Adaption of Tensile Architecture in Tropical …...This is an Open Access article distributed under...

International Journal of Applied and Physical Sciencesvolume 5 issue 1 pp. 08-19 doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.20469/ijaps.5.50002-1

Adaption of Tensile Architecture in Tropical Monsoon Climate

Latifa Sultana ∗

Architecture Department,Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Nazmun NaharMonad Architects, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Abstract: As Bangladesh laid on Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), built form of this region prefer open typestructure. Humidity and temperature always become an issue in this region due to tropical monsoon climate ofBangladesh. The traditional Bengal architecture pattern is followed by these issues of climate. Furthermore, thecontemporary architecture of Bangladesh respectively follows these significant characteristics of tropical monsoonclimate. On the other side, Tensile Membrane Structure (TMS) has qualities to hold large spans, lightweight, translu-cency, aesthetic value and flexibility. TMS and traditional hut system of Bengal can be said ascomplementary to eachother in this tropical monsoon climate of Bangladesh. Tensile membrane structure can be that element of contempo-rary architecture which can be adopted in this climate by satisfying all the primary issues of tropical monsoon climateof Bangladesh. Tensile structure can be designed as light weight roof shade which is more similar with “Bengal hut”pattern of Bangladesh. This paper will thoroughly investigate the use and opportunities of tensile architecture whichcan be applied in rain, wind, heat, daylight issues in architecture of Bangladesh.

Keywords: Climate, hut pattern, tensile structure, fabric

Received: 06 November 2018; Accepted: 12 February 2019; Published: 08 March 2019

I. INTRODUCTIONA. Background

Tensile membrane structures are naturallylightweight and easily movable thus approve them toenable a large range of unique dynamic desige form[1]. TMS are relatively new structural system and itis different from other roofing structural system whichare generally used in Bangladesh. Tensile membranestructure are usually designed for lightweight dynamicroofing system. In rural Bengal, traditional built formare made of mud wall and traditional roofs are made ofbamboopanel and thatch which are aligned in angle. Thisspecial roofing system are called ‘Bengal Hut’ which aresimilar with tensile roofing system by functionally andaesthetically. ‘Bengal Hut’ pattern is the most prefer-able pattern for the climate of Bangladesh. But by thepassage of time this civilization has misplaced this struc-tural system due to lacking of strong and stable available

material and structural system. Moreover, Bangladesh isthe deltaic pavilion of Southeast Asia. It has an intensetropical monsoon climate. The characteristics of tropicalmonsoon zone is hot humid and blow mild winds overallin the weather. In Bangladesh, the summer season isassociated with heavy rainfall. The summer monsoonbrings a hot humid climate and torrential rainfall to thisarea. At the end of winter, warm and moist air from thesouthwest Indian Ocean blows toward this region. A lowwind always blow over this region as a result, humidityand temperature become an issue for this climate. Thetraditional Bengal architecture pattern is followed bythese issues of climate. Furthermore, the contemporaryarchitecture of Bangladesh respectively follows thesesignificant characteristics of tropical monsoon climate.Tensile membrane structure is such a structure whichcan emerge with all these climatic issues of Bangladesh[2].

∗Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Latifa Sultana, Architecture Department, Southeast University, Dhaka,Bangladesh. E-mail: [email protected]⃝ 2019 The Author(s). Published by KKG Publications. This is an Open Access article distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution-

NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

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9 Sultana, L. et al. / International Journal of Applied and Physical Sciences 5(1) 2019

B. SignificanceIt is the pinnacle time to introduce Bangladesh with

tensile architecture. This light weight structure can be aperfect solution to face most of the climatic complexitiesand natural calamities of Bangladesh. Fabric structures(sub part of tensile structure) can be designed as lightweight roof shade which is more similar with Bengal hutpattern of Bangladesh. This kind of structure greatly al-low the mild wind and protect the instance heat. Andmost importantly it provides shades and cross ventila-tion of air and serve a purpose of semi-outdoor space.As well as, tensile architecture can be a temporary solu-tion for disaster-prone areas of this region.

In Urban area of Bangladesh, park, circulationspaces, waiting platform, Railway station and many

other public spaces are appropriate for tensile roofing asbecause the climate of Bangladesh required all many ofthese features of TMS.

II. TRADITIONAL BUILDING FEATURE OFBANGLADESH

A. Bengal HutIn rural Bangladesh, Arcadian heritage forms are ac-

knowledged through generation to generations and in-fluenced the evolution of the traditional house form ofBengal. The traditional Bengali house form is known as,‘Bengal Hut’. The basic form of ‘Bengal Hut’ is a sin-gle storied dwelling unit which is surrounded by a court-yard. This cluster form unit including courtyard is called‘uthan’ in local language.

Fig. 1. Bengal hut pattern with ‘uthan’ activities

Bengali Hut is also arranged by cultural norms andcodes. There are two basic parts of ‘Bengal Hut’, whichare ‘the female domain’ and ‘the maledomain’. ‘The fe-male domain’ is considered by ‘Inner house’ and ‘Themale domain’ is considerd by ‘Outter house’.

Climatic factors directly affect the rural house pat-

tern of Bengalas the introvert layout of the hut aroundthe courtyard, the roof of the hut is low heighted withprojected overhangs and vegetation around to restrain thelandscape. The thatch roof, mud wall or bamboo panelall contribute significant insulation capacity to the excel-lent thermal performance of the Bengali Hut [3, 4, 5]

(a) Bamboo house

(b) Mud house (sheet roof)

(c) Sheet house

Fig. 2. (a), (b), (c) Variations of Bengali hut

Sultana, L. et al. / International Journal of Applied and Physical Sciences 5(1) 2019 10

B. Deltaic PavilionThe most significant architectural characteristics in

the south-east delta is ‘pavilion’ structure. Its singularpresence in dwelling patern directly illuminate the cul-ture of Bengal Delta. It is the most primitive structureof Bengal. The rustic ‘Bengali hut’ basically constitutedwith a roof (known as the Bangla roof) which is a canopy

defined by the uniquely bent roof. This roof primarily re-pulse the intense sun and torrential rain and directionalwind and secondarily the less use of walls, permit to themovement of the air and placed well within the perime-ter of the roof. All the characteristics of a pavilion is alsopresent in ‘Deltaic pavilion’. The hut is free standingfrom without wall. It basically stand on a free structure.

Fig. 3. The basic space arrangement of Bengal hut

Fig. 4. Basic shapes of deltaic pavilion

Demonstrated by the parasol roof and emphasizedverandahs. Terrace and semi enclosures create an am-biguity between indoors and outdoors. And the clusterhuts creates a social norms of being together and centralspace (courtyards) of these cluster huts work as a space

of performance. Sometimes this courtyard is a breathingspace, a space of relaxation; sometimes it is a meetingplace of important decisions.

Other architectural forms of Bengal are also influ-enced from this hut. All informal activity zone were also


derived from Bengal hut and achieve the characteristicsof deltaic pavilion. As example, ‘Macha’, ‘GowalGhor’,

‘pathshala’, ‘boithok Khana’, ‘Shamiana’ etc. [3]

(a) ‘GowalGhor’ of Bengal

(b) ‘Macha’of Bengal

Fig. 5. (a) & (b) Deltaic pavilion shade pattern

Fig. 6. Enclosed courtyard space in Bengal cluster house

III. TENSILE ARCHITECTURE ANDMETHODOLOGY

A. What is Tensile Architecture?A TMS is a construction of such structural elements

which carry only tension and no compression or bend-ing. TMS is mostly used as a roof of light weight struc-ture. This structures are economical and attractive. Sothis light weight structure can span large distances eas-ily [Wikipedia]. Fabric membrane structures are a formof lightweight structural systems. The structural com-ponents of fabric membrane such as masts, cables, con-necting joints or roofs are exhibited to make them visi-ble from the inside or outside or from both sides. Tensilestructures are being used throughout the history. Theywere originally used to provide temporary shelter wherematerials were lack of availability or mobility was re-quired [6].

Tensile architecture is a structural system that basi-cally uses tension instead of compression. Tensile andtension are used conversely [7]. Tensile architecture in-volves structures of small mass relative to their span that

utilize elements acting in tension to carry loads to thesupport.

Tensile architecture is the synthesis of nomadic tentsand permanent settlement [8]. Back to the history, firstman-made structures were outside to the cave, Laugier’sPrimitive Hut is considered as first man-made structureas a theory and that was mainly a compression struc-ture. These tent-like fabric structures pulled tight arounda timber or bone frame. Tensile design was similar withthis kind of nomadic tents and small teepees [7].

Fig. 7. (a) & (b) Transformation into tensile roof from simpletent tensile roofing system


Throughout the centuries, tension architecture wasdowngraded to circus tents, suspension bridges (e.g.,Brooklyn Bridge), and small-scale temporary pavilions.Flexibility and lightness of materials allow tensile fab-ric structures to be erected again and again in differentplaces [7].

There are some significant shapes considered for ten-sile architecture.

Three Basic Shapes of Tensile Architecture:All tension designs are narrated from three basic

forms-“Hypar - A twisted free form shape”“Conical - A cone shape, characterized by a central

peak”“Barrel Vault - An arched shape, usually character-

ized by a curved arch design” [9].

Fig. 8. One basic form of tensile structure

The art of light weight structures or tensile struc-tures started from 1950’s especially in Germany. ‘Mini-mal surface’ concept of tensile membrane structures arebased on German Architect and Engineer Frei Otto’ssoap film experiments [8].

Fig. 9. Sports center roofs, sports-film presentation model,1969

Fig. 10. Fountain tent starwave, Cologne, Germany, rebuilt2000 ArchitekturbüroRasch + Bradatsch with Frei Otto.

The works of legendary German architect and engi-neer Frei Otto have greatly influenced on the develop-ment of TMS. One of the most famous of his works isMunich Olympic stadium, Germany in 1972. This is oneof the finest examples how TMS can span large spaces.

Fig. 11. Olympiastadion, Munich Olympic stadium, Germany,1972, Frei Otto

IV. METHODOLOGYThe Membrane Structures are divided in two

materialgroups-(1) Tensioned surface material, and(2) The elements of support structure.The tensioned surface materials are the ones that

have shapes formed by the forces in tension applied bythe elements of support structure and the ones that willreceive most of the load, membrane structure is alwaysin equilibrium conditions. The elements of the supportstructure will assist the surface material by applying allthe forces in tension and at the same time the surface ma-terial assisted the support structures. This equilibriumcan be obtained by applying the right values of forces


and can be accomplished by making the right analysisfor each material.

Let’s take the example of an anticlastic form usinga textile, where with only a very thin material we canhave a very efficient design that will mostly carry loadon tension.

Fig. 12. Membrane structure identification

A. Steps to Develop a Membrane StructureTo introduce an idea of the steps used in developing

a Membrane Structure, below is a list divided into pro-cesses and time frames.

1. Form Finding2. Analysis for tensioned surface material3. Analysis for the elements of support structure4. Detailing for the elements of support structure5. Patterning and detailing for tensioned surface ma-

terial6. Installation of the tensile structure.

Fig. 13. Developing a membrane structure

B. Principles of Tensile StructuresThe success of designing Membrane Structures will

be accomplished by applying the following principles tothe Form Finding:

1. Double curvature to the shape of the surface: per-formed by applying Anticlastic and Synclastic forms.

2. Pre-stress levels: applied by tensioning the an-chor points or the perimeter of the Surface. Shapes withsmaller radius curves smaller forces, and Shapes withlarger radius curve larger forces.

3. Uniform load distribution of the Surface: to obtaina stabilized membrane structure.

4. Avoid flat surfaces: when designing the shape,

think about the slope for the evacuation of water andsnow.

5. Always design the shape with more than 3 points:In order to be an anticlastic shape, the form will need tohave 4 points or more [10, 11, 12, 13].

C. Thermal Environment of Tensile Membrane SkinTensile membranes are constituted with little thermal

mass and as react very quickly to the changes of temper-ature in the environment around them. They speculumthe prevailing ambient radiant temperature and heat dur-ing periods of bright direct sunshine and cool quickly toreflect the external radiant temperature at night which is


necessarily needed in tropical monsoon climate.1) The Thermal Environment Inside Textile Enclo-sures: Tensile membrane structures tend to create in-ternal thermal environments that differ strongly fromthose encountered in more conventional buildings and, assuch, strongly influence the environmental design strat-egy. These peculiarities arise both from the properties ofthe textile skin as well as from the topology of the spacethey enclose.

Fig. 14. Developing a membrane structure

2) Highly responsive building envelope: In conven-tional buildings the thermal capacity of roof and wall re-duces the effect of rapid changes in outdoor temperatureand radiation since a large amount of energy and a sig-nificant delay is required for changes in external surfacetemperatures to influence the internal conditions.

A tensile membrane skin is extremely thin andlightweight. It therefore provides little or no thermalbuffering to the interior. Temperature difference betweenthe two opposite surfaces of a single membrane skin isalways less than 0.5◦C.3) Translucent skin: Translucency is one of the greatqualities of TMS. It offers artistic opportunity to designwith natural and artificial light. Translucency depends onthe type, coating, thickness and color. Structures are re-inforced by the translucency of membrane or fabric ma-terial. Translucency can vary from 10% to 40% [8].

Fig. 15. Kagawa prefecture Sanuki City Shido elementaryschool, Kagawa, Japan

4) Non uniform internal conditions: The spanning oflarge spaces, as well as the presence of high points to

achieve the desired double-curvature of the membraneskin, almost inevitably leads to very large undivided vol-umes of air. Substantial internal ceiling heights favor theaccumulation of buoyant warm air at the high points ofthe structure resulting in the formation of cooler layersof air in the lower/occupied zones. This phenomenonis amplified during daytime when the lightweight mem-brane roof is heated up by solar radiation.

Fig. 16. The stratification of air in tensile membrane enclo-sures

The stability of this thermal layering depends bothon the membrane roof temperature and on large-scale in-ternal air movements triggered by buoyancy forces andventilation. These complex internal air flows result innon-uniform temperature distribution within the spaceand make it difficult to predict the thermal conditions ex-perienced at human height.

Fig. 17. Diurnal evolution of the temperature stratification ina typical unheated membrane enclosure, under clear sky con-dition (left) and under cloudy condition (right)

D. Environmental Properties of Membrane SkinThermal behavior of TMS is very changeable. Be-

cause of the thinness of the fabric, temperature of thefabric may rise quickly in daytime by solar radiationon the surface. Indoor environment becomes thermallystratified. Convective cooling takes place among differ-ent layers which allow cool outdoor air at low levels toget in. Due to thermal optical properties TMS acts as fil-ter rather than barrier to external conditions. The selec-tion of appropriate optical properties TMS can be usedfor shading and natural ventilation purposes.


(a) Thermal behavior of TMS at day

(b) Thermal behavior of TMS at Fig. 18. Thermal behavior of TMS

E. Ventilation StrategyThe enclosure of TMS can play an important role in

the cooling strategy and the mixing of buoyant warm airaccumulating in the upper part of the enclosure. The con-figuration of the ventilation openings should therefore beof a displacement type, where cool outdoor air is intro-duced at low levels and exhausted at high level, so as tofollow the natural flow of the internal buoyant air.

Conversely, outdoor air intakes should be minimizedduring the heating season to reduce heat losses and in-ternal mixing should be promoted to avoid the accumu-lation of warm air above the occupied zone.

Fig. 19. Ventilation strategies (a) during heating season (b)during cooling season

Air flows into the internal space can be controlled byadjustable openings in the building envelope, designedand positioned to make maximum use of both wind pres-sure distribution around the enclosure and temperaturedifferences to enhance natural ventilation.

Fig. 20. Operable windows on perimeter glazed walls, InlandRevenue Amenity building, Nottingham, UK (Michael Hop-kins Partners,1995)

F. Stack EffectTemperature driven airflow is commonly referred to

as the “stack effect”. The driving force results from thetemperature difference and therefore density differencebetween indoor and outdoor air. As the outdoor air en-tering the enclosure picks up heat from internal and so-lar gains, it becomes buoyant and rises in the space. Ifthe warmed air is discharged through openings at highlevel, the generated depression draws colder outdoor airinto the space through openings situated lower down.This phenomenon is commonly known as the “Thermo-syphon effect”.

V. ACCESSIBILITY OF TENSILEARCHITECTURE IN BANGLADESH

A. Resemblance of TMS & Traditional Bengal Hut Pat-tern

Climate is an important issue while designing a spacein the context of our country. Our climate is tropicalmonsoon in general. Humidity level is very high almostthroughout the year. Airy open type structure is prefer-able because of flow of fresh air [8].

With the concern of rural and urban settlement of ourcountry, more sustainable and functionally flexible solu-tion need to be investigated in this field [8].

Traditional Bengal hut and TMS are compared to ob-serve the strength and weakness of them.

• Structural system of Bengal hut is very simplewhere roof generally is tied to bamboo or woodenpoles with horizontal bamboo or wooden mem-bers. No load or tension force is applied to thethatch or sheet roof. Thatch or sheet roof is justcladded on bamboo or wooden frame. This Thatchor sheet type of roof system is called Lean-to-roofsystem. Lean-to-roof is constructed against an ex-isting wall or other supportive roof structure.


Fig. 21. Structural load flow in lean to roof

On the other hand in case of TMS, fabric is part ofthe structural system. It acts as skin and structural systemas bone. Fabric is tensioned with adequate force calcu-lated for stability and to withstand wind uplift force. Theedge of the fabric is tied with wire rope which takes ten-sion force from the fabric and transfers it to corner plates.Corner plates transfer load to supporting structure [8].

Fig. 22. Structural load flow in lightweight tensile fabric struc-ture

• The lightweight nature of TMS membrane is aneffective solution because it requires less struc-tural steel to support the roof compared to con-ventional building materials. It enables long spansof column-free space which is comparatively eco-nomical with conventional structures. They re-quire minimal maintenance when compared to anequivalent-sized conventional building. It is a per-missive structural system and climatic responsivesolution for tropical monsoon climate.

• In daylight, fabric membrane translucency offerssoft diffused, naturally lit spaces reducing the in-terior lighting costs and thus the same with tradi-tional Bengal hut (lean-to-roof). During the nighttime, artificial lighting creates an ambient exteriorluminescence.

• Most of the tensile membrane structures have high

sun reflectivity and low absorption of sunlight, re-sulting in less energy used within a building andultimately reduce electrical energy costs. As Ben-gal hut usually made of thatch, sheet or bamboo,they also absorb low sunlight and keep the semi-outdoor temperature cool.

• Sheading device is another component of Bengalhut. These device control direct sunlight to gothrough the semi-outdoor part of hut. And TMSis very flexible to make any kind of sheading an-gle.

Large public gathering occasion such as marriageceremony, religious congregation, fairs, festivals, plat-forms, waiting zone, and many other circular zone whichmandatorily demand semi-outdoor space in Bangladesh,are recommended to use TMS system as this structuralsystem has equivalence with traditional building patternand climate of Bangladesh.

Fig. 23. Similarities between Bengal hut and contemporarysemi-outdoor


B. Case StudiesThere are some significant architectural projects in

Bangladesh which has proved the essentiality of tensilearchitecture in tropical monsoon climate. And surelytensile architecture will create a new era of Bengal hut incontemporary architecture practice of rising Bangladesh.

BAY’S EDGEWATER, GULSHAN 2, DHAKABay’s Edgewater is an exhibition hall of renowned

capital of Bangladesh. At the semi-outdoor space of thisexhibition hall, TMS has constructed. TMS significantfeatures of ‘Bay’s Edgewater’ are describing bellow:1) Lightweight: The major advantage of TMS is itslight-weightiness which is achieved in these projects.Pre-stressed shapes of the membrane,low mass and widespan provide opportunity to express lightness and stabil-ity.

2) Translucency: Translucency is one of the great qual-ities of tensile membrane structures. It offers anestheticopportunity to design with natural and artificial light.Translucency depends on the type, coating and color ofmembrane material.3) Flexibility: Tensile membrane structures are notrigid. Membrane shapede forms in response to rain andwind load. It finds efficient shape for different loadingconditions which offers better flexibility. Unique sculp-tural shapes can be achieved through membrane struc-tures. It offers a floating quality defying gravity. Withthe help of artificial lighting it offers an opportunity todesign a tensile membrane structure in to a sculpture oflight.4) Naturalventilation: Membrane material with openstructure can be used for shading and stimulate natu-ral ventilation. The open air feeling and impression noflightiness of tensile membrane structures are reinforcedby the translucency of membrane material.

Fig. 24. Bays’s edge water, North Avenue, Gulshan 2, Dhaka, Bangladesh

There are many other projects which have achievedtheir complete goal by constructing TMS. Here are some

images of tremendously suitable project ‘BISTRO FAN-TASTICO’ of Dhaka, Bangladesh.


“BISTRO FANTASTICO”, DHAKA

Fig. 25. Bistro fantastico, Dhaka

C. Opportunities of TMSTensile membrane structures are a good solution for

shading roofs due to its environmental compatible char-acteristics as flexibility, lightweight, and natural light-ing and ventilation [9]. This research intends to explorehow designers can emphasize the impact of utilizing ten-sile structures, which significantly increase the possibil-ities of both the geometric and physical properties oftheir design in respect of tropical monsoon climate ofBangladesh.

D. Limitations of TMS in the Context of BangladeshEvery great possibility comes with some limitations.

Applying tensile architecture in the field of Bangladeshwill defiantly start a new era of light-weight structureif this structure get enough support of technology anddesign guidance, because this material is new comparedwith commonly used materials as steel or concrete. Ma-terials of tensile membranes are expensive but construc-tion can be easy. As this projects are unique, they needto vary expertized professionals, both engineers and ar-chitects. The form of this membranes needs to be calcu-


lated for each project by engineers, and specially in morecomplicated projects it can increase the time and cost.

VI. CONCLUSIONFor ease of mobility and deploy-ability, tensile mem-

brane structures can be used in case of emergency situa-tions and can also be served as soft urban spaces in vari-ous open public events with minimum Intervention. Andbe dismantled for future use, thus urban open spaces canbe preserved. Tensile membrane structures provide theadvantage of traditional Bengal hut in many ways. En-closing large spaces without intermediate supports, usinga minimal amount of material and rapid erection are thecommon feature of tensile membrane, Bengal hut and theclimate of Bangladesh. Recently, the need for such widespan enclosures has greatly increased in both developedand developing countries, to accommodate and facilitatethe multi functional, collective activities of society [6].

The paper has indicated how the unique nature of thetensile membrane structures topology can be effectivelyharnessed to achieve better environmental performancein tropical monsoon climate such as Bangladesh. Fea-tures like topography, local climate, sun and site orien-tation and wind should all have a significant role in theform finding of a tensile structure. The possibility of us-ing the fabric’s topology to enhance the ventilation ratesand the climatic performance of the interiors along withthe employment of a number of architectural strategiescommonly applied to conventional buildings were intro-duced [6].

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