OCN 201 Biology Lecture 11

http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2005/03/24_octopus.shtml

Adaptations for Survival: Symbioses, Camouflage & Mimicry

Symbiosis• Parasitism - negative effect on host

• Commensalism - no effect on host

• Mutualism - both parties benefit

Often involves food but benefits may also include protection from predators, dispersal, or habitat

ParasitismLeeches (Segmented

Worms)

Nematodes (Roundworms)

Tongue Louse (Crustacean)

Commensalism or Mutualism?

http://www.scuba-equipment-usa.com/marine/APR04/

http://magma.nationalgeographic.com/

Anemone fish

Anemone shrimp

Mutualism

Cleaner Shrimp and Eelhttp://magma.nationalgeographic.com/

Whale Barnacles & LiceWhat kinds of symbioses are these?

Parasite

Commensal

Camouflage

• Often important for predators and prey to avoid being seen

• Predators to catch their prey and prey to hide from their predators

• Camouflage: Passive or adaptive

Passive Camouflage Countershading

http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/images/cetaceans/orca_spyhopping-noaa.jpg

Countershading coloration of the Caribbean reef shark© George Ryschkewitsch

JONATHAN CHESTER

SharksBirds

Mammals

Fish

shiftingbaselines.org/blog/big_tuna.jpg

http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/images/cetaceans/orca_spyhopping-noaa.jpg

Passive Camouflage

http://www.cspangler.com/images/photos/aquarium/weedy-sea-dragon2.jpg

Adaptive Camouflage

Camouflage by AccessorizingDecorator crab

Friday Harbor Marine Health Observatory

http://www.projectnoah.org/

Camouflage by Mimicry

http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2005/03/24_octopus.shtml

Mimicry• Animals can gain protection (or even

access to prey) by looking like something they are not

• Many types of mimicry (3 examples):• Müllerian- two dangerous animals evolve

to look similar

• Batesian- a non-dangerous animal evolves to look like something dangerous

• Agressive - a dangerous animal evolves to look like something non-dangerous

Batesian MimicryPufferfish (poisonous)

Filefish (non-poisonous)

An edible species evolves to resemble an inedible species to avoid predators

http://www.rzuser.uni-heidelberg.de/~bu6/Introduction06.html

Batesian MimicryNudibranchs & Flatworms

Non-Toxic Flatworms

Toxic Nudibranchs

http://www.rzuser.uni-heidelberg.de/~bu6/Introduction06.html

http://www.rzuser.uni-heidelberg.de/~bu6/Introduction06.html

Batesian MimicryNudibranchs & Flatworms

Non-Toxic Flatworms

Toxic Nudibranchs

http://www.rzuser.uni-heidelberg.de/~bu6/Introduction06.html

Sabre-toothed Blenny

Cleaner Wrasse

Predator or parasite mimics something harmless!Aggressive Mimicry

Frogfish lures

http://theliquidearth.org/2012/10/the-mimic-octopus/