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REVIEW SHEET: Units 9 & 10 – Cell Cycle, DNA, & Gene Expression ACP BIOLOGY Textbook Reading: Cell Cycle (Ch. 10.1 and 10.2), DNA (Ch. 12), and Gene Expression (Ch. 13.1,13.2, 13.3) Handouts:

! Online Tutorial: Cell Cycle ! Explore: The Cell Cycle ! Lab: Identifying Stages of the Cell Cycle ! HW: Ch. 10.1 Cell Growth Worksheet ! HW: Ch. 10.2 Cell Division Worksheet ! Explore: DNA Structure & Replication ! Virtual Lab: Human DNA Extraction

! Lab: A Berry Full of DNA ! Notes Packet #1: Cell Cycle & DNA ! Explore/Notes Packet #2: Gene Expression ! HW: Transcription and Translation Practice ! HW: Dragon Activity ! Notes #3: Types of Mutations ! CW: Identifying Point Mutations

Video Clips: Crash Course Biology, Khan Academy, Amoeba Sisters, and Various YouTube Clips on the Class Website in the Unit Pages are also helpful resources in learning about topics such as cell cycle, DNA structure, DNA replication, and Gene Expression (transcription & translation). Key Vocabulary Terms:

Cell Cycle (Ch. 10) Interphase Gap 1 phase Synthesis phase Gap 0 phase Gap 2 phase Mitosis Cytokinesis Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cell Plate Cleavage Furrow Spindle Fibers Chromatin Chromosome Centromere Sister chromatids Parent Cell Daughter Cells Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction

DNA (Ch. 12) Nucleic Acid Nucleotides Phosphate Group Deoxyribose Nitrogenous Base Complementary Base-Pairing Rules Hydrogen Bonds Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine Double Helix Rosalind Franklin X-ray diffraction Watson and Crick Ligase Helicase DNA Polymerase Replication Semi-Conservative Method Daughter strands Parent Strand

Gene Expression (Ch. 13) Gene Nucleus Ribosome Transcription Translation DNA Messenger RNA (mRNA) Transfer RNA (tRNA) RNA Polymerase Introns Exons 5’ methyl cap 3’ Poly-A tail Nuclear Pore Codon Amino Acid Protein Mutation

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Review Questions: Chapter 10.1: Cell Growth, Division, and Reproduction

1. What type of reproduction is shown in the diagram to the right? Label the Parent Cells and the Offspring.

2. What type of reproduction is shown in the diagram to the right? Label the Parent Cell and the Offspring.

3. What is an advantage to asexual reproduction?

4. What is a disadvantage to asexual reproduction? Ch. 10.2: The Process of Cell Division

5. The figure to the right shows the structure of a chromosome. Label the following structures shown in the figure: Cell Membrane

Nucleus Chromosome Centromere Sister Chromatid DNA

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6. If a cell has 30 chromosomes, then: a. How many chromatids are there? _____

b. How many centromeres are there? _____

7. When during the cell cycle do chromosomes form? _______________________

8. Label the diagram of the cell cycle below with the following terms: G1 = Gap 1 phase G2 = Gap 2 phase M = Mitotic phase S = Synthesis phase

9. What happens during the Mitotic phase?

10. What happens during the Gap 1 phase?

11. What happens during the Synthesis phase?

12. What happens during the Gap 2 phase?

13. Cell division occurs in two steps: mitosis and cytokinesis. a. What is mitosis?

b. What is cytokinesis?

14. How is cytokinesis different in plant and animal cells?

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15. Mitosis is a process that occurs in four steps: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

a. Label the pictures below with the correct step of mitosis. Briefly describe what is happening in the step.

b. Put the pictures in the correct order: ______ ______ ______ ______

16. Do all cells go through the cell cycle at the same rate? _______ Ch. 12.1: Identifying the Substance of Genes

17. What did Watson and Crick do to earn the Nobel Prize?

18. Who is Rosalind Franklin? What was her contribution to the field of genetics?

Ch. 12.2: The Structure of DNA

19. What does DNA stand for?

20. DNA is a polymer made up of many repeating single units called monomers. a. What is the name of the monomer (single repeating unit) that makes up DNA called?

b. What three molecules help make up this monomer?

21. What is the 5-Carbon sugar found in DNA?

22. What are the four different bases found in DNA?

23. What is the complementary base to “A” in a DNA molecule?

24. What is the complementary base to “C” in a DNA molecule?

25. If a DNA molecule had 82 adenine molecules, then: a. How many thymines are in the DNA?

b. How many cytosines are in the DNA?

c. How many guanines are in the DNA?

26. What is the attractive force the holds complementary base pairs together in a DNA molecule?

27. What is the shape of a DNA molecule?

28. Why is DNA known to be antiparallel?

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29. Below is a picture of a DNA molecule. Four parts are labeled. Match the following terms to the #’s in the diagram: #_____ points to a Deoxyribose #_____ points to a Phosphate Group #_____ points to a Nucleotide #_____ points to a Base Pair

Ch. 12.3: DNA Replication

30. Why is DNA replication considered a semi-conservative method?

31. Explain the role (job) of each of the following enzymes that are used in DNA replication. a. Helicase

b. DNA polymerase

c. Ligase

32. If one side of a DNA molecule reads 3’ TCGACT 5’, then what does the opposite side of the DNA molecule read? Ch. 13.1: RNA

33. What is the monomer (single, repeating unit) of RNA called?

34. What is the 5-carbon sugar in RNA?

35. What are the four different nitrogenous bases found in a RNA molecule?

36. What is the role/job of messenger RNA (mRNA) in a cell?

37. What is the role/job of transfer RNA (tRNA) in a cell?

38. What is Transcription? Where does this process happen inside the cell?

39. What enzyme is used to build an mRNA?

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40. What are introns?

41. What are exons?

42. What are three things that happen to the mRNA before it can leave the nucleus? Ch. 13.2: Ribosomes and Protein Synthesis

43. What is Translation? Where does this process happen inside the cell?

44. What is a codon?

45. How many different amino acids are there?

46. How many different codons are there?

47. What is the start codon?

48. The start codon translates into what amino acid?

49. What are the three stop codons?

50. Describe what is happening in each of the pictures below.

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51. Below is a strand of DNA. Transcribe the DNA into mRNA, then use the amino acid chart below to translate the mRNA into a protein (chain of amino acids).

DNA: T A C G C A A A A T G G T A C A T C mRNA: _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ Protein: _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______

52. What is a mutation?

53. Are ALL mutations bad? Explain.

54. What is a gene? Where are they found? What do they do? (Hint: see figure below)

Protein