Adj Forms of Verbs
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![Page 1: Adj Forms of Verbs](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022082409/55cf9202550346f57b92b048/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Of the three, only the middle one is a possibility. But even here, it sounds slightly awkward. I think most people would say simply:
That's very interesting. OR:
It's very interesting. OR:
I find that very interesting.
If you want to use interest as a verb, rather than interesting as anadjective, you would need to say:
That interests me a lot.
That doesn't interest me very much.
-ing adjective or -ed adjective?
Remember: people might be interested in something and it is the thing itself that people find interesting. Other adjectives describing emotions follow a similar pattern:
Compare the following:
His explanation was confusing. Most students were confusedby it.
I was disappointed not to get the promotion I deserved. Adisappointing day, yesterday.
I'm starting a new job and I'm quite excited about it. I think it will
confusing / confused
disappointing / disappointed
exciting / excited
shocking / shocked
surprising / surprised
tiring / tired
amazing / amazed
annoying / annoyed
boring / bored
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be quite exciting.
The news was shocking. We were shocked when we heard that everyone had drowned.
Everybody was surprised when Jenny came top of the class. It was really amazing!
It was a tiring day. I was dead tired after all that shopping.
Note that people can also be adjective -ing, if they awaken this emotion in others:
A: Frank is such a boring person, isn't he? I find his conversation really boring. B: He may be boring, but at least he's not as annoying as Ben who sniffs all the time. A: Paul's an amazing guy, isn't he? He amazes me. He can always see the funny side of things. B: I'm quite amazed by all the things Paul gets up to, I must say!
interested / disappointed / surprised / pleased + infinitive clause
Note that some of these adjectives are often followed by an infinitive clause:
I shall be interested to hear about how you get on in Cairo.
We were most surprised to see Kevin and Henry holding hands at the bus
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stop.
I must say we were disappointed to learn that he had abandoned his job.
I shall be pleased / delighted to accompany you to the exhibition on Thursday.
Interested in / surprised by / pleased with / etc
Note that if you are using a prepositional structure with these adjectives, it will normally be either with or by, sometimes both are possible. Interested, however, is usually followed by in. Compare the following:
We were pleased / delighted with all the wedding presents we received.
We were surprised by his rudeness at the family gathering. Quite disgusting!
I was quite disappointed with / by the film. He's normally such an exciting director.
I would be interested in working in Britain if I could get a work permit.
Interest / surprise / please / etc as verbs
Note that the verb forms of these adjectives describe
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an emotional state, not an action, and are thus rarely used with continuous tenses:
She wanted to please him, but disappointed him when he discovered that she had spent so much money. (NOT: … was disappointing him…)
It surprises me to see you making so many basic errors in this game. (NOT: It is surprising me…)
The novel interested me because it seemed to reflect real life so accurately.
It amused me so much that I kept bursting out with laughter.
brusting
ere are some sample phrases and sentences showing how these adjectives are used and
correspond with the English present participle (sometimes called a gerund):
la páginas siguientes, the following pages
Fuimos a la ciudad durmiente. We went to the sleeping city.
el presidente saliente, the outgoing president (i.e., leaving office)
Se necesita agua para la población creciente. Water is needed for a growing population.
una asombrante variedad, an amazing variety
Es un plan de estudios conduciente al título. It is a curriculum leading to the degree.
El instrumento produce un sonido vibrante. The instrument produces a vibrating sound.
los españoles pertenecientes al partido, the Spaniards belonging to the party
la población comprante, the buying public
los datos determinantes, the determining data
These adjectival forms do not exist (or are not used) for many verbs, especially when some other
adjective form is available. Thus, for example,mentiente (from mentir) is not used to translate
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"lying," but mentiroso is; a boring film is una película aburrida, not una película aburriente; and
afighting spirit is un espíritu luchador, not un espíritu luchante.
Cooking class, crying baby,
Adjectives and VerbsThere are two things to consider when contemplating the relationship between adjectives
and verbs. The first is that adjectives can come after the verb:
The rock star was crazy .
The cat’s tail is long .
I am furious with my business partner.
The cookies smell awesome !
That shirt looks great on you.
Note that these are forms of to be or “sense” verbs: to look, to seem, to appear, to taste, to
sound, to feel, to smell, etc. If these verbs are modifying the noun in front of them, an
adjective will always be required so the noun is properly modified.
The second thing to consider is verbs that turn into adjectives; these are calledparticiples.
Usually, the verb has -ing tacked onto the end of the root form, or it’s the past tense. The
adjective can be placed before the noun or after the verb.
The smiling baby is really cute .
Smiling is used as an adjective here, as is cute.
This is my new washing machine.
Washing is acting like an adjective for machine.
This is my broken washing machine.
This washing machine is broken .
Broken is an adjective which is modifying washing machine.
In the summer, frozen popsicles are refreshing.
The secretary handed the boss the translated document.
After washing all the teacups, she found a forgotten one in the living room.
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-ed / -ing adjectivesMany English adjectives of emotion/feeling are formed from the -ed / -ing forms of verbs:
Positive
verb -ed -ing noun
You ____ me!
I'm _____! How _____! What _____!
amaze amazed amazing amazement
amuse amused amusing amusement
astound astounded astounding astonishment
bewitch bewitched bewitching bewitchment
captivate captivated captivating a captivation
challenge challenged challenging a challenge
charm charmed charming charm
comfort comforted comforting comfort
concern concerned concerning concern
convince convinced convincing conviction
encourage encouraged
encouraging encouragement
enchant enchanted enchanting enchantment
energize energized energizing energy
entertain entertaine entertaining entertainment
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d
enthrall enthralled enthralling enthrallment
excite excited exciting excitement
exhaust exhausted exhausting exhaustion
fascinate fascinated fascinating fascination
flatter flattered flattering flattery
fulfill fulfilled fulfilling fulfillment
gratify gratified gratifying gratification
gratify gratified gratifying gratification
humiliate humiliated humiliating humiliation
interest interested interesting interest
intrigue intrigued intriguing intrigue
move moved moving
please pleased pleasing (pleasant)
a pleasure
relax relaxed relaxing relaxation
relieve relieved relieving a relief
satisfy satisfied satisfying satisfaction
soothe soothed soothing
surprise surprised surprising a surprise
tempt tempted tempting temptation
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touch touched touching
thrill thrilled thrilling a thrill
titilate titilated titilating titilation
Negative
verb -ed -ing noun
You ____ me!
I'm _____! How _____! What _____!
aggravate aggravated aggravating aggravation
alarm alarmed alarming alarm
annoy annoyed annoying annoyance
bewilder bewildered bewildering bewilderment
bore bored boring boredom
confound confounded confounding
confuse confused confusing confusion
depress depressed depressing depression
devastate devastated devastating devastation
disappoint disappointed
disappointing
disappointment
discourage discouraged discouraging discouragement
disgust disgusted disgusting disgust
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dishearten disheartened
disheartening
disheartenment
dismay dismayed dismaying dismay
displease displeased displeasing displeasure
distress distressed distressing distress
disturb disturbed disturbing disturbance
embarrass embarrassed
embarrassing
embarrassment
exasperate exasperated exasperating exasperation
fatigue fatigued fatiguing fatigue
frighten frightened frightening fright
frustrate frustrated frustrating frustration
horrify horrified horrifying horror
insult insulted insulting an insult
irritate irritated irritating irritation
mortify mortified mortifying mortification
mystify mystified mystifying mystification
overwhelm overwhelmed
overwhelming
overwhelmingness
perplex perplexed perplexing perplexity
perturb perturbed perturbing perturbation
puzzle puzzled puzzling puzzlement
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shock shocked shocking a shock
sicken sickened sickening sickness
terrify terrified terrifying terror
threaten threatened threatening a threat
tire tired tiring tiredness
trouble troubled troubling trouble
unnerve unnerved unnerving
unsettle unsettled unsettling unsettledness
upset upset upsetting
vex vexed (vext) vexing vexation
Smile
Tire
Interest
Excite
-ed' and '-ing' adjectives: describing feelings and things'My holiday was relaxing. I felt really relaxed.'
Few, but common, adjectives end in either -ed or -ing:
worried/worrying, interested/interesting, excited/exciting
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'-ed' adjectives
Adjectives that end in -ed are used to describe how people feel:
'He was surprised to find that he had been upgraded to first class.'
'I was confused by the findings of the report.'
'She felt tired after working hard all day.'
'-ing' adjectives
Adjectives that end in -ing are used to describe things and situations. Compare these example sentences to
the ones above:
'Being upgraded to first class is surprising.'
The findings of this report are confusing.'
'Working hard all day is tiring.'
example table:
-ed and -ing adjectives tables
Feel '-ed' describe '-ing'
annoyed annoying
bored boring
confused confusing
depressed depressing
excited exciting
frustrated frustrating
frightened frightening
satisfied satisfying
shocked shocking
Watching
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Adjective Extreme Adjective
cold freezing
hot boiling
dirty filthy
hungry starving
scary terrifying
Hot: Scalding, baking, scorching, blistering, sizzling
Loud: Earsplitting, blaring, blasting, deafening
Painful: Agonizing, hellish, torturous, excruciating, wrenching
Crowded: Suffocating,
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Stinky: Putrid, reeking, nauseating(it makes you feel sick), rancid
Gross: Disgusting, nauseating, revolting, repulsive, "I almost puked/vomited"(--because of it)
Attractive: Gorgeous, sexy, hot, irresistible, mesmerizing, spellbinding
You can also use "ridiculously" or "incredibly" instead of "very" or "really", or to make your
extreme adjective even more exaggerated.
e.g. This soup is ridiculously hot.
He is incredibly moronic.
"Absolutely", "completely", and "entirely" can also be used for certain (extreme) adjectives.
e.g. I'm absolutely freezing. (I am completely frozen.)
I don't know what part of speech these words actually are, but I'll list as many as I can remember
for you.
Each word has the same definition, for the most part.
I'll group together words that can be used in the same way. The words on this list are used for
EXAGGERATION.
Participial Adjectives
ADJECTIVES
PAGE 6/7
We saw in an earlier section that many adjectives can be identified by their endings. Another major subclass of adjectives can also be formally distinguished by endings, this time by -ed or -ing endings:
-edformcomputerized, determined, excited, misunderstood, renowned, self-centred, talented, unknown
-ingform
annoying, exasperating, frightening, gratifying, misleading, thrilling, time-consuming, worrying
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Remember that some -ed forms, such as misunderstood and unknown, do not end in -ed at all. This is simply a cover term for this form. Adjectives with -ed or -ing endings are known as PARTICIPIAL ADJECTIVES, because they have the same endings as verb participles (he was training for the Olympics, he had trained for the Olympics). In some cases there is a verb which corresponds to these adjectives (to annoy, to computerize, to excite, etc), while in others there is no corresponding verb (*to renown, *to self-centre, *to talent). Like other adjectives, participial adjectives can usually be modified byvery, extremely, or less (very determined, extremely self-centred,less frightening, etc). They can also take more and most to form comparatives and superlatives (annoying, more annoying, most annoying). Finally, most participial adjectives can be used both attributively and predicatively:
Attributive Predicative
That's an irritating noise That noise is irritating
This is an exciting film This film is exciting
He's a talented footballer That footballer is talented
Many participial adjectives, which have no corresponding verb, are formed by combining a noun with a participle:
alcohol-based chemicals battle-hardened soldiers drug-induced coma energy-saving devices fact-finding mission purpose-built accommodation
These, too, can be used predicatively (the chemicals are alcohol-based, the soldiers were battle-hardened, etc).
When participial adjectives are used predicatively, it may sometimes be difficult to distinguish between adjectival and verbal uses:
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[1] the workers are striking
In the absence of any further context, the grammatical status of strikingis indeterminate here. The following expansions illustrate possible adjectival [1a] and verbal [1b] readings of [1]:
[1a] the workers are very striking in their new uniforms (=`impressive', `conspicuous')
[1b] the workers are striking outside the factory gates (=`on strike')
Consider the following pair:
[2] the noise is annoying [3] the noise is annoying the neighbours
In [2], we can modify annoying using very:
[2a] the noise is (very) annoying
But we cannot modify it in the same way in [3]:
[3a] *the noise is (very) annoying the neighbours
The acceptability of [2a] indicates that annoying is an adjective in this construction. In [3], the verbal nature of annoying is indicated by the fact that we cannot add very , as in [3a]. It is further indicated by the presence of the neighbours (the direct object) after annoying. Notice also that we can turn [3] into a passive sentence (the neighbours were annoyed by the noise). In this case, annoying is the main verb of the sentence, and it is preceded by the progressive auxiliary verb is. In [2], there is only one verb, the main verb is.
We can distinguish between the following pairs using the same criteria:
Adjectival Verbal
This film is terrifying This film is terrifying the children
Your comments are alarmingYour comments are alarming the people
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The defendant's answers were misleading
The defendant's answers were misleading the jury
We can also identify -ing forms as verbal if it is possible to change the-ing form into a non-progressive verb:
Progressive Non-progressive
The children are dancing The children dance
My eyes are stinging My eyes sting
The wood is drying The wood dries
Compare these changes from progressive to non-progressive with the following:
the work is rewarding ~*the work rewards
the job was exacting ~*the job exacted
your paper was interesting
~*your paper interested
In these instances, the inability to produce fully acceptable non-progressive sentences indicates adjectival use.
Similar indeterminacy occurs with -ed forms. Again, we can generally use very to determine whether the -ed word is adjectival or verbal:
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The bomb was detonated ~*The bomb was very detonated
This document is hand-written ~*This document is very hand-written
My house was built in only twelve weeks
~*My house was very built in only twelve weeks
Ten people were killed ~*Ten people were very killed
The inability to supply very in these cases indicates a verbal rather than an adjectival construction. However, this test is less reliable with -ed forms than it is with -ing forms, since very can sometimes be supplied in both the adjectival and the verbal constructions:
Adjectival Verbal
I was embarrassed I was very embarrassed
I was embarrassed by your behavior I was very embarrassed by your behavior
She was surprised She was very surprised
She was surprised by my reaction She was very surprised by my reaction
The presence of a by-agent phrase (by your behaviour, by my reaction) indicates that the -ed form is verbal. Conversely, the presence of a complement, such as a that-clause, indicates that it is adjectival. Compare the following two constructions:
Adjectival:
The jury was convinced that the defendant was innocent
Verbal: The jury was convinced by the lawyer's argument
Here are some further examples of adjectival constructions (with complements) and verbal constructions (with by-agent phrases):
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Adjectival Verbal
I was delighted to meet you againI was delighted by his compliments
John is terrified of losing his job John is terrified by his boss
I was frightened that I'd be lateI was frightened by your expression
I was disappointed to hear your decision
I was disappointed by your decision
If the -ed form is verbal, we can change the passive construction in which it occurs into an active one:
Passive: I was delighted by his compliments
Active: His compliments delighted me
For more on active and passive constructions, see...
As we have seen, discriminating between adjectival and verbal constructions is sometimes facilitated by the presence of additional context, such as by-agent phrases or adjective complements. However, when none of these indicators is present, grammatical indeterminacy remains. Consider the following examples from conversational English:
And you know if you don't know the simple command how to get out of something you're sunk [S1A-005-172]
But that's convenient because it's edged with wood isn't it [S1A-007-97]
With -ed and -ing participial forms, there is no grammatical indeterminacy if there
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is no corresponding verb. For example, in the job was time-consuming, and the allegations were unfounded, the participial forms are adjectives.
Similarly, the problem does not arise if the main verb is not be. For example, the participial forms in this book seems boring, and he remained offended are all adjectives. Compare the following:
John was depressed John felt depressed
I love the sound of falling rain...
as an adjective:
The main problem today is rising prices.That programme was really boring.He saw a woman lying on the floor.
Because the -ing noun or adjective is formed from a verb it can have any of the patterns which follow a verb, for example:
... an object:
I like playing tennis.I saw a dog chasing a cat.
... or an adverbial:
You can earn a lot of money by working hard.There were several people waiting for the bus.
... or a clause:
I heard someone saying that.
amusing interesting worrying shocking disappointing
boring surprising exciting terrifying frightening
tiring annoying
after a noun:
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Who is that man standing over there?The boy talking to Angela is her younger brother.
and especially after verbs like see, watch, hear, smell etc.
I heard someone playing the piano.I can smell something burning.
her dying wishan ailing frienda falling starthe skidding vehicle
A sentence like He was entertaining is ambiguous out of context. Its meaning depends on
whether entertaining is treated as an adjective or as a verb. In He was very entertaining we
have an adjective--note the presence of the intensifier very--and in He was entertaining his
friends we have a verb--was entertaining is actually the full verb form taking a grammatical
object his friends."
(Ronald Wardhaugh, Understanding English Grammar: A Linguistic Approach, 2nd ed. Wiley-
Blackwell, 2003)
"As an example of borderline cases in lexical word classes, take the classification of words
ending with -ing. Almost all of these words have a verb base, so it is easy to assume that all
words ending in -ing are verbs. However, this conclusion is not correct. In fact, these words can
belong to any of three different classes: verb (sometimes called the -ingparticiple), noun, or
adjective (sometimes called participial adjective). Normally, the following tests can be applied to
determine the word class:
Verbs ending in -ing can act as the main verb of a verb phrase, and may be followed by a
noun or an adjective . . .: e.g. is eating lunch; becoming misty overnight.
Nouns ending in -ing can sometimes have a plural form (e.g. paintings), and can usually be
a head noun after a, the, or some other determiner: e.g. [the banning of some
chemicals], [her dancing].
Adjectives ending in -ing can appear before a noun, and can also occur after verbs such
as be and become: e.g. the travelling public; it was (very) confusing. They are very often
gradable, and can be preceded by degree adverbs such as very,
so, and too: veryforgiving, so interesting, too boring.
But these criteria cannot always be applied."
(Douglas Biber at al., Longman Student Grammar of Spoken English. Pearson, 2002)
Verbals