OCN 201 Biology Lecture 10

http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2005/03/24_octopus.shtmlhttp://www.oceanfootage.com/stockfootage/Cleaning_Station_Fish/

Adaptations for Survival: Symbiosis, Camouflage, Mimicry

• Parasitism - negative effect on host

• Commensalism - no effect on host

• Mutualism - both parties benefit

Symbiosis

Often involves food but benefits may also include protection from predators, dispersal, or habitat

Prolonged interaction between individuals of two different species where at least one benefits

ParasitesLeeches (Segmented Worms)

Nematodes (Roundworms)

Tongue Louse (Crustacean)

Whale Barnacles & Lice

Commensalism?

http://www.scuba-equipment-usa.com/marine/APR04/

http://magma.nationalgeographic.com/

Commensalism?Indonesian Mimic Octopus

American Museum of Natural History

harlequin jawfish

Mutualism

Cleaner Shrimphttp://magma.nationalgeographic.com/

Symbiosis is Pervasive

• The very basis of all eukaryotes (whether protists, plants, animals or fungi) is a result of symbiosis

• In addition, every multicellular organism is supported by a diverse suite of beneficial microbes

Especially mutualism

Example:The Human Microbiome

• Thousands of species of bacteria and fungi

• There are as many microbial cells in the body as human cells

• Provide functions that our cells cannot do themselves

Scientific American

Passive Camouflage Countershading

http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/images/cetaceans/orca_spyhopping-noaa.jpg

Countershading coloration of the Caribbean reef shark© George Ryschkewitsch

JONATHAN CHESTER

SharksBirds

Mammals

Fish

Passive Camouflage

http://www.cspangler.com/images/photos/aquarium/weedy-sea-dragon2.jpg

Footage from BBC “Blue Planet” Series

Adaptive Camouflage

Active Behavioral Camouflage

http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2005/03/24_octopus.shtml

Active Behavioral Camouflage

http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2005/03/24_octopus.shtml

Camouflage by Accessorizing

Ghillie Suit

Mimicry• Animals can gain protection (or even

access to prey) by looking like something they are not

• Many types of mimicry:

• Müllerian- two dangerous animals evolve to look similar

• Batesian- a non-dangerous animal evolves to look like something dangerous

• Agressive - a dangerous animal evolves to look like something non-dangerous

Batesian MimicryPufferfish (poisonous)

Filefish (non-poisonous)

Evolved Physical mimicry

http://www.rzuser.uni-heidelberg.de/~bu6/Introduction06.html

Batesian MimicryNudibranchs & Flatworms

http://www.rzuser.uni-heidelberg.de/~bu6/Introduction06.html

Batesian MimicryNudibranchs & Flatworms

Indonesian Mimic Octopus

Behavioral Mimicry

Alters its shape and behavior to mimic other animals

Flatfish

Lionfish

Sea snake

Sabre-toothed Blenny

Cleaner Wrasse

Predator or parasite mimics something harmless!

Aggressive Mimicry

Predator or parasite that mimics something harmless!Aggressive Mimicry

Aggressive Mimicry©Anna DeLoach 2011

Aggressive Mimicry

Video: Jose LachatMusik: Maia Wackernagelwww.wackernagel.chSchnitt: Claudius Buser