Action Video Games and “Learning to Learn”
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Transcript of Action Video Games and “Learning to Learn”
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Action Video Games and “Learning to Learn”
C. Shawn Green
Daphne Bavelier Alex Pouget
Supported by NEI, ONR, The James S. McDonnell Foundation
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Training leads to lasting improvement
Fiorentini, A. & Berardi, N. (1980). Perceptual learning specific for orientation and spatial frequency. Nature, 287, 43-44. Fiorentini, A. & Berardi, N. (1980). Perceptual learning specific for orientation and spatial frequency. Nature, 287, 43-44.
But only for the trained orientation and spatial
frequency
Specificity of Perceptual Learning
Specificity of Perceptual Learning
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Action Video GamesAction Video Games
• In contrast to the typical specificity of learning, our research has demonstrated that action video game experience transfers broadly
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Action Video GamesAction Video Games
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Green and Bavelier, Nature (2003)
Temporal ProcessingTemporal Processing
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Temporal ProcessingTemporal Processing
Green and Bavelier, Nature (2003)
BLRSWCQXYJGDTP
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Green and Bavelier, Nature (2003)
100 200
Time since white letter (ms)
400 500 600 700 800300
Temporal ProcessingTemporal Processing
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Spatial ProcessingSpatial Processing
Green and Bavelier, Psychological Science (2007)
Crowding
Spatial ProcessingSpatial Processing
T
T
T
TT
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TTT
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0 10 25Eccentricity (deg)
Crowding
Spatial ProcessingSpatial Processing
Green and Bavelier, Psychological Science (2007)
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What Do Action Video Games Teach?
What Do Action Video Games Teach?
• The list of tasks on which performance is improved by action video game experience is long and still expanding
• Does this reflect many truly independent improvements? Or an improvement in ONE single skill that underlies all of these tasks?
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NVGP RT (ms)
VGP RT (ms)
Posner Cueing (Greenfield et al 1994) TOVA (CSG & DB, unpublished data)
Inhibition of Return (Castel et al 2005) Simon Task (Bialystok 2006)
ANT (adult version - MWD, CSG, & DB, submitted) ANT (kid version - MWD, CSG, & DB, submitted)
Flanker Interference (Green & Bavelier, 2003) Nback (CSG & DB, unpublished data)
Visual Search (Castel et al 2005)
VGPRT = NVGPRT*.88R2 = .98
A Single Mechanism?A Single Mechanism?
Dye, Green and Bavelier, Current Directions in Psychological Science (2009)
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A Single Mechanism?A Single Mechanism?
• Improvement in the ability to use sensory data to perform probabilistic inference
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Perception as InferencePerception as Inference
The “problem” of perception
•The brain must determine what actual “world” created the pattern of data that it observes
• Because the data is always ambiguous, the best the brain can do is compute the probability that various “worlds” created the pattern of data
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y
x
O
Perception as InferencePerception as Inference
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Infinite number of 3D shapes can map to the same 2D image x
z
y
s
Perception as InferencePerception as Inference
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Perception as InferencePerception as Inference
Deer or mailbox?
p(deer| sensory data)?
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Action Video Game Experience Improves Inference
Action Video Game Experience Improves Inference
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Action Video Game Experience Improves Inference
Action Video Game Experience Improves Inference
How close is subjects’ estimate of:
p(deer| sensory data)to the actual value?
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Action Video Game Experience Improves Inference
Action Video Game Experience Improves Inference
• Result: Action video game experience leads to more efficient use of sensory evidence.
• Essentially, each little piece of evidence moves them further toward the true probability estimate.
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Learn to Learn?Learn to Learn?
p(deer| sensory data) α p(sensory data | deer)
p(sensory data | deer): “likelihood”• isn’t known before the experiment• must be learned through experience
Conclusion• action video game experience teaches individuals to learn how bits of sensory data change the probability of outcomes
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ImplicationsImplications
• Rehabilitation
• Slowing/reversing the normal decline with aging
• Surgeons/soldiers
• Education???
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Acknowledgements
PhD AdvisorDaphne Bavelier
Bavelier Lab:Rebecca AchtmanAshley AndersonMatt DyeDavid FederNina FernandezRenjie LiMike Sugarman
Alex Pouget
Jeff BeckWeiji Ma
Thank YouThank You
Current Advisors:Daniel KerstenPaul Schrater