 58 % vs. 42% , r e s pe c t ive l y ) . Th e s t ud e n t s r a ng e di n a g e f r o m 1 4 y e a r s t o 1 8 y e a r s w i t h a m e a n a g e o f 1 7 f o r t h e s a m p l e a sa w ho l e a nd f o r boy s a nd g i rl s s e pa r a t e l y .F o r p u r p o s e s o f a n a l y se s n o t d i sc u s s e d h e r e , t h e s a m p l e c o n t a i n e da d o l e s c e n t s f r o m d i v e r s e e t h n i c g r o u p s a n d S E S l e v e l s . T h e e t h n i c a n d S E Sb r e a k d o w n o f t h e s a m p l e i s a s f o ll o w s: W h i te , w o r k i n g cl as s = 2 7 % ( n =82) ; H i s pa n i c , w or k i ng c la s s = 17% ( n = 53) ; W hi t e , up pe r c la s s = 16%( n = 48) ; B l a c k , wo r k i ng t o m i dd l e c la s s = 22% ( n = 68) ; F r a nc o - A m e r i -c a n ( F r e n c h - C a n a d i a n d e s c e n t ) , w o r k i n g t o m i d d l e c la ss = 1 7 % ( n = 5 3 ).W i t h i n e a c h g r ou p , s li gh tl y l e ss t ha n ha l f o f the p a r t i c ipa n t s w e r e m a l e .

A p p r o x i m a t e l y o n e - f if th o f b o t h b o y s (2 1 % ) a n d g i rl s ( 2 1 % ) w e r e d a t -i ng m o r e t h a n o n e p a r tn e r ; a b o u t h a l f r e p o r t e d p r e v i o u s , s e r i o u s r o m a n t i ci n v o l v e m e n t s ( 5 1 % o f t h e b o y s a n d 5 0 % o f t h e g ir ls ). A c o n s i d e r a b l ea m o u n t o f v a r ia t io n e x is te d in t h e n u m b e r o f m o n t h s o f t h ei r i n v o lv e m e n t


6/33

224 Levesque(M = 9 .5 , S D = 9.88 for boys ; M = 13.2 , S D = 13.02 fo r g i r ls ) . Re sul t sf r o m t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p s a t i s f a c t i o n m e a s u r e d e s c r i b e d b e l o w i n d i c a t e t h a tm o s t a d o l e s c e n t s w e r e s a t i s f i e d w i t h t h e i r l o v e r e l a t i o n s h i p ( b a s e d o n am a x i m u m r a t in g o f 3 0 , b o y s a v e r a g e d 2 1 .9 1, S D = 5 .42, and g i r l s averaged22.26, S D = 5.87).

A l l p a r t i c ip a n t s a n s w e r e d q u e s t i o n n a i r e s a n o n y m o u s l y , a n d w e r et r e a t e d i n s tr ic t a c c o r d a n c e w it h t h e e t h ic a l g u id e l in e s o f t h e A m e r i c a nP s y c h o lo g i ca l A s s o c i a ti o n a n d t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f H e a l t h a n d E d u c a t i o nG u i d e l i n e s .

Measu r e s

B a c k g r o u n d I n f o r m a t i o nA v a r i e t y o f d e m o g r a p h i c i n f o r m a t i o n w a s c o l l e c t e d , i n c l u d i n g a g e ,

r e li g io n , y e a r i n s c h o o l , p a r e n t a l a n d f a m i l y c o m p o s i t io n , p a r e n t a l o c c u p a -t io n ( f o r t h e D u n c a n S o c i o e c o n o m i c I n d e x ), p la c e o f b ir th , p l a c e w h e r er a i s e d , a n d l a n g u a g e s p o k e n a t h o m e . P a r t i c i p a n t s w e r e a l s o a s k e d t o a n -s w e r t h e s a m e q u e s t i o n s i n r e g a r d t o t h e i r p a r t n e r s . I n a d d i t i o n , t h e s t u -d e n t s w e r e a s k e d a b o u t p r e v io u s r o m a n t i c i n vo l v em e n t s , l e n g t h o f t i m e t h e yh a d b e e n d a t i n g , h o w l o n g t h e y h a d k n o w n t h e i r p a r t n e r s , a n d r e c e n tchanges in the i r r e l a t ionsh ips .

Re l a t i o n sh i p S a t i s f a c t i o nA c r o s s b e t w e e n a n a b b r e v i a t e d v e r s i o n o f S p a n i e r ' s ( 1 9 7 6 ) r e l a t i o n -sh ip sa t i s f ac t ion sca le ( see Sharp ley and C ross , 1982) and F le t che r et a l . ' s

( 1 9 8 7 ) m e a s u r e w a s u s e d . I t s h o u l d b e n o t e d t h a t , t h o u g h i n d e p e n d e n t l yd e r i v e d , t h e i t e m s h e r e w e r e s im i l ar to t h o s e i n c l u d e d i n H e n d r i c k ' s ( 19 8 8 )m e a s u r e o f r e l a t i o n s h i p s a t i s f a c t i o n . S t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s e s r e v e a l e d t h a t t h em e a s u r e ' s r e li a bi li ty w a s h i g h ; c o e f fi c i e n t a l p h a f r o m t h e p r e s e n t d a t a w a s. 8 8 . R e l a t i o n s h i p s a t i s f a c t i o n i t e m s a r e p r e s e n t e d i n A p p e n d i x A .

Re l a t i o n sh i p Ex p e r i e n c e sT h e m e a s u r e o f r e l a ti o n s h i p e x p e r i e n c e s w a s d e v e l o p e d s p e c if ic a ll y

f o r t h i s p r o j e c t ( L e v e s q u e , 1 9 9 0 ) . T h e p u r p o s e o f t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p e x p e r i -e n c e s m e a s u r e is t o p r o v i d e s u b j e c t s w i t h s t a t e m e n t s a b o u t d i f f e r e n t a s p e c t so f t h e i r r e l a ti o n s h i p e x p e r i e n c e s o th a t a n a l y se s c a n d e t e r m i n e w h a t f a c t o r sr e l a t e a n d / o r c o n t r i b u t e m o s t t o r e l a t i o n s h i p s a t i s f a c t i o n .


7/33

Romantic Experience 225T h e i n d e x m e a s u r e s a p e r s o n ' s r e l a t i o n s h i p b y f o c u s i n g o n w h a th e / s h e g i v e s a n d g e t s f r o m t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p . T h e r e f o r e , e a c h m a j o r c o m -

p o n e n t o f l o ve w a s m e a s u r e d b o t h b y w h a t t h e s u b j e c t p e r c e i v e d h e / s h e isg i v i n g t o t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p a n d w h a t h e / s h e i s g e t t i n g f r o m t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p .T w e l v e c o m p o n e n t s a r e i n d e x e d : e m o t i o n a l s u p p o r t , a p p r e c i a t i o n , c o m m u -n i c a t i o n , p a s s i o n , c o m m i t m e n t , t o l e r a t i o n , p o s s e s s i v e n e s s , g r o w t h , t o g e t h -e r n e s s , s p e c i a l n e s s , e x h i l a r a t i o n a n d p a i n f u l n e s s . T a b l e I p r e s e n t s t h ec o m p o n e n t s , t h e i r d e f in i ti o n s , a n d r e p r e s e n t a t i v e i te m s . A l l it e m s o f t h ef i n a l m e a s u r e a r e p r e s e n t e d i n A p p e n d i x A .

I n s t r u m e n t c o n s t r u c t i o n d r e w f r o m a l a r g e p o o l o f s t a t e m e n t s r e f e r -r i n g t o t h o u g h t s , f e e l i n g s , a n d b e h a v i o r s o n e m a y e x p e r i e n c e i n l o v i n g r e -l a ti o n s h ip s . T w e l v e c o m p o n e n t s w e r e i d e n t if i e d a n d i n d e x e d b y i te m ss u g g e s t e d b y a l a r g e n u m b e r o f t h e o r e t i c a l , l it e ra r y , p e r s o n a l , a n d e m p i r ic a ls o u r c e s . C a t e g o r i e s ( d i re c t i o n s ) o f e x c h a n g e ( g i ve a n d g e t ) w i t h in e a c h l o v ec o m p o n e n t w e r e t h e n d i ff e re n t ia t ed . A t e n - m e m b e r p a n e l o f f a cu l ty a n ds t u d e n t j u d g e s s e l e c t e d t h e i t e m s t h a t w o u l d b e s t in d e x p a r t i c u l a r l o v e c o n -s t ru c t s . T o e n s u r e c o n t e n t a n d f a c e va li d it y, a n o t h e r p a n e l o f t e n n e w f a c -u l ty a n d s t u d e n t s s u c c e s s f u l l y s o r t e d i t e m s b a c k i n to t h e c o r r e c tc o m p o n e n t s . I t e m s w i th l o w va li di ty w e r e e i t h e r c h a n g e d o r d e l e t ed .F o u r m o r e s t a g e s o f i n s t r u m e n t c o n s t r u c t i o n a n d r e c o n s t r u c t i o n f o l -l o w e d t o d e t e r m i n e w h e t h e r t h e m e a s u r e va lid ly t a p p e d i n to a p sy c h o s o ci ala n d p h e n o m e n o l o g i c a l r e al it y. T h e c a t e g o ri e s w e r e d o u b l e c h e c k e d a g a i n st1 50 a d o l e s c e n t s ' n a r r a t i v e r e s p o n s e s t o t h e q u e s t i o n " W h a t d o e s i t f e e l l ik et o b e i n l o v e ? " T h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e w a s t h e n a d m i n i s t e r e d t o 2 5 s u b j e c t sw i t h d i v e r s e r e l a t i o n s h i p e x p e r i e n c e s - - f r o m d a t i n g f o r a f e w m o n t h s t ob e i n g m a r r i e d f o r m o r e t h a n 3 5 y e a rs . O n l y sl ig h t c h a n g e s w e r e m a d e . L a s t15 h ig h s c h o o l s tu d e n t s w e r e a d m i n i s te r e d t h e m e a s u r e a n d i n te r v ie w e d i nd e p th . T h e m e a s u r e w as th e n d e t e r m i n e d c o m p l e te a n d r e a d y f o r th e m a j o rs t u d y . S t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s e s b a s e d o n t h e f i n a l s a m p l e a r e p r e s e n t e d b e l o w .

Love S ty lesT o c o m p l e m e n t t h e l o v e e x p e r i e n c e i n d e x , a n e s t a b l i s h e d m e a s u r e o fl o v e s t y l e s w a s u s e d . T h i s m e a s u r e w a s o r i g i n a l l y p r e s e n t e d b y L a s s w e l l

a n d L a s s w e l l ( 19 7 6 ), a n d is b a s e d o n L e e ' s ( 1 9 73 ) t y p o lo g y . T h e m e a s u r ew a s f u r t h e r d e v e l o p e d b y H e n d r i c k a n d H e n d r i c k (1 98 6). I n t h is r e s e a r c ha s li gh tl y a b b r e v i a t e d v e r s io n o f H e n d r i c k a n d H e n d r i c k ' s m e a s u r e w a su s e d . T h e m e a s u r e i n d e x e s t h e f o ll o w i n g s ty l es o f lo v e: e r o s ( p h y s ic a l lo v e ) ,m a n i a ( o b s e s s i v e l o v e ) , s t o r g e ( f r i e n d s h i p , c o m p a n i o n a t e l o v e ) , p r a g m a(prac t i ca l, ob jec t ive love ) , l udus (gam e-p lay ing love ) , an d agap e ( a ll g iv ing ,s e lf -s a c ri fi c in g l o v e ). I t e m s a r e p r e s e n t e d i n A p p e n d i x A .


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10/33

228 LevesqueD a t a A n a l y s e s

Preliminary AnalysesD a t a a n a l y s i s s t a r t e d w i t h e x a m i n i n g t h e p r e v i o u s t h e o r e t i c a l a n d e m -p i r ica l de l i nea t i on o f con s t ruc t s by u s i ng t r ad i t iona l f ac t o r ana l y t i c p ro ce -

d u r e s . E a c h m e a s u r e w a s a n a ly z e d w i th p r in c i p a l - c o m p o n e n t f a c t o ra n a ly s is , u s in g v a r im a x r o t a ti o n . C o n s i s t e n t w i t h t h e m e a s u r e ' s c o n s t r u c t i o n ,t w e l v e f a c t o r s f o r e a c h r e la t io n s h i p e x p e r i e n c e d i m e n s i o n ( g iv in g a n d g e t -t i ng ) and s i x fo r t he l ove s t y l e m easu re w ere s t i pu l a t ed .

R e s u l t s o f th e f a c t o r a n a l y se s o f t h e l ov e e x p e r i e n c e m e a s u r e w e r e c o n -s i s t en t w i t h p i l o t s t ud i e s and t heo re t i ca l w ork . A s Tab l e I IA show s , on l y onei te m f r o m o u r getting m e a s u r e s f a c t o r e d m o r e h ig hly o n a n " u n e x p e c t e d " c o n -s t ruc t . Th e i t em "She is w illing t o change fo r m e" (T o l e ra t i on ) l oad ed m orecons i s t en t l y w i t h g iv i ng com m i t m e n t t han t o l e ra t ion . C o nsu l t a t i on w i th ag rou p o f ado l e scen t s l ed u s t o conc l ude t ha t t he i t em f i t be s t i n the com -m i t m en t ca t ego ry ; f rom t ha t po i n t , i t w as t r ans fe r r ed t o t ha t com ponen t . A sT a b l e l i B d e m o n s t r a t e s , t h e giving m easu re s a l so w ere p sychom et r i ca l l y ro -bus t . A l t hough t h ree com ponen t s l oaded h i gh l y on t he f i r s t f ac t o r ( t oge t h -e rnes s , spec i al ness , and c om m i t m en t ) , t hey w ere ke p t a s s epa ra t e f ac t o r s si ncet h e y a l so h a d l o a d e d i n d e p e n d e n t l y a n d p i lo t a n d t h e o r e t ic a l r e s e a r c h p o i n t e dt o the i r i ndepe nden ce . I t s eem s , then , t ha t t he re w as no co ns i de rab l e o ve r l apo f it em s . The se r e su l ts s trong l y ind i ca t ed t ha t d i m ens i ons o f love expe r i encesdo i ndeed ex i s t and t ha t t hey a re w e l l d i f f e ren t i a t ed by t he i t em s .

A l t hough t he cons t ruc t s w e re w e l l d i f f e ren t i a t ed , a s e r i e s o f r e l i ab i l i t ya n a l y s e s w e r e c o n d u c t e d t o e s t a b l i s h t h e r e l ia b i l i ty o f c o n s t r u c t s a ss u b s c a l e s . A s T a b l e I I I s h o w s , c o e f f i c i e n t a l p h a s w e r e r a t h e r h i g h ; t h e y a v -e raged . 78 and r anged f rom .61 t o . 92 . These r e su l t s , i n con j unc t i on w i t hi n te n s i v e p il o t w o r k b r i e f ly d e s c r i b e d a b o v e , le d u s t o c o n c l u d e t h a t a u s e f u lm e a s u r e o f l o v e e x p e r i en c e s h a d b e e n a tt a in e d .

F a c t o r s t r u c t u r e s o f o u r l o v e st yl e m e a s u r e w e r e c o n s i s te n t w i th p r e -v i o u s w o r k . A s T a b l e I V s h o w s , t h e 3 6 i t e m s l o a d e d c o n s i s t e n t l y w i t h L e e ' s(1973) o r ig i na l concep t ua l i za t ion o f t he l ove s ty l es . C om pa red t o p rev i ou sw ork w i th s im i l a r it em s ( e .g ., D av i s and La t t y -M ann , 1987; H en dr i c k a ndH e n d r i c k , 1 9 8 6 ; H e n d r i c k et aL, 1988), re l iab i l it y co ef f i c i en t s we re re l a t ive lyh igh: A ga pe , .88 ; M ania , .84 ; Lu du s , .76 ; Er os , .78 ; Pra gm a, .80 ; S tor ge , .71.

M ain AnalysesIn ad d i t i on t o i den t ify i ng co r re l a t e s o f r e l a t i onsh i p sa t i s f ac ti on am on g

a d o l e s c e n t s , a m a j o r g o a l w a s t o e x a m i n e w h i c h f a c t o r s w o u l d predict re -


11/33

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Rom antic Experience 233

T a b l e I I I . R e l i a b il it y C o e f f i c i e n ts o f R e l a t i o n s h i pE x p e r i e n c e s M e a s u r e s aV a r i a b l e G i v i n g G e t t i n g

T o g e t h e r n e s s .8 4 .7 9G r ow t h .61 .87A pp r ec i a t i on .78 .73Sp ecia ln ess .80 .89Po ssess ive ness .75 .77C o m m u n i c a t i o n .6 1 .6 7Ex h i l a r a t i on .83 .92To l e r a t i on .72 .77Pa ss ion .73 .85Pa i n f u l nes s .78 .78E m o t i o n a l s u p p o r t .7 7 .8 3C o m m i t m e n t .8 6 .8 4a C o e f f i c i e n t a l p h a s a r e b a s e d o n t h e e n t i r e s a m p l e ( N= 304).

l a t io n sh ip sa t i s fa c t io n , To th i s e n d , b a c k wa rd mu l t ip le r e g re ss io n a n a ly se sw e r e u s e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e c o m b i n e d im p a c t o f th e c o m p o n e n t s o f lo v ee x p e r ie n c e s a n d re la t io n sh ip s ty le s o n re la t io n sh ip sa t i s fa c t io n . Ba c k wa rdmu l t ip le r e g re ss io n p ro c e e d s b y e n te r in g a l l v a r i a b le s o n th e f i r s t s t e p a n dc o n t i n u e s b y e l i m i n a t i n g t h o s e v a r i a b l e s - - w h e n c o n t r o l l i n g f o r a l l o t h e ri n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s - - t h a t f ail to a c c o u n t s u bs ta n ti al ly f o r t h e v a ri a n c ei n t h e d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e . F o r t h e p r e s e n t a n a l y s e s , r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n sw e r e a l s o e n t e r e d f o r e a c h s e x s e p a r a t e l y .

Potential ConfoundsA m a jo r s ta t is t ic a l c o n fo u n d th a t c o u ld in f l a te th e s ig n i f ic a n c e o ff in d in g s i s mu l t i c o l l in e a r i ty . As Le wis -Be c k (1 9 8 0 ) su g g e s t s , wh e n mu l t i -

c o l l i n e a r i t y i s s u s p e c t e d , e a c h i n d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s h o u l d b e r e g r e s s e do n a ll t h e o t h e r i n d e p e n d e n t v a r ia b le s . W h e n a n y R 2 is n e a r 1 . 0 , t h e r e ish i g h m u l t i c o l l i n e a r i ty . I n t h e p r e s e n t d a t a , a s e r i es o f r e g r e s s i o n r u n sy i e l d e d n o s u p p o r t f o r t h e p r e s e n c e o f m u l t i c o l l i n e a r i t y a m o n g v a r i a b l e s .T h r e e s e p a r a t e g r o u p s o f i n d e p e n d e n t v a r i ab l e s I g iv in g , g e t ti n g , a n d l o v es t y l e s - - w e r e r e g re s s ed o n e a c h o t h e r. N o c o m b i n a ti o n o f p r e d i ct o r va ri-a b l e s w a s f o u n d t o a c c o u n t s i g n if ic a n tl y f o r t h e v a r i a n c e i n a n y o n e i n d e -p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e g r o u p . F o r t h is t y p e o f a n a ly s is , R 2 v a l u e s r e f l e c t i n g


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2 3 4 L e v e s q u eT a b l e I V . F a c t o r L o a d i n g s f o r t h e R e l a t i o n s h i p S t yl e I t e m s

F a c t o r sS t y l e I t e m s 1 2 3 4 5 6

A g a p e 123456M a n i a 123456

L u d u s 123456

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,4 7,8 2.8 4.8 2.71.7 3 .6 6

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a c c oun t e d va r i a nc e we r e r a t he r l ow: . 49 ( g i v i ng) , . 52 ( ge t t i ng ) , a nd . 06( love s ty le s ) .T o a ss is t r e a d e r s i n t h e ir o w n e x a m i n a t io n o f t h e d a t a a n d a n a l y se sp r e s e n t e d b e l o w , m e a n s a n d s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n s f o r e a c h l o v e s t y l e a n dl ove e xpe r i e nc e v a r i ab l e s , by se x , a r e p r ov i de d i n Ta b l e V .


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Rom antic Experience 235Table V . L o v e C o m p o n e n t s a n d L o v e S t y l e s M e a n s a n d S t a n d a r dD e v i a t i o n sa

M a l e s F e m a l e sM e a n SD M e a n SD

G i v i n g t o r e l a t i o n s h i p sTo ge t he r ne s s 15 .41 2 . 75 15 .43 2 . 28G ro w th 16.28 1 .89 16 .07 2 .10A pp r ec i a t i on 15 .55 2 . 64 15 .25 2 . 32Sp ecia lness 14 .91 3 .32 14 .76 3 .26Po ssess ive ness 13 .28 3 .54 14 .06 3 .43C om m un i ca t i on 14 .55 3 . 10 13 .92 2 . 99Ex hi l a ra t io n 14 .31 2 .86 14 .16 2 .93T ole ra t ion 14 .46 3 .23 13 .92 3 .01Pa ss ion 15 .37 2 .53 15 .58 2 .56Pa infu lne ss 11 .83 3 .90 12 .21 3 .88Em ot i o na l s up po r t 15 .66 2 . 45 15 .28 2 . 27C om m i t m en t 12 .71 4 . 53 12 .68 4 . 43

G e t t i n g f r o m r e l a t i o n s h i p sT og eth ern es s 15 .05 2 .53 15 .39 2 .56G ro w th 13.80 3 .77 13 .57 3 .44A pp r ec i a t i on 15 .45 2 . 69 15 .05 2 . 46Sp ecia lne ss 13.55 4.11 13.13 3.99Po ssess ive ness 11 .81 3 .59 12 .31 3 .83Co m m un i ca t i on 14 .83 2 . 96 14 .33 2 . 93E xh i l ara t ion 14 .21 3 .57 14 .55 3 .02T ole ra t ion 13 .93 2 .84 13 .89 2 .89Pa ss io n 15.17 2.91 14.71 2.82Pa infu lne ss 11 .72 4 .01 11 .66 4 .17Em ot i o na l s up po r t 15 .03 3 . 10 15 .00 2 .73C om m i t m en t 16 .66 4 . 89 17 .14 5 . 15

Love s t y l e sA ga pe 4 .89 1 .10 5 .35 .85Pr ag m a 3 .39 1 .51 3 .19 1 .51Sto rge 3 .57 1 .65 3 .10 1 .77E ro s 4 .25 1 .43 4 .17 1 .76M an ia 3 .39 1 .53 3 .46 1 .75Lu du s 3 .45 1 .65 3 .15 1 .68aTo t a l s ub j ec t s N = 304 ; m a l es N = 127; f em a l es N = 177.

R E S U L T SC o r r e l a t e s a n d P r e d i c t o r s o f R e l a t i o n s h i p S a t i s f a c t i o n

The Entire SampleT a b l e V I p r e s e n t s t h e r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d f r o m c o r r e l a t i n g r e l a t i o n s h i p

s a t i s f a c t i o n w i t h t h e l o v e e x p e r i e n c e v a r i a b l e s . W h e n t h e e n t i r e s a m p l e i s


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236 Levesquea n a l y ze d , m o s t o f th e l o ve e x p e r i e n c e s c o r r e l a t e d r a t h e r h i gh l y w i t h r e la -t i o n s h i p s a t is f a c ti o n . O n l y t w o v a r i a b l e s f a il e d t o s h o w a s i g n i f ic a n t a s s o -c i a t i o n w i t h r e l a t i o n s h i p s a t i s f a c t i o n : p a i n f u l n e s s a n d p o s s e s s i v e n e s s . M o r esp e c i f i c a l l y s t a t e d , i n t e r m s o f giv ing t o t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p , t o g e t h e r n e s s ( p

Adolescents' Love Relationships

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