ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REEDTIED.docx

8/19/2019 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT REEDTIED.docx

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OVERHEAD EQUIPMENTS


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BABU BANARASI DAS NORTHERN INDIA

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

LUCKNOW

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

OVERHEAD EQUIPMENT (OHE)

DARSHITA SRIVASTAVA

B.TECH - 4th YEAR

ROLL NO. 1205620035

DEPARTMENT ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING


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Babu Banarasi Das Northrn In!ia Institut O" T#hno$o%&

Lu#'no(

) D*art+nt o" E$#tri#a$ En%inrin%,

TRAINING REPORT ON

-O.rha! /ui*+nt0

Sub+itt! in *artia$ "u$"i$+nt o" th

r/uir+nts "or th a(ar! o" !%r o"

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGYIN

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Su!"tt#$ B%- Su!"tt#$ T&-

D'()h"t' )("*')t'*' M(.

+1205620035, +I$"' ('"/'%),

+B.t#h-4th %#'(,

In!ian Rai$(a&s


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D*art+nt o" E$#tri#a$ En%inrin%

CERTIFICATE

Th") t& #(t"% th't M")). D'()h"t' S("*')t'* & B'u B''(')" D')

N&(th#( I $"' I)t"tut# & T#h&&% h') )u#))u% &!#t#$

h#( (&#t & O*#(h#'$ Eu"!#t) 't I$"' R'"/'%)

.

M(.

+INDIAN RAIL7AYS,

V'('')"


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ACKNOWLEDGE1ENT

Th# "t#()h" &&(tu"t% I h'$ " INDIAN RAIL7AYS /')' (#'t h'# &( #'(" '$ (&#))"&' $#*#&!#t.

Th#(#&(# I &)"$#( !%)# ') ' *#(% u8% "$"*"$u' ') I

/') (&*"$#$ /"th ' &&(tu"t% t& # ' '(t & "t. I '! ')&

('t#u &( h'*" ' h'# t& !##t )& !'% /&$#(u

#&# '$ (&#))"&') /h& #$ !# th&uh th") "t#()h"

#("&$

B#'(" " !"$ (#*"&u) I '! u)" th") &&(tu"t% t&

#9(#)) !% $###)t ('t"tu$# '$ )#"' th'8) t& th#

M( . !% t('"" u"$# 7h& " )"t# & #"

#9t('&($"'("% u)% /"th h") $ut"#) t&&8 t"!# &ut t& h#'(

u"$# '$ 8## !# & th# &((#t 'th '$ '&/" !# t&

'((% &ut !% (&#t 't th#"( #)t##!#$ &('":'t"& '$#9t#$" $u(" th# t('"". Th#"( (#"&u) u"$'# /')

#9t(#!#% *'u'# &( !% )tu$% &th th#&(#t"'% '$

('t"'%.

I /&u$ "8# t& #9(#)) !% ('t"tu$# t&/'($) !% '(#t) &(

th#"( 8"$ &-&#('t"& '$ #&u('#!#t /h"h h##$ !#

" &!#t"& & th") (&#t.

I #(#"*# ') th") &&(tu"t% ') ' " !"#)t&# " !% '(##(

$#*#&!#t. I /" )t("*# t& u)# '"#$ )8") '$ 8&/#$#

" th# #)t &))"# /'% '$ I /" &t"u# t& /&(8 & th#"(

"!(&*#!#t " &($#( t& 'tt'" $#)"(#$ '(##( &#t"*#).

H&# t& &t"u# &&#('t"& /"th ' & %&u " th# utu(#.

Darshita Sri.asta.a


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PREFACE

O*#(h#'$ #u"!#t +OHE, (&*"$#) ##(% t& ##t("'%

$("*# &&!&t"*#) ; EM


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INDE2

INTRODUCTION

O3ERHEAD E4UIP1ENT

TRACTION SUB5STATION

POWER SUPPLY FOR TRACTION

RAILWAY ELECTRIFICATION

LOCATION OF OHE STRUCTURE

PRINCIPLES FOR LAYOUT PLANS AND

SECTIONING DIAGRA1S FOR 67 K3 AC

TRACTION

1AINTENANCE OF OHE

BREAKDOWN

GUIDELINES FOR PRO3ISION OF 1AINTENANCE

DEPOTS8 TOOL AND PLANTS AND TRANSPORT

FACILITIES

GUIDELINES FOR ANTI5THEFT CHARGING OF

OHE

Panto%ra*h Entan%$+nt

Sa"t& Ru$s "or OHE

Sa"t& *r#autions on E$#tri"i! S#tions

CONCLUSION

REFRENCES

INTRODUCTION


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I 1?55 >(#h N't"&' R'"/'%) +SNC>,

D#!&)t('t#$ th't 25 @V )"# h')# 50 %#) +I$u)t("'

>(#u#%, A.C. )%)t#! ") )u#("&( t& &th#( t%#) & E#t("

T('t"&. I"t"'% " 1?5 I$"' R'"/'%) '$&t#$ th"))%)t#! &( th#"( E#t(""'t"& )h#!# " &'&('t"& /"th

SN>C. At#( 'u"(" th# 8&/ h&/ th# I$"' R'"/'%) '(#

&/ '((%" &ut th# E#t(""'t"& /&(8) "$##$#t%. Th#

(&(#)) " /&(8 )"# th# ") &t"u&u).

R'"/'% t(')&(t ") '( !&(# ##(% #""#t ')

&!'(#$ t& (&'$ t(')&(t. R'"/'%) '(# a) S"9 t"!#) !&(###(% #""#t ') &!'(#$ t& (&'$ b) >&u( t"!#) !&(#

#&&!"' " '$ u)# c) S"9 t"!#) !&(# &)t ##t"*# *")--

*") (&'$ " &)t(ut"& &)t) &( &!'('# #*#) & t('".A!& th# !&$#) & ('" t(')&(t ##t(" t('t"& ") th#

!&)t ##(% #""#t. Th") ' # )## " th# "ht & th# 't

th't #*#(% 100 (&ut# 8"&!#t#() ##t(""#$ )#t"& (#)ut) "

)'*" & 'u' &)u!t"& & !&(# th' &u( !""& "t#()

& $"#)# &" /h"h )'*#) R). 2500 C(&(#) /&(th &(#"

#9h'# 'u'%.

>"()t E#t(" T('" BINA t& @ATNI+C.RLY.,16.1.1??5

O 2 9 25 @V AC T('t"&

O3ERHEAD E4UIP1ENTS


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Catnar& an! Conta#t (ir

1-Th# &*#(h#'$ #u"!#t '&*# th# t('8) &!(")#) & th#

&&/"-', A )t'$'($ '$!"u! &#( /"(# & '&ut 65 !!2 )#t"&

&( )t'$'($ 'u!""u! '&% /"(# & '&ut 116 !! 2 )#t"&

&( 't#'(%.

, A (&&*#$ h'($ $('/ &#( &t't /"(# & 10 !! 2

(&))-)#t"& +/h# #/, )u&(t#$ (&! th# 't#'(% %

!#') & $(&#() & 5 !! $"'!#t#( )'#$ &t !&(# th' ?

! ''(t.2- Th# 't#'(% '$ &t't /"(# t&#th#( h'*# ' #u"*'#t

&#( )#t"& & 15 !!2. Th# u((#t &(!'% #(!"))"#

& ' )"# t('8 ") 600 A '(&9"!'t#% #'u)# &

#u"*'#t (&))-)#t"&' '(#' & OHE. Th") u((#t "!"t ")

')#$ & th# t#!#('tu(# "!"t & 50 C " &t't /"(#.

C#(t'" )#t"&) " 7't'"(-@"('$u )#t"& h'*# th# 't#'(%

'$ &t't /"(#) t&#th#( h'*" ' #u"*'#t &#( )#t"& & 200 !! 2.

3- >&( && "#) )"$") %'($) '$ )u( "#) #9u$" th#!'" (u" "#) '$ "()t && &( "#) t'8" & (&! !'"

(u" "# t('!/'% t%# OHE h'*" &% (&&*#$ h'($

$('/ &#( &t't /"(# & 10 !!2 )#t"& ") (&*"$#$.

Hi%ht o" Conta#t (ir

Th# &(!' h#"ht & &t't /"(# &( (#u't#$ OHE ") 5.60

! +/"th 10 ! (#)' &( 2 ! )', '&*# ('" #*#. >&(

u(#u't#$ OHE " '(#') /"th ' t#!#('tu(# ('# & 40 C t&65 0 C th") "u(# ") 5.5 ! '$ " '(#') /"th ' t#!#('tu(#

('# & 15 0 C t& 650 C "t ") 5.65 !. I #(t'" ')#) )uh ')

u$#( &*#(-"# )t(utu(#) th# h#"ht !'% # ') &/ ') 4.65 !


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& BG '$ 4.02 ! & MG. >&( '))" &*#()":# &)"!#t)

& )uh "#) )#"' (#'ut"&) h'*# t& # t'8#.

S*an o" Su**ortin% Stru#turs

Th# )' &(!'% u)#$ &( )u&(t" th# OHE (&!!')t)F)t(utu(#) u)" th# 't"#*#( t%# ('8#t '))#!%

*'("#) (&! !'9"!u! 2 ! & )t('"ht t('8 t& 2 ! &

u(*#$ t('8 th# )') $##$" u& th# $#(## &

u(*'tu(#. Th# 't#'(% )%)t#! ") &(!'% )u&(t#$ &

)t('"ht t('8) 't !'9"!u! "t#(*') & 2 ! +63 ! & MG, % 't"#*#( t%# '(!) "9#$ t& '*'":#$ (&'$ '# &( I

)#t"& )t## !')t) &( '("'t#$ )t## )t(utu(#). O u(*#) th#

't#'(% ") )u&(t#$ 't &)#( "t#(*') th# )') '$&t#$

$##$" u& th# $#(## & u(*'tu(#.

Sta%%r

Th# &t't /"(# ") )t'#(#$ )& th't ') th# 't&('h "$#)

'& th# &t't /"(# )/##) '(&)) th# u((#t &#t"

)t(") & th# 't&('h u t& ' $")t'# & 200 !! & #"th#(

)"$# & th# #t(# "# & )t('"ht (u) '$ 300 !! & &#)"$# & u(*#). Th") #)u(#) ' u"&(! /#'( & th# u((#t

&#t" )t(") & th# 't&('h).

O3ERLAP

Th# OHE &$ut&() '(# t#(!"'t#$ 't "t#(*') & '&ut 1.5

@! /"th ' &*#(' ##('% ') )h&/ " >"u(# th#

&$ut&( h#"ht #" )& '$u)t#$ th't th# 't&('h "$#)

(&! &# &$ut&( t& th# &th#( )!&&th%. Th#(# '(# t/& t%#)

& &*#(' )') ') u$#(-


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', Uninsu$at! o.r$a* )') /h#(# th# $")t'# &

)#'('t"& #t/## t/& &t't /"(#) ") 200 !! '$ th# t/&

&$ut&() '(# #(!'#t% &#t#$ t&#th#( ##t("'% %

)u"t'# u!#(). , Insu$at! o.r$a*s /h#(# th# t/& OHE )%)t#!) '(# 8#t

''(t 't ' $")t'# & 500 !!. &(!'% th# ##t("'

$")&t"u"t% 't ")u't#$ &*#(') ") ("$#$ % "t#((ut#()

&( ")&'t&( E9#t 't #ut(' )#t"&).

>"u(#

R%u$at! an! Unr%u$at! OHE

OHE /"th 'ut&!'t" t#)"&" '#$ (#u't#$ OHE ")##('% (&*"$#$ &( ' !'" "#) ut &( '(# ")&'t#$%'($ '$ u"!&(t't "#) 'ut&!'t" t#)"&" ") $")#)#$

/"th " th# "t#(#)t & #&&!% '$ &% u(#u't#$ OHE ")

u)#$.

S#tion Insu$ator Ass+b$&


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S#t"& ")u't&() '(# (&*"$#$ t& ")u't# th# OHE & &#

##!#t'(% )#t"& (&! th# OHE & th# '$'#t ##!#t'(%

)#t"& )uh ') 't (&))-&*#(). 7h# th# 't&('h & '

&&!&t"*# '))#) (&! &# t('8 t& '&th#( '& '(&))&*#(F tu(&ut u((#t &#t"& h'#) (&! &# OHE

t& &th#( '$ th#(#&(# th# (u#() & th# )#t"& ")u't&()

&*#(' /"th &t't /"(# )& th't th#(# ") & '(". O $&u#

"# )#t"&) /"th (u#() t('"" th# )#t"& ")u't&(

'))#!% u)" &(#'" ")u't&() '(# "t &( )##$) u t&

120 8!Fh (&*"$#$ "t ") ")t'#$ #t/## th# "()t &#-t#th

'$ &# - th"($ & th# )'. I ')# th# (u#() & th# )#t"&")u't&( '))#!% '(# " th# '" $"(#t"& ( "t ") &t ")t'#$/"th" th# "()t &# th"($ & th# )' th# )##$ )h&u$ # (#)t("t#$ t&

0 8!Fh.

1#hani#a$ In!*n!n# o" OHE Tra#' 9 Stru#turs

B% (&*"$" "$##$#t )t(utu(#) &( )u&(t" th# OHE

& #'h t('8 &!#t# !#h'"' I$##$## & #'h

OHE ") )#u(#$. A% "((#u'("t% &( $'!'# &( !''$u)t!#t& th# OHE & &# t('8 /" &t th#(#&(# '#t th#

#(&(!'# & th# &th#(.

. 1a:i+u+ S*!

Th# OHE /"th !'9"!u! )' & 2 ! '$ /"th (#)' & th't

)' & 10 !! '$ /"th t#)"& & 1000 8 " &t't '$'t#'(% /"(# ") $#)"#$ &( ' )##$ &t#t"' & u t& 160

8!Fh. Th# #9")t" )%)t#! ") ##('% "t &( 140 8!Fh /"th

AM-12 't&('h) &/ " u)# & ' &&!&t"*#).

TRACTION SUB STATION


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E*#(% TSS h') 2 &). t('t"& t(')&(!#() &ut & /h"h &#

") /&(8" 't ' t"!# '$ th# )#&$ t(')&(!#( ") )t'$ %.

Th# ''"t% & #'h t('t"& t(')&(!#( ") )u""#t t& ##$

"t) &/ ##$ :&# '$ h' & th# '$&"" ##$ :&#.

F!in% Post )FP,;

• T& ##$ 25 @V t('t"& &/#( t& OHE.

• Th# )#t"& & OHE &(!'% #$ % ' t('t"&

t(')&(!#(.

F! Ln%th ;• Th# $")t'# &( /h"h ' t('t"& t(')&(!#( /" ##$

&/#( " #!#(#t &$"t"&) ".#. th# $")t'# #t/##t/& '$&"" >P).

O.r Ha! /ui*+nt )OHE,;

•

A )%)t#! & #u"!#t '((%" t('t"& &/#( (&!t('t"& )u)t't"& t& ##t(" &&!&t"*#.

Nutra$ S#tion )NS,;

T& )#'('t# OHE & t/& '$&"" ##$ &)t) A )h&(t #ut('

)#t"& +PT>E, t%# ") (&*"$#$ &&)"t# th# T('t"& Su

St't"& t& '*&"$ th# ##$ & &/#(" th# 't&('h $u("

#9t#$#$ ##$ &$"t"&).

S#tionin% Post )SP, ;

1. T& '""t't# th# #9t#)"& & t('t"& &/#( (&! &# ##$

:&# t& h' & th# '$&"" ##$ :&# $u(" #!#(#%.

2. P'('# th#


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2. T& '('# th#


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Su**$& S&st+

Th# )"# h')# 50 H:. P&/#( &( th# ##t(" t('t"& ")

&t'"#$ (&! 220F132F110F66 @V E9t(' H"h V&t'# 3-

h')# ("$ )%)t#! th(&uh )t# $&/ )"#-h')#t(')&(!#(). >&( th") u(&)# $u"'t# ##$#() &!(")" &

&% 2 h')#) '(# (u (&! th# #'(#)t ("$ )u)t't"& & th#Su% Auth&("t% t& th# t('t"& )u)t't"&. A )h#!'t"

$"'('! & th# t('t"& )u)t't"& '$ ##$" &)t "$"'t"

th# ##(' ##$" '(('#!#t ") "$"'t#$ 't >"u(#.

Liasion (ith Po(r Su**$& Authoritis>&( #)u(" &t"u"t% '$ (#"'""t% & &/#( )u% &(

t('t"& "t ") "!&(t't th't ##t"*# "'")& ") !'"t'"#$

#t/## th# &""') & R'"/'% '$ Su% Auth&("t"#).

B(&'$% 't"& & th# &&/" "#) # t'8#a, A )%)t#! & #("&$" !##t") 't $"#(#t #*#) 't

!utu'% '(##$ "t#(*') ##$) t& # E*&*#$.

b, R#"'""t% & )u% "*&*#) ')& th# !'"t#'# & t('t"& *&t'# #t/## 25 @V '$ 2.5 @V 't th# ##$"

&)t) '$ (#u#% #t/## 4.5H:. '$ 51.5 H:. Th#

)#("&u) (##(u))"&) & R'"/'% t('" " th# '&*# "!"t) '(#&t '$h#(#$ t& )h&u$ # &)t't% "!(#))#$ u& th#

Su% Auth&("t"#).

#, Th# t('t"& &'$ )h&u$ # t(#'t#$ ') #))#t"' &'$ '$

)h&u$ &t # $")&#t#$ &( (#$u#$ t& !##t )u% )%)t#!#9"#"#). Th") (""# h') ## '#t#$ % !&)t Su%

Auth&("t"#) '$ /h#(# th") h') &t ## $&# &)t't #&(t)

)h&u$ # !'$# 't th# h"h #*# #("&$" !##t") t& #t th")

(""# '#t#$.!, S"# th# u!u't"*# ##t & (#u#t &/#( )u%

"t#((ut"&) #*# th&uh & )h&(t $u('t"& 't ' t"!# ' #*#(% )#("&u) t& R'"/'% /&(8" ' #("&$"' (#*"#/ & '

)uh "t#((ut"&) )h&u$ # !'$# 't th# D"*")"&' #*# '$


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th# 'u)# & #'h "t#((ut"& ')#(t'"#$ ') '( ') &))"#.

Th# (#)ut) & th# (#*"#/ )h&u$ # u(")h#$ t& CEE t& 8##

h"! u% "&(!#$ & th# &/#( )u% &)"t"&. Th") )u#t

)h&u$ ')& &(! ' "!&(t't "t#! &( $")u))"& 't th# #("&$" !##t") /"th th# Su% Auth&("t"#).

, P&/#( )u% &( ##t(" t('t"& )h&u$ # &*#(#$ % '

)#"" A(##!#t #t#(#$ "t& % th# R'"/'% /"th th#

&#(#$ Su% Auth&("t% #&(# th# )u% ") 'tu'%

t'8#. 7h#(# th") h') &t ## $&# '(#'$% u(#t 't"&

)h&u$ # t'8# t& h'*# "t "'":#$ /"th&ut $#'%.

", 7h# ("$ )u% t& '% t('t"& )u-)t't"& '") '$&)#u#t% #!#(#% /&(8" h') t& # (#)&(t#$ t& %

#9t#$" th# ##$ (&! '$'#t )u-)t't"&) th# !'9"!u!

$#!'$ 't th#)# )u-)t't"&) !'% & u. M&)t Su%Auth&("t"#) h'*# '(##$ t& "&(# )uh t#!&('(% "(#')# "

!'9"!u! $#!'$ &( "" u(&)#). 7h#(# th") h') &t %#t

## '(##$ t& #&(t) )h&u$ # &t"u#$ t& #()u'$# th#

Su% Auth&("t"#) t& '#t th") (""#.%, Th# (#)#t !#th&$&&% & !#')u(" !'9"!u! $#!'$

't #'h "$"*"$u' )u-)t't"&) &( th# u(&)# & "" h')

## (#*"#/#$ % th# C#t(' E#t(""t% Auth&("t%. It h') ##

'(##$ th't R'"/'%) )h&u$ # h'(#$ &( t('t"& &/#( &

th# ')") & )"!ut'#&u) !'9"!u! $#!'$ (#&($#$ "

&t"u&u) )u-)t't"&) & th# SEB )#(*"#$ % th# )'!# ("$t(')&(!#(). M&$'"t"#) t& "!#!#t th# $#")"& /&u$

h'*# t& # !utu'% )#tt#$ #t/## SEB) '$ R'"/'%) /"th&)t & th# #u"!#t &(# % R'"/'%).


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>"u(#


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RAILWAY ELECTRIFICATION

PURPOSE OF RAILWAY ELECTRIFICATIONE#t(" &/#( &t't "#) '(# (&*"$#$ ') &*#(h#'$

&$ut&() &*#( (u" R'"/'% L"#) t& (&*"$# ##(% t&

##t("'% $("*# R'"/'% &&!&t"*#) &( t& t('" )#t). A)

&!'(#$ t& $"#)# &&!&t"*#) /h&)# &/#( ") "!"t#$ %

th# #(!"))"# '9# &'$ '$ th# !&*" $"!#)"&) &(

'&!!&$'t"& & th# $"#)# #"# th# &t't "#) #(!"t

'!&)t u"!"t#$ &/#( 't th# $")&)' & th# ##t("'%$("*# *#h"#. H"h#( &/#( #(!"t) h#'*"#( t('") t& 'h"#*#

h"h#( )##$). E#t(" Mut"#


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3. P(&*")"& & )/"th#) t& (#u't# th# &/ & &/#( '&

/"th th# ##t(" (&t#t"*# #'(.

4. M&"t&(" '$ (#!&t# &t(& & &/#( )u%.

5. I!!u":'t"& & )"'" '$ th# t('8)"$#t##&!!u"'t"& "(u"t) ''")t ##t(&!'#t" '$

##t(&)t't" "$ut"& ##t) & 25 @V 50 H )"# h')#

t('t"& &/#( )u%.

6. M&$#(":'t"& & )"'" '$ t##&!!u"'t"&.

. P(&*")"& & !'"t#'# '$ &#('t"& '""t"#) &(

##t(" t('t"&.

2, Dis#i*$in (is Di.ision o" Wor's

D"#(#t E"##(" $")""#) t'8# u th#"( &(t"& & th#

/&(8 /h"h &(!) &!&#t) & E#t(""'t"& /&(8).Th#)# '(# "*# #&/

a, E$#tri#a$

", P(&*")"& & O*#(h#'$ Eu"!#t &&)t#( t(')&(!#()

'$ (#tu( &$ut&(.

"", P(&*")"& & P&/#( Su% Eu"!#t t(')!"))"& "#)

t('t"& )u)t't"&) '$ ")t''t"& & P&/#( Su% C&t(&

P&)t).

""", R#!&t# C&t(& & th# P&/#( Su% Eu"!#t."*, E#t(" L&&!&t"*# !'"t#'# '""t"#).

*, A"'(% 7&(8) & !&$""'t"& t& th# #9")t" &/#()u% '(('#!#t) & th# (&ut# t& "!!u":# th# )%)t#!

''")t "$u#$ *&t'#) $u# t& th# t('t"& u((#t '$

(&*")"& & &/#( )u% 't #/ &"t).

*", L"')"& /"th E#t(""t% Auth&("t"#) t& !&$"% th#"( &/#(

"# (&))") t& )u"t 25 @V ' t('t"&.

*"", C&)#u#t"' ##t("' /&(8) &( ##t(""'t"& '$ '"(-

&$"t"&" & )#(*"# u"$") '$ )t' u'(t#().


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b, Si%na$ an! T$#o++uni#ations;

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22/135

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SELECTION OF ROUTE FOR ELECTRIFICATION;

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23/135

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a, Ear$& Yars

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!, A##$rat! $#tri"i#ation;

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, '))##( &!!ut#( )#t"&).


27/135

A*'"'""t% & (#u")"t# &/#( )u% 't (#')&'# ('t#) ") '

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th") ') th# ')# '$ th# 't""'t"&) & utu(# t('" th#

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Lo#ation o" OHE stru#tur


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Th#(# '(# #(t'" #'tu(#) '& th# t('8 /"th" ' #/ !#t(#

& /h"h ' OHE )t(utu(# )h&u$ # (&*"$#$. Th#)# '(# &(

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#&/

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th# u/'($ th(u)t & th# 't&('h ')& th# )t(utu(#)

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th# #t(# "# & th# &*#("# )t(utu(# t& #)u(# !'9"!u!

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th(&uh ' K(&"# )tu$%. Suh ' )tu$% "9#) th# &'t"& &OHE )t(utu(#) th# )' #th) t& # '$&t#$ u$#( '$

'$'#t t& th# &*#("# )t(utu(# '& /"th th# &t't /"(#

('$"#t '$ th# #u!('#) 't th# )u&(t).

1a:i+u+ *r+issib$ !istan# "ro+ OHE su**ort to Cntr o"

Turnout5

N&. & D")t'# (&! #t(# M'9"!u! $")t'# #(!"))"#


29/135

Tu(&

ut

& tu(-&ut t& (&! #t(# & tu(&ut t& th#

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1 "

11.15 14.30 5.2 4.20

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30/135

't&('h & ' &&!&t"*# (u" 't )##$ "t ") th# &t't

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'$ 00 !! "((#)#t"*# & th# u!#( & th# tu( &ut ')

/&u$ # #'( (&! th# >"u(# '&*#.

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Si%na$-


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OHE )t(utu(# )h&u$ &t # &'t#$ #'(#( th' 10 ! #h"$

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th# &# "!!#$"'t#% " '$*'# h'*" ' !""!u! )#tt"

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#9t th(## &)#ut"*# )t(utu(#) h'*" ' !""!u! )#tt"

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)#tt" $")t'#) '(# (#u't#$ u t& 600 ! " '$*'# & th#

)t& )"') '$ u t& 300 ! " '$*'# & ' )"' /"th (&ut#"$"'t&(). O u(*#$ t('8 $##$" u& th# t&&('h%

'$ u(*'tu(# th# )t(utu(#) )h&u$ # )& &'t#$ ') t& #)u(#

th# #)t &t"u#$ *")"""t% & )"'). I )uh ')#) th#)#tt" $")t'#) '$ th# '#) &( &'t"& & OHE )t(utu(#)

)h&u$ # "9#$ % ' &"t "#$ ")#t"& & E#t("' +OHE

$#)"), #"##( /"th th# S"' E"##(.

Th $o#ation o" o.r$a*s

Th# ")u't#$ &*#(') '(# &'t#$ 't th# '(&("'t# )"t#)

)##t#$ &( th# )u)#t"&" '$ '('#" &)t) +N#ut('

)#t"&) '(# (#u"(#$ t& # (&*"$#$ 't th# )#t"&" '$ 't

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#th) t& 1500 ! !'9"!u!. >&( u(#u't#$ OHE &


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't"(##) '(# (#u"(#$ '$ th# !'9"!u! t#)"& #th &

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##!#t'(% )#t"&). T& #)u(# )'t")'t&(% #'('# #t/##

th# ('8#t) th# $")t'# (&! 't"(## t& th# #t(# & th# 4

)' ")u't#$ &*#(' ") "!"t#$ t& 600 !. I *"#/ & th#

(&#! & !'"t'"" '(&("'t# #'('#) 't th# &*#('

#t(' !')t '$ ##$ t& t'8# &/#( &8 & t/& ##!#t'(%

)#t"&) &( !'"t#'# & )uh &*#(') &'t"& & ")u't#$ &*#(') & u(*#) )h&u$ # '*&"$#$ ') '( ')

&))"#. Th# t#)"& #th) 't &*#t"&' &*#(' t%# &

#ut(' )#t"& '$ 't )h&(t #ut(' )#t"& '(# "!"t#$ t& 600! &( #)). Th# &*#(') )h&u$ # ')& )& '$u)t#$ th't th#"(

&'t"& 't ' )t't"& $) &t (#)ut " u)# & th(## ('8#t

)t(utu(#). I '$u)t!#t & th# u")u't#$ &*#(') #t/##

th# (#$#t#(!"#$ &'t"& & ")u't#$ &*#(') (#)ut) "

h'*" ' t#)"& #th 50 ! &( &/#( +600 ! " '$'#t t& 4

)' ")u't#$ &*#(' &( '$'#t t& ' 41 ! #ut(' )#t"&, '

h' t#)"& #th & OHE h'*" &# #$ ') "9#$

t#(!"'t"& !'% # '$&t#$ &!"tt" th# 't"(##.

Lo#ation o" S#tion Insu$ator


33/135

Th# t&t' /#"ht & th# )#t"& ")u't&( "u$" th# /#"ht

& th# t/& ")u't&() & th# OHE '$ th# &#( (u#() ") 55

8. T& '&!!&$'t# th# t/& ")u't&() &( &th th#

&$ut&() '$ t& #(!"t th# &&!&t"*# 't&('h t& "$#&*#( th# t/& (u#() & th# )#t"& ")u't&() th#(# ") '

(#u"(#!#t & ' !""!u! $(&#( #th & 450 !! '$ '

!'9"!u! #(!"))"# )t'#( & 100 !! 't th# &'t"& &

th# )#t"& ")u't&(. S"# th# !'9"!u! #u!('#) 't th#

OHE )t(utu(# ") "!"t#$ t& 1.4 ! th") "!&)#) ' "!"t t& th#

)' '$ th#(#&(# th# $")t'# & th# )#t"& ")u't&( (&!

th# #'(#)t OHE )u&(t. I *"#/ & th# "!"t & 100 !! & )t'#( th") )h&u$ # 'h"#*#$ % '$u)t" th# )t'#() 't

th# '$'#t OHE )t(utu(#) $u(" )"t# *#(""'t"& & th#

(##" '.

OHE at a turnout

O !'" (u" "#) th# OHE & th# tu(&ut )h&u$ h'*#

&*#(' t%# & #u"!#t. O )#&$'(% "#) th") !'% #

(&))#$ t%# t& (#$u# th# &)t. Th# tu(&ut OHE t'8" &

(&! th# !'" "# )h&u$ # (#u't#$ '$ h'*# &th th#

&t't /"(# '$ th# C't#'(%. Th# OHE &( ' )#&$'(% "#

t'8" & (&! ' && "# !'% # #"th#( u(#u't#$ &(

t('!/'% t%#. Th(## '8#t '))#!"#) 't ' tu(&ut )t(utu(#)h&u$ # '*&"$#$ ') '$u)t!#t) t& th# OHE '(# $""ut.

OHE at S*#ia$ $o#ations

a, A!=a#nt to o.r$in stru#turs


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P("&( t& (#'('t"& & OHE (##" ' " *"""t% & '

h#'*% &*#("# )t(utu(# th# #'('# )tu$% )h&u$ #

&!#t#$. I ')# & (#)t("t#$ #'('#) th# (&"# $('/"

)h&u$ # (#'(#$ " '$*'# &( "&(&('t"& " th# OHE (##" '.

b,On $on% bri!%s

Th# )') & & ("$#) '(# $"t't#$ % th# &'t"& & th#

"#() & /h"h th# OHE )t(utu(#) '(# &'t#$ th#(#&(#

th#)# '(# u)u'% &-)t'$'($. O th(&uh "($#( ("$#) th#

OHE !'% h'*# t& # )u&(t#$ & )#"" !#!#() & th#t(u))#) ') )uh th# $#)" & OHE & )uh ' ("$# !'% #

"'":#$ )u)#u#t% /"th&ut $#'%" th# "'":'t"& & th#

(##" &*#( th# (#)t & th# (&ut#. H&/#*#( th# #')"""t%& &'t"& & th# OHE )u&(t !u)t # #)t'")h#$ " '$*'#

$u(" th# )u(*#%.

#, In tunn$s

Th# $#)" & OHE " tu#) (#u"(# '(#u )tu$%. Th# )')

'(# (#u"(#$ t& # 8#t )h&(t ') "t #&!#) $""ut t& &t'"

'$#u't# h#'$(&&! &( '(# #u!('#).


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Y'($ (#!&$#" /&(8) !'% # " (&(#)) &( (&&)#$ &

th# (&ut#. D&u" /&(8) !'% ')& # " (&(#)). I th#

##t(""'t"& /&(8) ") #9#t#$ t& # t'8# u #"th#( 't#(

(#!&$#" &( h') t& t'8# " '&ut )uh (#!&$#" )& ')t& &*#"#t% !&$"% th# OHE /h# )uh (#!&$#" ")

t'8# u th# $#)" &( OHE )h&u$ t'8# "t& '&ut )uh

/&(8) " th# (##" '. A&($"% th# (&&)#$

&'t"&) & t) & tu(&ut) '$ '"!#t & th# #/ t('8

)h&u$ # &"t% #9'!"#$ % th# "*" #"##( " h'(# &

th# t('8 &)t(ut"& /&(8) '$ th# OHE $#)" ##t("'

#"##( )& ') t& &t'" th# !&)t #&&!" ' "*&*"#')t '!&ut & t('" &8 &( '((%" &ut th# (#!&$#"

/&(8 &th &( th# t('8 '$ &( th# OHE /h# th# ' ")

"'":#$. Th# t) & th# tu(&ut) '$ th# '"!#t & th# (&&)#$ t('8) '(# !'(8#$ &ut & th# (&u$ /"th #(!'#t

#h !'(8). Th#)# '(# "&(&('t#$ " th# )u(*#% )h##t. Th#

)#"' '(('#!#t) t& # (&*"$#$ &( " th# (##" '$

)u)#u#t% " th# #" ') "u$" " th# h')#

') " '% )h&u$ # &t#$ " th# "'":#$ ').

Th P%%in% P$an

Th# &'t"& & OHE )t(utu(#) '$ & 'h&() #" "'

'(# &/ "8#$ &*#( " th# t('" & th# &(""' Su(*#% Sh##t.

V"t' $#t'") 't th# &'t"& & )t(utu(#) )uh ') th# t('8 #t(#) '$ !#')u(#$ #)) /"$th) )') & &(t') *#()"#)

& )') & u(*#) 't tu() &ut) '$ 't (&))&*#() '(#

(#&($#$ & th# '. Th") #" ' &(!) th# ')") &(

#)t"!'t"& & u't"t"#) & /&(8 '$ & !'t#("') ')#$ &

/h"h th# t#$#( )h#$u#) '(# "'":#$.

Th OHE La&out P$an


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Th") #" ' ") u(th#( &!#t#$ " )t'#) ') th#

&)t(ut"& /&(8 (&##$). >"'% /h# th# &)t(ut"&

/&(8 ") &*#( th# "' ' '#$ th# OHE '%&ut '

&t'") th# $#t'") & (u & &$ut&() )h&/" &th "(u= '$ &ut & (u= &t't /"(#) )#tt" $")t'# & #'h

)t(utu(# '$ "t) t%# th# t%# & &(t' '$ )' & "t) &&!

th# )t'#() & th# &t't /"(# '$ '% &th#( )#"' #'tu(#)

/h"h !'% # (#u"(#$ t& # "*# )uh ') (##(## t& '

(&"# $('/" &( '))'# & OHE #&/ ' &*#("#

)t(utu(#. Th#(# ") u)u'% ' t"!# ' #t/## (#'('t"& &

#" ' /h"h "$"'t#) th# !"#)t&# & &u)"& &th# )u(*#% '$ th# OHE '%&ut ' (#'(#$ $u("

&)t(ut"& % th# &t('t&( /h& &!!##) th# /&(8 't#(

u(th#( *#("%" th# #" '. O &!#t"& & th# /&(8 th# &t('t&( "")h#) th# OHE '%&ut ' ') KA)

&!#t#$ ' &( h'$" &*#( t& th# !'"t#'#

&('":'t"&.

1o!i"i#ations to Rai$(a&s $#tri#a$o.rha! !istribution $ins5

Th# &*#(h#'$ $")t("ut"& "#) (u" & 't&(!) &( "

%'($) ##$ t& # h#8#$ &( th# u'tu! & ##t(&!'#t"

'$ ##t(&)t't" "$ut"& (&! th# 25 8V ' 50 H: )"#

h')# t('t"& u((#t). Du(" th# )u(*#% $('/") )h&u$ #')& !'$# & th# &/#( $")t("ut"& "#) "$"'t" th#"(

)#'('t"& $")t'# (&! th# #t(# "# & th# t('8 t& ###t(""#$ '$ th# '(('#!#t & ##$ /h#th#( " th# !"$$#

&( 't th# #$ t& ')#(t'" th# #9t#t & '('#")! & (##"t

& th# )u(*#% )h##t) " th# ##t("' $#)" &"# th# *&t'#

(")# $u# t& ##t(&!'#t" "$ut"& '$ th# $")h'(#

u((#t $u# t& ##t(&)t't" "$ut"& " th# $")t("ut"& "#)

'(# h#8#$ " '&($'# /"th th# &(!u' &t'"#$ &(!


37/135

SNC>. I th# "$ut"& ##t) '(# &u$ t& # #%&$

#(!"))"# "!"t) th# $")t("ut"& "#) /&u$ ##$ t& #

!&$""#$ t& (" $&/ th# ##t t& # /"th" )'# "!"t) th#

$")t("ut"& "#) /&u$##$ t& # !&$""#$ t& (" $&/ th# ##t t& # /"th" )'#

"!"t) '$ ') '(# '&($"% !'$#.

PRINCIPLES FOR LAYOUT PLANS AND

SECTIONING DIAGRA1S FOR 67 K3 AC TRACTION


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INTRODUCTION

Th#)# (""#) &( (#'('t"& h#8" '$ "'":'t"& &

&*#(h#'$ #u"!#t '%&ut ') h'*# ## ('!#$ &( )t'$'($":'t"& '$ u"$'# & R'"/'%) F R'"/'%

E#t(""'t"& P(&#t). I )&!# ')#) th# (""#) '(#&"'t&(% '$ )h&u$ # &&/#$. I &th#( ')#) 't#(

)tu$%" "$"*"$u'% th# "!"'t"&) t& '(("*# 't th# #)t

)&ut"& &th (&! #&&!"' '$ t#h"' &"t) & *"#/.

Th# u$'!#t' '"! & $#)" & &*#(h#'$

#u"!#t ") t& ")t' th# &t't /"(# 't th# (#u")"t# h#"ht'$ t& 8## "t /"th" th# /&(8" ('# & th# 't&('h

u$#( ' "(u!)t'#)

D"initions-

Th# t#h"' '$ &th#( t#(!) u)#$ " th") (#&(t )h' h'*#th# )'!# !#'" ') $#"#$ " G##(' '$ Su)"$"'(%

Ru#) F ' T('t"& M'u'.

• Bon!

A ##t("' &#t"& '(&)) ' &"t " &( #t/## '$'#t #th)

& ('".

", B&$ &t"u"t% A ('" &$ u)#$ &( !'"t'"" &t"u"t% & th#

('" "(u"t 't (&))") '$ ut"&).

"", B&$ C(&)) A ('" &$ u)#$ &( &#t" t&#th#( t/& ('") &

' t('8 &( ('") & '$'#t t('8).""", B&$ I!#$'# A )#"' ('" &$ u)#$ t& ("$# ' ")u't#$

('" &"t " ' t('8 "(u"t#$ )#t"&) " '(#') #u"#$ &( ##t("

t('t"&.

"*, B&$ R'" A ##t("' &#t"& '(&)) ' &"t #t/## t/&

'$'#t #th) & ('" ') '(t & th# t('8 (#tu(.

*, B&$ St(utu(# A ##t("' &#t"& #t/## th#

)t## /&(8 & t('8 )t(utu(#) ("$# &( )t't"& u8" t&


39/135

/h"h th# t('t"& &*#(h#'$ #u"!#t ") 'tt'h#$ '$ th#

t('8 (#tu().

• Canti$.r )Ass+b$&,

It ") ' ")u't#$ )/"*#" t%# )t(utu(' !#!#(&!(")" & $"#(#t )":#) & )t## tu#) t& )u&(t '$ t&

8## th# &*#(h#'$ C't#'(% )%)t#! " &)"t"& )& ') t&

'""t't# u((#t &#t"& % th# 't&('h 't ' )##$

/"th&ut "("" th# )t(utu(' !#!#(). It &)")t) & th#

&&/" )t(utu(' !#!#()-", Sta& ar+ It &!(")#) & $"'. 2.4F33. !! +S!', )":#

tu# '$ ' '$u)t#( 't th# #$ t& 8## th# ('8#t tu# "

&)"t"&. It ") ")u't#$ &(! !')t % )t'% '(! ")u't&(.

"", Bra#'t tub It &!(")#) & $"' 40F4? !! +'(#, &( $"'

30F3 !! +)t'$'($, ('8#t tu# '$ ")u't#$ % ('8#t")u't&(. C't#'(% ") )u&(t#$ &(! th") !#!#( %

C't#'(% )u)#)"& ('8#t '$ C't#'(% )u)#)"& '!.""", R%istr Ar+ It &!(")#) & $"' 2.4 9 33. !! tu#

t& (#")t#( th# &t't /"(# " th# $#)"(#$ &)"t"& /"th th#

h# & )t#'$% '(!.

"*, Sta!& ar+ ass+b$& It ") 32 9 31 !! B>B )#t"&

!'$# & 'u!""u! '&% t& (#")t#( th# &t't /"(# t& th#

(#u"(#$ )t'#( '$ t& t'8# th# u)h u & &t't /"(#. It ")

'/'%) " t#)"&.

• Crossin%s

Th# ##t("'% "*# !#!#( F &$ut&( '))" &*#( '&th#(

##t("'% "*# !#!#( F &$ut&( /"th&ut h%)"' &t't.

", Po(r $in #rossin% A ##t("' &*#(h#'$ t(')!"))"&&( $")t("ut"& "# &(


40/135

('"/'% t('8) /h#th#( ##t(""#$ &( &t &( t(')!"))"& &

E#t("' ##(%.

"", Crossin% OHE C(&))" & t/& &$ut&() & OHE

(&))" /"th&ut h%)"' &t't.

• Dro**r

A "tt" u)#$ " &*#(h#'$ #u"!#t &)t(ut"& &(

)u&(t" th# &t't /"(# (&! C't#'(%.

• E$#tri#a$ C$aran#

Th# $")t'# " '"( #t/## "*# #u"!#t '$ th# #'(#)t

#'(th#$ '(t.

• En#u+bran#

Th# '9"' $")t'# & *#(t"' '# #t/## th# C't#'(% '$th# &t't /"(# 't )u&(t.

• F!r

A &$ut&( &#t" +', ' )u)t't"& /"th ' ##$" &)t

&( +, ' ##$" &)t /"th th# OHE.

• Intrru*tr

It ") ' )"# h')# V'uu! S> F &" "(u"t (#'8#( u)#$ ')

&'$ )/"th t& &)# th# "(u"t & 'ut ut $) &t &# &'ut. It ") &#('t#$ #"th#( % (#!&t# &t(& &( !'u'% 't

)"t#. D"#(#t !#th&$) & &#t"& & "t#((ut#() '(#


41/135

', Bri!%in% Intrru*tr A "t#((ut&( /h"h ") (&*"$#$ 't

th# #ut(' )#t"& t& #9t#$ th# ##$ (&! &# )u)t't"& t&

th# &*#(h#'$ #u"!#t &(!'% #$ % th# &th#( )u)t't"&

" #!#(#"#) &( /h# th# 'tt#( ") &ut & u)#. Th") &(!'%(#!'") " th# &# &)"t"&.

, S#tionin% Intrru*tor A "t#((ut&( /h"h &#t)

'$'#t )u-)#t&() t&#th#( t& !'"t'" &t"u"t% & )u%.

Th") &(!'% (#!'") " &)#$ &)"t"&.

, Para$$$in% Intrru*tor A "t#((ut&( /h"h &#t)

&*#(h#'$ #u"!#t) & t/& $"#(#t t('8). Th") &(!'%

(#!'") " &)#$ &)"t"& t& (#$u# th# *&t'# $(&.• >u+*r

A &$ut&( &( ' '(('#!#t & &$ut&() &( ##t("'

&t"u"t% &t u$#( t#)"& /h"h &(!) ##t("'

&#t"& #t/## t/& &$ut&() &( #u"!#t).

•

1ast

A )"# *#(t"' &)t #!#$$#$ " th# &u$'t"& &(

&th#(/")# (""$% "9#$ " *#(t"' &)"t"& t& )u&(t th#

&*#(h#'$ #u"!#t /"th 't"#*#( '))#!%. It !'% #

(&#$ )#t"& &( '("'t#$. Th# u("ht) & &(t') '$ TTC)

'(# ')& '#$ !')t).

• Nutra$ S#tion

A )h&(t )#t"& & ")u't#$ $#'$ &*#( h#'$ #u"!#t /h"h

)#'('t#) th# )#t&() #$ % t/& '$'#t )u)t't"&) /h"h

'(# &(!'% &#t#$ t& $"#(#t h')#).

• O.rha! E/ui*+nt )OHE,


42/135

Th# ##t("' &$ut&() &*#( th# t('8 t&#th#( /"th th#"(

'))&"'t#$ "tt") ")u't&() '$ &th#( 'tt'h!#t) % !#')

& /h"h th#% '(# )u)#$#$ '$ (#")t#(#$ " &)"t"&. A

&*#(h#'$ ##t("' #u"!#t $")t("ut"& "#) t(')!"))"&

"#) '$ ##$#() !'% # &#t"*#% (##((#$ t& ') &*#(h#'$

"#).

• O.r$a*

A '(('#!#t & &*#(h#'$ #u"!#t &*#( ' t('8 /h#(#

t/& )#t) & t('t"& &$ut&() '(# (u '('# t& #'h &th#(&( )h&(t $")t'# &*#( )'+), (&*"$" ' )!&&th '))'# &(

th# 't&('h & ' ##t(" (&" )t&8. I th# u-")u't#$

&*#(') t/& )#t) & &$ut&() '(# )#'('t#$ % 200 !! '$

&#t#$ % ' u!#(. I I)u't#$ &*#(') th# t/& )#t) &

&$ut&() '(# )#'('t#$ % 500 !! " '"(. E#t("'

&t"u"t% ") (&*"$#$ % ' ")&'t&( "t#((ut&( &( &&)t#(-t(')&(!#(.

• O.r5$in stru#tur

A% "9#$ )t(utu(# (&*"$#$ &*#( th# t('8. Th# (#)("#$

#'('# ") &(!'% (&*"$#$ ') '"$ $&/ " th# Sh#$u#

& D"!#)"&) &( u(#)t("t#$ !&*#!#t & (&" )t&8.

• Panto%ra*h

A &')"# $#*"# !&ut#$ & '$ ")u't#$ (&! th# (&&

& ' ##t(" #"# &( !&t&( &'h &( &#t" u((#t

(&! th# &*#(h#'$ #u"!#t.

•

Rturn #on!u#tor


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A &$ut&( /h"h '(("#) (#tu( u((#t (&! th# t('8) t& th#

)u-)t't"& " th# &&)t#( t(')&(!#( )%)t#!.

•

R%u$atin% E/ui*+nt

A $#*"# &( !'"t'"" th# t#)"& & OHE &$ut&()

&)t't u$#( ' '!"#t t#!#('tu(# &$"t"&).

• Sttin% Distan# )i+*$antation,

Th# h&(":&t' $")t'# (&! th# #'(#)t '# & t('t"& !')t

t& th# #t(# "# & th# t('8.


44/135

• Sus*nsion Distan#

Th# h&(":&t' $")t'# (&! th# #t(# & th# #%# & C't#'(%

)u)#)"& ('8#t t& th# '# & th# !')t &( ' )"#


45/135

't"#*#( '))#!% &( th# '# & (&)) '(! h'# " ')# &

!ut"# 't"#*#( '))#!%.

•

S*an

Th# $")t'# #t/## th# #t(# "# & th# '$'#t

)u&(t" !')t) &( &*#(h#'$ #u"!#t F "#). C#'( )' "

')# & &(t' )t(utu(# ") th# $")t'# #t/## th# "#( '#)

& &(t' u("ht).

• Sta%%r

St'#( & th# &t't /"(# ") th# h&(":&t' $")t'# & th#

&t't /"(# (&! th# *#(t"' '# th(&uh th# #t(# &

t('8.

• S#tor

A )#t"& & O*#(h#'$ #u"!#t & ' t('8 /h"h ' ###(":#$ % &)" ' ##$#( "(u"t (#'8#( 't th# )u)t't"&.

', Su-)#t&( Th# )!'#)t )#t"& & &*#(h#'$ #u"!#t

/h"h ' # ")&'t#$ (#!&t#% % &#" & "t#((ut&().

, E#!#t'(% S#t"& Th# )!'#)t )#t"& & &*#(h#'$

#u"!#t /h"h ' # ")&'t#$ (&! th# (#)t & th# )%)t#!

% !'u' &#('t"&).

E$#tri#a$ C$aran#

C$aran#

Th# #'('# #t/## 25 8V "*# '(t) '$ #'(th#$ '(t) &

"9#$ )t(utu(#) &( !&*" &'$) )h' # ') '(# ') &))"#.


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Th# ##t("' #'('#) t& # !'"t'"#$ u$#( th# /&()t

&$"t"&) & t#!#('tu(# /"$ #t '(# "*# #&/

', M'9"!u! *#(t"' $")t'# #t/## '% "*# '(t &&*#(h#'$ #u"!#t &( 't&('h) '$ '(t) & '% "9#$

)t(utu(#) +#'(th#$ &( &th#(/")#, &( !&*" &'$)

", L& $u('t"& -320 !!

"", Sh&(t $u('t"&- 20 !!

, M""!u! 't#(' $")t'# #t/## '% "*# '(t &&*#(h#'$ #u"!#t &( 't&('h) '$ '(t) & '% "9#$

)t(utu(#) +#'(th#$ &( &th#(/")#, &( !&*" &'$)

", L& $u('t"&- 320 !!

"", Sh&(t $u('t"&-220 !!

•

Wor'in% #$aran#

M""!u! #'('# #t/## "*# &$ut&( F #u"!#t) '$

)uh #'(th#$ )t(utu(# F "*# '(t) & $"#(#t ##!#t'(%

)#t"&) /h#(# !# '(# (#u"(#$ t& /&(8 )h' # 2 !. /h#(#

th# #'('# ") &t &t'"#$ th# )t(utu(# )h' # (&t#t#$

% #'(h#$ !#t'" )(##) &( (#)("#$ /'(" &'($).

• Loa!in% #a$#u$ation

>&( /&(8" &ut th# /"$ &'$" th# t&t' (&#t#$ '(#' &(

th# (&#$ )#t"&). 150J & th# (&#t#$ '(#' &( '("'t#$

)t(utu(#) '$ 2F3($ & th# (&#t#$ '(#' &( &$ut&() '$

&th#( "(u'( !#!#( ") t'8# "t& '&ut.


47/135

1asts8 Porta$s8 Ha! S*ans an! Foun!ations-

T&*s o" +asts

OHE &$ut&() '(# )u)#$#$ (&! )/"*#" 't"#*#(

'))#!% ##('% #(#t#$ & "$"*"$u' !')t).

N"# t%#) & !')t) '(# u)#$. Th#)# '(# $#)"'t#$ ') 150 9

150 B>B 200 9 150 RSQ @-100 @-125 @-150 @-15 @-

200 @-225 '$ @-250. Th# "()t t/& '(# (&#$ )#t"&) '$

(#!'"" )#*# '(# '("'t#$ !')t). B-)#("#) !')t) ' #

u)#$ " "#u & @-S#("#) !')t).

T(o Tra#' Canti$.r

I th# %'($) '$ )"$") /h# th# !')t '&t # #(#t#$ #'(

th# t('8 t& # #u"#$ "t !'% # #(#t#$ )' &# &( t/&

t('8) u)" ' t/&-t('8 't"#*#(. Th") ") ##('% u)#$ &(

)u&(t" OHE #'( tu(&ut) '$ -&*#(). Th#)#

'(('#!#t) )h&u$ &t # u)#$ &( )u&(t" OHE & t/&

!'" "#). Th# OHE ' # )u&(t#$ ut& ' $")t'# & 10.5

! (&! th# u("ht /"th th") '(('#!#t.

• Porta$s

O !ut"# t('8 )#t"&) /h#(# '$#u't# t('8 #t(#) '(#

&t '*'"'# '$ t('8) '&t # )#/#$ &(t) '(# u)#$.

E'h &(t' &)")t) & t/& '("'t#$ u("ht) '$ &#

'("'t#$ &&! &)")t" & /"th &( /"th&ut &# #t('

"## '$ t/& #$ "##).

I? Th(## t%#) & &(t') h'*# ## )t'$'($":#$. N= t%#

&(t' ") u)#$ &( #'( )') & 10 ! 20 ! t('8)


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!'9"!u!,. O= t%# &(t' ") &( #'( )') & 20 !

30 ! +&( 6 t('8) !'9"!u!, '$ R= t%# &(t' /"th

)') & 30 ! 40 ! +&( t('8) !'9"!u!,.

II? 7h#(# th# u("ht & )t'$'($ &(t') '&t # #(#t#$

$u# t& "!"t#$ t('8 #t(#).P= t%# &(t' &t t& # u)#$

" '# & N= t%# '$ G= t%# !'% # u)#$ " '# &

O= t%#. Th# /"$th & u("ht & th#)# &(t') ") 300 !!

'$ 250 !! ') ''")t 450 !! & N= t%# '$ 550 !!

& O= t%# (#)#t"*#%. I #9#t"&' ')#) B>B

u("ht) & 152 !! /"$th !'% ')& # u)#$ /"th N=t%# &(t' &&! S#"' B>B &(t') /"th 3 #) !'%

')& # u)#$ " #9#t"&' ')#) /h# N= t%# &(t')

'&t # u)#$.

III? Th# 't"#*#() &( th# #9t(#!# t('8) '(# (&*"$#$ &

th# u("ht) & th# &(t') . Th# 't"#*#() &( th#

"!!#$"'t# t('8) '(# (&*"$#$ & th# $(& '(!))u)#$#$ (&! th# &&!.

• Ha! S*ans

I %'($) /h#(# u-(#u't#$- (#u't#$ OHE ") u)#$ h#'$

)' !'% ')& # u)#$ t& &*#( !&(# th' 6 t('8). Th# h#'$)' '(('#!#t 't &t u)#$ &(!'%.

Conta#t Wir Hi%ht

I? Stan!ar! hi%ht

N&(!'% th# h#"ht & &t't /"(# +u$#( )"$# )u('#,

'&*# th# t('8 '# )h' &t # #)) th' 5.50 ! 't '%

&"t " th# )' u$#( th# /&()t t#!#('tu(# &$"t"&). T&


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#)u(# th") th# &(!' h#"ht 't th# )u)#)"& &"t )h' #

') u$#(

T%# & OHE N&(!' h#"ht & &t't /"(# 't th# )u&(t &"t

i? ,R%u$at!

', N&(!' /"th 10 ! (#-)'---- 5.60 !

, O$ ##t(""'t"& 5.55 ! /&(8) /"th 5 ! (#-)'

OHE )h' &(!'% # (&*"$#$. H&/#*#( OHE /"th 5 ! (#-)' !'% # (&*"$#$ " & tu#) '$ th(&uh "($#(

("$#) t& 'h"#*# th# !""!u! ##t("' #'('#.

"", Unr%u$at!

',


50/135


51/135

1AINTENANCE OF OHE

Intro!u#tion

1. >&( #tt#( ut"":'t"& & t('t"& '))#t) &ut'# & '%t('t"& #u"!#t (&! )#(*"# )h&u$ # !""!u! /"th&ut

&!(&!")" & )'#t% & th# #u"!#t '$ #()&#.

M&"t&(" & &$"t"& & th# #u"!#t % (#"'# !#') ")#))#t"' &( &&/" th# )%)t#! & ##$ ')#$ !'"t#'#

".#. $"(#t#$ !'"t#'#. H&/#*#( t" )uh t"!# (#"'#

&$"t"& !&"t&(" t#h"u#) '(# "t(&$u#$ th# (#)#t

)%)t#! & (#*#t"*# !'"t#'# h') t& &t"u#.2. R#&!!#$'t"&) & O(""' Eu"!#t M'u'tu(#(

+OEM, '$ Gu"$#"#) "))u#$ % RDSO (&! t"!# t& t"!#

)h' # 8#t " *"#/ /h"# $#"" th# )&# '$ #("&$""t%

& th# )h#$u#).

• Out o" P$u+b 1asts-

I)"t# & th# '(# t'8# " $#)" '$ #(#t"& OHE !')t) $&

)&!#t"!#) #t &ut & u!. Th") &u() '(#% &

#!'8!#t) $u# t& #(&)"& & #'(th/&(8 & th# &ut#( )"$#

& th# !')t & '&ut & &&( $('"'# &( #9'*'t"&) " th#

*"""t% &( $u# t& )"8" & &u$'t"&) & #/#!'8!#t). Th# #9t#t & #'(th/&(8 ""t"'% (&*"$#$ 't

th# '8 & &u$'t"&) & #!'8!#t) ") )h&/ "

St(utu(# E(#t"& +SED),. OHE !'"t#'# )t' )h&u$

$u(" 't(&" '$ ")#t"&) !'8# ' '(t"u'( h#8 &

th# &$"t"& & #'(th/&(8 h') ## &( ") "8#% t& # #(&$#$

'/'% th# E"##(" D#'(t!#t )h&u$ # '(&'h#$ t&

)t(#th# th# #!'8!#t '$ th# !'tt#( u()u#$ ut" "t ")

)'t")'t&("% &!#t#$. M')t) /h"h '#'() t& # &ut &

u! )h&u$ # h#8#$ /"th ' u! &. S"# th# &(!'

h#"ht & th# &t't /"(# ") 5.60 ! '&*# ('" #*# th# #9t#t

& $##t"& & th# !')t) 't th") h#"ht ' # &*#"#t%


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&u$ % !#')u(" th# $##t"& 't ' h#"ht & 1.5 ! '&*#

('" #*# '$ !ut"%" th") "u(# % 3. I th# !')t ") &ut &

u! % !&(# th' 3 ! ut& 5 ! "t )h&u$ # 8#t u$#(

/'th 't#( !'8" )u(# th't th#(# ") #&uh #'(th/&(8 '(&u$. T& "$#t"% )uh !')t) (#u"(" /'th" ' %#&/

#$ & /"$th 5 ! )h&u$ # '"t#$ 't ' h#"ht & 1.5 !

(&! ('" #*#. M')t) /h"h '(# &ut & u! " #9#)) & 5

! ' # )#t ("ht % (##')" th# OHE '$ u" th# !')t

% ' KT"(&(. T& '""t't# th") th# &u$'t"& !u)t "()t #

#9&)#$ & th# )"$# t& /h"h th# !')t ") t& # u#$ % th#

T"(&(. '$ th# (#'( u$#( )"$# & th# &u$'t"& )h&u$ # '8#$ '$ ('!!#$ /"th "##) & )t&# ut" th# &u$'t"&

") u% )u&(t#$. I ##))'(% th# #/% '8#$ '(t !'% #

)t(#th##$ % &u(" " #!#t &(#t#. .


53/135

St('"ht#" & &ut & u! !')t

• Rai$ L.$ an! Sttin% Distan#

St(utu(# E(#t"& +SED), )h&/ )#tt" $")t'# &(

"!'t't"& & th# OHE !')t) ".#. $")t'# & th# #'(#)t '(t

& !')t (&! th# #t(# "# & th# #'(#)t t('8 ') /# ') th#

h#"ht & th# &t't /"(# (&! ('" #*# 't #'h &'t"&.

Th#)# '(# /"th (##(## t& '"!#t '$ #*# & th# t('8 't

th# t"!# & #(#t"& & OHE. B#&(# ##t(""'t"& /&(8 ")


54/135

t'8# u "t )h&u$ # #)u(#$ th't th# t('8 '"!#t '$

#*# '(# "'":#$. Th") ") '(t"u'(% )& " th# ')# & %'($)

u$#( (#!&$#".

A% h'# " '"!#t $u# t& )#/" & t('8) /" '#tth# )#tt" $")t'# '$ &)#u#t% th# )t'#( & th#

&t't /"(#. At &'t"&) /h#(# th# )#tt" ") ("t"' ".#. &)#

t& th# !""!u! #(!"))"# *'u# )#/" & t('8 !'% (#)ut

" "("#!#t & th# !&*" $"!#)"&) /"th &)#u#t

$'#( & '"$#t). Ch'# " ('" #*# $u# t& *'("'t"& "

'')t u)h"& &( '8" u &( '8" $&/ & th# t('8

/" ')& (#)ut " h'# " &t't /"(# h#"ht. Th&uh (&*")"& #9")t) " th# 't"#*#( '))#!% &( '$u)t!#t) &

th# )t'#( '$ h#"ht )uh '$u)t!#t '(# &t t& # !'$#

u#)) ')&ut#% ##))'(%. It ") #)t t& !'"t'" th# &)"t"&& OHE '$ t('8) ') " th# SED).

Gnra$ Ru$ )


55/135

!')t '# )&& 't#( &!!"))"&" (##('% " '8

#tt#(). A h&(":&t' "# /&u$ "$"'t# th# ('" #*#. Th#

)#tt" )h&u$ # !'(8#$ " &((#t t& th# )#&$ $#"!'

'#.R#'"t" & th# th#)# !'(8") /" &($"'("% # (#u"(#$

&# " t/& %#'(). 7h#(# &ut"& $u#

t& ('8# )h $u)t #t. ") )#*#(# (#'"t" !'% # (#u"(#$

!&(# &t#. Du(" %#'(% !'"t#'# & OHE ('" #*# '$

)#tt" $")t'# )h&u$ # h#8#$ '$ &!'(#$ /"th th#

&(""' "u(#). A% *'("'t"&) '&*# 30 !! ") )#tt"

$")t'# '$ 20 !! " ('" #*# )h&u$ # '$*")#$ t& th# P7I&( &((#t"&. N& h'# " )#tt" $")t'# '$ ('" #*#

)h&u$ # '&/#$ " )uh h'# (#)ut) " "("#!#t &

!&*" $"!#)"&). It ") #))#t"' t& h'*# ' &"t 'u' h#8 & ('" #*# '$ )#tt" $")t'# % th# Ch'(#!'FOHE '$

AP7I. I '$$"t"& t& th# !'(8" & th# !')t) ' (#")t#(

)h&u$ # !'"t'"#$ % CT>O+OHE, t& (#&($ th# 'u'

!#')u(#!#t) & "!'t't"& 't ("t"' &'t"&) &*#( h")

u(")$"t"&.

• Conta#t Wir Har! S*ots an! War

H'($ )&t) '(# &"t) & th# OHE /h#(# &t't /"(# /#'( ")

"8#% t& # h"h#( th' 't &(!' &'t"&) $u# t& #))

#9"""t% " th# OHE. S!&8# &ut"& '('*'t#) /#'( 't

h'($ )&t). Th# u)u' )&t) /h#(# th# &t't /"(# ") "8#% t&)h&/ !&(# /#'( '(#

1. Su&(t &"t) 't u(*#).

2. S#t"& ")u't&().

3. S"#)

4. Tu( &ut)

5. C#t(' !')t & 2 )' u")u't#$ &*#(') & u(#u't#$

OHE.


56/135

6. At '(&'h#) t& tu#) '$ &*#( "# )t(utu(#).

. L&'t"&) /h#(# )!&8# &ut"& ") (&&u#$ '!#%

tu#) /"th )t#'! t('t"& '$ 't th# #$) & 't&(!) /h#(#

)t#'! &&) h't &( ' & t"!# u$#( OHE.. Pu &)

At )uh h'($ )&t) "t ") "!&(t't t& 8## ' /'th & /#'( &

&t't /"(# % !#')u(" '$ 8##" ' (#&($ & &t't

/"(# th"8#)) #("&$"'%. It ") #))#t"' t& &#t('t# &

th#)# )&t) $u(" 'u' !#')u(#!#t & &t't /"(# /#'(.

•

S*ar'in% Durin% Currnt Co$$#tion

S'(8" &u() /h# th#(# ") &)) & &t't +&( "!(&#(

&t't, #t/## th# 't&('h '$ th# &t't /"(#. Th#

&!!& 'u)#) 'tt("ut'# t& th# OHE '(#

1. I&((#t t#)"& " (#u't#$ OHE $u# t& !''$u)t!#t &(

)u")h &#('t"& & (#u't" #u"!#t.

2. I'$#u't# t#)"& & &t't /"(# " th# ')# &u(#u't#$ OHE.3. D#&)"t & )&&t & &t't /"(# $u# t& )t#'! '$ $"#)#

t('t"& '$ th# (#)ut" (&uh#)) & &t't '# $u("

u((#t &#t"&.

4. @"8) " &t't /"(#.

I OHE & th# !'" "# ") u(#u't#$ th# t#)"& " th#

&t't /"(# )h&u$ # h#8#$ '$ '$u)t#$ " ##$ # &#" 2 %#'(). Th# )##$ #" &/ " %'($) '$ )"$") th#

'$*#()# ##t & "&((#t t#)"&" /" # #)) (&&u#$

'$ (#-t#)"&" 't &#( "t#(*') & 3-4 %#'() /" #

'$#u't#. D#&)"t) & )&&t & '&ut & )t#'! '$ $"#)#t('t"& !'% 'u)# t(&u# $u# t& )'(8" 't &"t) /h#(#

)t#'! #"#) h't &( & #("&$). P'(t"u'( &t# )h&u$ #

!'$# & )uh &'t"&) '$ #'" $&# 't )h&(t#( "t#(*').


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@"8) $#t#t#$ $u(" 't(&" '$ ")#t"& )h&u$ #

)t('"ht##$ &(F(#!&*#$ /"th&ut $#'%. At#( (#-t#)"&" "t

") '(t"u'(% ##))'(% t& ")#t th# )#t"& &( 8"8). Th#

#("&$" u((#t &#t"& t#)t) /&u$ (#*#' &"t) /h#(#)'(8" t'8#) '#. A'(t (&! "*#)t"'t" '$ (#t"%"

th# 'u)# & )uh )'(8" "t ") ')& "!&(t't th't th#

(&uh##$ )u('# & th# &t't /"(# # 'tt#$#$ t& '""

/h"h th#(# /" # u(th#( $#t#("&('t"& /"th )u#))"*#

'))'# & 't&('h) (#)ut" " (#$u#$ "# & &t't

/"(#.

• Conta#t Wir War

H'($ $('/ (&&*#$ &#( &t't /"(# & 10 !! 2 (&))

)#t"&' '(#' /h# #/ ") u)#$ " th# 25 @* ##t(" t('t"&

)%)t#!. 7"th ' (&#( !'"t#'# & th# OHE th# &t't

/"(# ") #9#t#$ t& h'*# ' "# & '&ut 30 %#'() /"th '*#('#t('" $#)"t% '$ &$"t"&) & &ut"&. Th# th"8#)) &

#/ &t't /"(# ") 12.24 !!. It /" # ##))'(% t& (#'#th# &t't /"(# /h# "t h') /&( t& ' th"8#)) & .25 !!

&((#)&$" t& ' (&)) )#t"&' '(#' & '(&9"!'t#% 4

!!2. At th") &"t 2 !! #'('# )h' # '*'"'# #t/##

th# &tt&! !&)t &"t & th# $(&#( " '('# (&&*#

'! ') /# ') &t't /"(# )"# '$ th# ' &

't&('h. A% u(th#( (#$ut"& " (&)) )#t"&' '(#' /"

(#)ut " th# u((#t $#)"t% " th# &t't /"(# )"# '$ th#

' & 't&('h. A% u(th#( (#$ut"& " (&)) )#t"&''(#' /" (#)ut " th# u((#t $#)"t% " th# &t't /"(# u$#(

#(t'" &$"t"&) #9##$" th# #(!"))"# "!"t & 4.

AF!!2 ''(t (&! (#$u#$ 't&( & )'#t% u$#( t#)"&. I

)"$" '$ "#) /"th ' &/ t('" $#)"t% &/#( th"8#))

"!"t) & !! !'% # '$&t#$. It ") "!&(t't t& !#')u(# '$

(#&($ th# /#'( & &t't /"(# 't th# 8&/ h'($ )&t) '$ 't

' #/ )##t#$ &'t"&) /h#(# h#'*% /#'( !'% # #9#t#$


58/135

)& ') t& 8## ' /'th & th# ('t# & /#'(. O)#(*'t"&) h'*#

"$"'t#$ th# /#'( & &t't /"(# #t/## )t'(t#( '$

'$*'# )t'(t#( ") h"h /h#(# th# t('" "8) )##$ #)#"'%

" )uu(' )#t"&). I '$$"t"& t& th# 8&/ h'($ )&t) th#/"(# th"8#)) !'% # !#')u(#$ 't &# &( t/& &"t) #t/##

#'h '"( & )t't"&) /h#(# )##$ ") !'9"!u!. Th#)#

!#')u(#!#t) )h&u$ # t'8# 't th# t"!# & %#'(%

!'"t#'# '$ (#&($#$ " ' (#")t#(. 7h# th# '*#('#

/"(# th"8#)) h') (#'h#$ '(&9"!'t#% 10 !! th# u!#(

& &"t) /h#(# !#')u(#!#t ") t'8# !'% # "(#')#$ '$

&# &'t"& " #'h t#)"& #th !'% # &*#(#$ " '$$"t"&t& th# 8&/ h'($ )&t).

M#')u(#!#t) & &t't /"(# th"8#)) " th# *#(t"'

$"(#t"& )h&u$ # !'$# /"th ' !"(&!#t#( (##('% &#"tt#$ /"th ' ('th#t )(#/ '$u)t!#t t& #)u(# th't th#

(#))u(# #t/## th# '/) /h# t'8" !#')u(#!#t $) &t

#9##$ ' '(t"u'( *'u#. C&)"$#('# '(# ") (#u"(#$ "

u)" th# !"(&!#t(#.

Th# !#')u(#!#t /" # !#'"u &% " " )u#))"*#

%#'() th# th"8#)) ") !#')u(#$ 't th# )'!# &"t 't #'h

&'t"&. It ") &% th# th't th# *'u#) (#&($#$ ' #

$"(#t% &!'(#$. A 5 !! /"$# '$ !'% # '"t#$ & th#

!')t 't /"th '8 '"t. I th# &'t"& ") "$#t""#$ " th")

!'#( '$ ' &*#t"& &&/#$ th't !#')u(#!#t )h&u$ # t'8# )'% 20 !! #&(# th# )/"*# " " th# $"(#t"& &

!&t"&. It ' # #)u(#$ th't " )u#))"*# %#'()!#')u(#!#t /" # t'8# 't "$#t"' &"t). Th#

!#')u(#!#t) !u)t # t'8# #()&'% % ' )u#(*")&( /#

'u'"t#$ /"th th# u)# & !"(&!#t(#.

I '% ")&'t#$ &"t th# &t't /"(# (#'h#) th# &$#!"

"!"t & th"8#)) ' )"# )h&u$ # "t(&$u#$ 't th# &"t.


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• S#tion Insu$ator Ass+b$&

1. S#t"& I)u't&() '))#!% ") u)#$ t& (&*"$# ##t("'

")&'t"& #t/## t/& ##!#t'(% )#t"&) /h"h '(#

&th#(/")# &t"u&u). Th#% '(# u)#$ !'"% & (&)) &*#()

$"'!&$ (&))") '$ tu(&ut) &( &&) '$ )"$") t&

")&'t# )#t"& (&! !'" "#. Th#% !'% # u)#$ & !'"

"#) t& &(! #ut(' )#t"&) " h#'*"% ('$#$ )#t"&))uu(' )#t"&) '$ 't ")#t"& "t) & )#&$'(% "#) ')

/# ') "#) &( )h#$) &( !'"t#'# '$ ")#t"&.

2. Th# )#t"& ")u't&( '))#!% ") )h&/ >"u(#. Th#

'))#!% &!(")#) & ' )t('" ")u't&( /"th t/& (u#()

&#t#$ t& &# & &t't /"(#). Th# &tt&! & th# (u#()

") 't th# )'!# h#"ht ') th# &t't /"(# & th# &th#( )"$# '$

)& )h'#$ ') t& '&/ ' )!&&th '))'# & th# 't&('h

u$#(#'th "t. Th# t/& (u#() &*#(' /"th th# &t't /"(#

& th# &th#( )"$# &( ' )h&(t #th t& #)u(# th't th#(# ") &"t#((ut"& " th# u((#t $('/ % th# &&!&t"*#) ') "t '))#) u$#(#'th th# )#t"& ")u't&(. Th# #9"""t% & th#

OHE ") (#$u#$ /h#(# ' )#t"& ")u't&( '))#!% ")

(&*"$#$.

3. Th# #))#t"' &"t) t& # h#8#$ $u(" #("&$"'

!'"t#'# '(# ') u$#(-

Th# /#"ht & th# )#t"& ")u't&( )h&u$ # u% t'8# u % th# $(&#() )& th't th# (u#() '(# 't th# )'!# h#"ht ')

th# '$'#t &t't /"(#) &th &"tu$"'% '$

t(')*#()#%. >')t##() '(# (&*"$#$ 't &th th# &t't /"(#

#$" '!) 't th# #$) & th# &t't /"(# '$ "8'))#!% '$ )#t"& ")u't&( (&)) #'! '))#!% &(

##t" th# '$u)t!#t 'u('t#%. 7h# &((#t% '$u)t#$

th#(# )h&u$ # & )'(8" /h# ' 't&('h #&t"'t#) "t.


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Th# (u#() " #t &( $'!'#$ )h&u$ # #"th#( (#'#$ &(

)t('"ht##$ &ut. Th# (u#() ') /# ') th# &t't /"(#

)h&u$ # )!&&th##$ % "" & &u#) & &#( /h"h

!"ht h'*# &(!#$ $u# t& '(". Th# $")t'# #t/## th#&t't /"(# '$ th# (u#( & #"th#( )"$# )h&u$ # &t #))

th' 220 !!.


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>u+*r Conn#tions

Th# &&/" t%#) & u!#( &#t"&) u)" )t'$'($

&#( &$ut&() '$ PG '!) '(# " &!!& u)# " 25@V OHE.

1. I-)' u!#() & '(&9"!'t#% 50 !!2 (&)) )#t"& &( ##t("' &t"u"t% #t/## &t't '$ C't#'(% /"(#) 't

"t#(*') &t #9##$" 400!.

2. P&t#t"' #u'":#( u!#() & '(&9"!'t#% 50 !!2 (&))

)#t"& 't ")u't#$ &*#( ') '$ #ut(' )#t"&) t& 8## th#

&(t"& & OHE #t/## th# ut " ")u't&() '$ th# #'(#('h&('# 't th# )'!# &t#t"' ') th# '$'#t (u & OHE.

3. C&t"u"t% u!#() & (&)) )#t"& 105 !!2 t& (&*"$#

##t("' &t"u"t% #t/## th# t/& &(t"&) & OHE 't

u")u't#$ &*#(') '$ #t/## th# !'" "# OHE '$ tu(

&utF(&)) &*#( OHE 't tu( &ut)F(&)) &*#(.4. Qu!#() & (&)) )#t"& 105 !!2 &( 150 !!2 #t/##

##$#() '$ OHE 't ##$" &"t).5. Qu!#() & (&)) )#t"& 50 !! 2 (&*"$#$ #t/## &ut &

(u. OHE '$ 't"(## /"(# ') ' 't" th#t !#')u(#. Qu!#(

&#t"&) '% ' *"t' '(t " !'"t'"" &t"u"t% &

)u%. O '&ut & th# u '$ $&/ !&*#!#t) & th#

&t't /"(#) th# u!#( &#t"&) '(# #t t& )&!# #9t#t

#*#(% t"!# ' 't&('h '))#) th(&uh. 7"th (##'t#$

#$") th# )t('$) & th# #9"# u!#( &#t"&) '(#

"'# t& #t (&8# " &u()# & t"!# & '&ut & 't"u#. T&u'($ ''")t th") &))"""t% )#"' 'tt#t"& )h&u$ #

$#*&t#$ t& th# u!#() $u(" #("&$"' !'"t#'#.

Th ssntia$ r/uir+nts "or r$iabi$it& o" =u+*rs ar 9

1. Su""#t #th '$ '$#u't# &&" t& (&*"$# #9"""t%

)& ') t& (#*#t '"u(# & '&ut & (##'t#$ u '$ $&/


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!&*#!#t) '$ !&*#!#t) & '&ut & #&'t"& '$

&t('t"& & OHE $u# t& t#!#('tu(# *'("'t"&).

2. A$#u't# (&)) )#t"& t& '((% th# &(!' u((#t) '$

&))"# &*#(&'$) $u# t& )hut $&/) & '$'#t "#) ')/# ') 'ut).

3. P(&#( &$" '$ " )&$#(" & th# #$).

4. P(&#( )#'t" '$ t"ht#)) & &#t"&) 't PG '!).

>'"u(# & &t"u"t% u!#() /" (#)ut " $")&t"u"t% & th#

OHE '$ &)#u#t )#("&u) "t#((ut"& & t('". Th&uh

'"u(#) & &t#t"' #u'":#( u!#() !'% & u&t"#$ )uh'"u(#) ' (#)ut " ##t("' '"$#t). A)& u)h#$u#$

'tt#t"& t& )uh u!#() /" ##))"t't# &/#(-&8 & &th

th# '$'#t ##!#t'(% )#t"&) /h"h !'% # u"t# $""utt& '(('# /"th&ut (##(u))"& t& t('". P(&#( 'tt#t"& t&

u!#() $u(" )h#$u#$ !'"t#'# ") th#(#&(# *#(%

"!&(t't. Qu!#() '(t"u'(% &t"u"t% u!#() /"th

(&8# )t('$) )h&u$ # "*'("'% (#'#$ '"" /h"h

th# (#$u#$ (&))-)#t"& !'% 'u)# &*#(h#'t" '$ #*#tu'

'"u(#. B(&8# )t('$) '(# !&)t "8#% 't th# &"t & #t(%

"t& PG '!) &))"% $u# t& )h'( #$#) " th# '!. PG

'!) )h&u$ h'*# (&#(% (&u$#$ & #$#) t& (#*#t th#

utt" & )t('$). Th# '!) )h&u$ # h#8#$ &( )") &

&*#(h#'t" '$ (&#( t"ht#)). It )h&u$ h&/#*#( #(#!#!#(#$ th't ' PG '! )h&u$ &t # "t#(#(#$ /"th

u#)) th#(# '(# )") & &*#(h#'t" &( $'!'#.

• En.iron+nta$ E""#t on OHE

At+os*hri# Po$$ution-


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Th# 't!&)h#(" &ut"& h') 'u)#$ ' '(# u!#( &

")u't&() ')h &*#( " #(t'" '(#') )uh ') H&/('$h '$

A))')& " E')t#( R'"/'%. Ah!#$''$ V'$&$'('. Su('t

'$ V')'$ )#t"&) & 7#)t#( R'"/'% '$ M'$(')-Gu$u( )#t"& & S&uth#( R'"/'%. Th# ')h &*#( !'"% &u( "

th# #'(% !&(" " /"t#( #&(# )u (")# '$ " th# (#

!&)&& #("&$ )#"'% /h# !&)&& '(# $#'%#$. Th#

&ut't) (&*"$# ' (##'# 'th (#)ut" "t& ')h &*#( &

")u't&() '$ &)#u#t t("" & th# 25 @* '$ EHV

"(u"t (#'8#(). P&ut"& ' # '))""#$ (&'$% "t& th#

&&/" 't#&("#)-I, Sa$in Po$$ution5 'u)#$ % )'t $#&)"t) " &')t' '(#').

Th# '$*#()# ##t #t !'""#$ " &% hu!"$ '$ "ht

('" &$"t"&) (#)ut" " )#("#) & ')h&*#()."", Ch+i#a$ an! In!ustria$ Po$$ution -7')t# ')#) (&!

"$u)t("#) h%$(&h&(" '"$ )uhu(" '"$ h%$(&u&("

'"$ u!#) #t. '$ !"ut# '(t"#) & u(#' #!#t #t. '#t

")u't&() & th# ##t(""#$ t('8) " th# *"""t% & th#)#

"$u)t("#). Th#)# &$"t"&) &t &% ##t th# ")u't&() ut

')& '#t th# )t## '(t) "u$" !')t /h"h &((&$#

('"$% '$ ##$ (#u#t 'tt#t"&. S#"' )t#) '(# (#u"(#$

t& # t'8# th(&uh&ut th# %#'( )u"t'% !&$"%" th#

")u't&( #'" )h#$u#) t& #)u(# t(&u# (## )#(*"#.


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th# OHE (#'t% #'$ "'% t& ' ')h&*#(. >u(th#( ' $"(t%

")u't&( & ' )#t"& ")u't&( ' (#)ut " ' $'#(&u)

&t#t"' " ' )#t"& !'$# $#'$. Th# (#!#$% "#) " #'"

th# ")u't&() 't (#u'( "t#(*'). 7h#(# th#(# ") & &ut"&#'" ##$ # $&# &% &# ' %#'( &( #*# 't &#(

"t#(*'). 7h#(# &ut"& ") &t '(#"'% h"h th# "t#(*'

!'% # th(## !&th) &( &#( $##$" u& th# $#(## &

&ut"& " th# '(#'. G##('% " h#'*% "$u)t(% '(#') !&(#

(#u#t #'" & ")u't&() !'% h'*# t& # $&#. C#'"

") $&# % /"" th# )u('# /"th ' "## & $(% &th. A /#t

&th !'% # ##))'(% " th# &'t" ") h'($. I th# $#&)"t)'(# &"% #t(& !'% # u)#$ &( #'". I th") t&& "

"##t"*# /h#(# #(u)t't"& h') #&!# h'($ $u# t&

&t"u#$ ##t th# &'t" !'% h'*# t& #(#!&*#$ % (u" /"th ' /#t &"( (&# u)" ' )u"t'#

$#t#(#t. At#( (#!&*" th# $#&)"t) th# )u('# & th#

")u't&( )h&u$ # /')h#$ /# /"th /'t#( /"#$ /"th $(%

&th '$ &")h#$ ut" th# &(!' ':# ") (#)t&(#$. Th#

#("&$""t% & #'" & ")u't&() " &ut#$ &'t"&)

)h&u$ # '"$ $&/ % &' ")t(ut"&). Th# '#t#$ )#t"&

)h&u$ # $"*"$#$ "t& *'("&u) :&#) ')#$ & th# $#(## '$

'tu(# & &ut"& A$ #("&$""t% & ")u't&( #'" "9#$

)u"t'%. Th# #'" /" # (#u"(#$ !&(# (#u#t% "

&% /#'th#( &!'(#$ t& $(% &( ('"% )#')&. Th# #("&$""t% !'% # (#*"#/#$ ')#$ & ##t & )#"'

!#')u(# Oth#( )t#) &( (#$u" ')h&*#() $u# t& &ut"&

", A**$i#ation o" Hi%h 3o$ta% Insu$tin% Si$i#on

Co+*oun!5 Th# (#u#% & !'u' #'" ' #

)u)t't"'% (#$u#$ % '"'t"& & )""&# (#')# &(

)"!"'( 't" t('8" &!&u$). A"'t"& & h"h

$"##t(" )t(#th 't" '"$" *'(")h h') ')&


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## &u$ t& # u)#u u$#( #(t'" &$"t"&). Th# )u('#

& th# ")u't&( ") #'#$ '$ th# ' "ht &'t & th# !'t#("'

") '"#$ )& th't ' $u)t '$ /'t#( (###t )u('# ")

(&$u#$."", Us o" $on%r #r*a% *ath insu$ators5


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$u(" th# 'u' !'"t#'# &!'(# th# *'u#) "*# "

') #(#t#$ '$ t'8# &((#t"*# 't"& ') (#u"(#$.

R%u$atin% E/ui*+nt


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T& '""t't# h#8" th# &)"t"& & th# &tt&! & th#

&ut#(/#"ht &((#)&$" t& th# &/#)t '$ h"h#)t

t#!#('tu(# )h&u$ # !'(8#$ & th# !')t) % !#') & '8

'$) & /"$th 20!!. Th# &)"t"& & th# &ut#(/#"ht 't'!"#t t#!#('tu(# & 35 $#(## C !'% # !'(8#$ % ' (#$

'$ /h"h ' # )## $u(" t(&#% ")#t"& (#'$"%. Th#

&tt&! & &ut#( /#"ht )h&u$ &""$# /"th th# '$ !'(8.

2. Th usua$ !"#ts to b $oo'! "or in th *u$$& b$o#'

t&* o" /ui*+nt ar 9

a, D'!'# t& u#% (&&*#) % th# )t'"#)) )t## (&# $u# t&!")'"!#t & th# #u"!#t '$ th# 't#'(% /"(# #"

&t *#(t"'% '&*# th# &t't /"(# 't th# t#(!"'t"&.b, S#":" & th# ##$# #'(") $u# t& $(%" u & u("'t'$ &)#u#t '!!" & th# Pu#%).

#, Q'!!" & u"$# u#% $u# t& '8 & u("'t"& '$

&)#u#t (&&*" & th# u#%. Th") ' # h#8#$ %

u)h" u th# &ut#( /#"ht '$ '&/" "t t& $#)#t $u#

t& "t) &/ /#"ht.!, D'!'# t& #&(## /')h#() (&*"$#$ #t/## u#%)

(#)ut" " "(#)) & $"(t '$ /'t#( "t& th# ##$# #'(")., #t )"$" (&$) &)t(ut" th# !&*#!#t & th# !&*'#

u#%.", B&8" & (#')# "#). Th#)# $##t) #9#t &( (#'#!#t & th# u"$# u#% '$ 'tt#t"& t& &8#$

(#')# "#) '(# &t ''# & #" 'tt#$#$ t& "-)"tu.Th# &!#t# #u"!#t )h&u$ # (#'#$ /"th ' )'(# &#

'$ th# (#!&*#$ #u"!#t t'8# t& th# /&(8)h& &(

'tt#t"&. Th# !'" u#% '$ u"$# u#% #'(") & th#

u#% &8 t%# #u"!#t )h&u$ # u("'t#$ u)"

'(&*#$ t%# & (#')# /h"h /" # '# t& /"th)t'$ 60

$#(## C /"th&ut $(%".


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A&th#( "!&(t't h#8 (#u"(#$ &( th# u#% &8 t%#

#u"!#t ") t& )## th't th't th# )t& ut) (&*"$#$ 't th# #$

& th# u"$# (&$) '(# "t't. Th#)# '(# (&*"$#$ t& (#*#t th#

!&*'# u#% &!" & th# u"$# (&$) " th# #*#t & (#'8'# & th# )t'"#)) )t## (&#.

? Th #o++on !"#ts to b $oo'! "or in th (in#h t&*

/ui*+nt ar 5

a, O*#( ("$" & )t'"#)) )t## (&# '$ (':" & (&&*#).b, B(#'8'# & )t('$) & )t'"#)) )t## /"(# (&#.#, S#":u(# & u#% #'(".

!, T"t" & 't"-'" $#*"#.St'"#)) )t## (&#) )h&u$ # #9'!"#$ #("&$"'% /"th '

!'"%" ')) &( utt" '$ &th#(

)") & &((&)"&.R#u't" #u"!#t) )h&u$ # h#8#$ #("&$"'% &(

(## !&*#!#t /"th th# h# & ' )(" ''#. I u

(#u"(#$ &( ' *")"# !&*#!#t & &ut#( /#"ht #9##$) 10

8. Th# (#u't" #u"!#t )h&u$ # &*#(h'u#$.

7h##*#( ' 't&FOHE #t'#!#t t'8#) '# th#

(#u't" #u"!#t) & ' th# &#(#$ OHE) )h&u$ #

h#8#$ th&(&uh% '(t"u'(% " '% & th#! /')

&*#(h'u#$ !&(# th' t/& %#'() #'("#(.


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&)t "t) &" &t#t '$ #9h""t) th# &)")t#% & h'($ )&'

th# )&u(# '$ t%# & (#')# u)#$ ""t"'% )h&u$ #

"*#)t"'t#$. Th# &$"t"& & (u#( &( #t )#') (&*"$#$ t&

(#*#t th# "(#)) & /'t#( "t& #'(") )h&u$ # h#8#$'$ " th#% h'*# $#t#("&('t#$ th# u'"t% '$ )&u(# )h&u$ #

"*#)t"'t#$ '$ (#!#$"' )t#) t'8#. A )#') )h&u$

"*'("'% # (#'#$ $u(" #("&$"' &*#(h'u u#)) th#"(

&$"t"& ") &u$ t& # &&$ #&uh t& /&(8 )'t")'t&("%

&( '&th#( &u( %#'().? M&)t & th# &"t) !#t"&#$ '&*# '(# ')& '"'# t&

u#% t%# (#u't" #u"!#t/h"h ") &/ )t'$'($.

OHE Ins*#tion Car )To(r Wa%on,5

1. OHE ")#t"& '( h') ' 8#% (&# " th# !'"t#'# &

OHE '$ &( 'tt#$" t& (#'8 $&/). Th# )'t")'t&(%

u 8## & th# '( ") th#(#&(# &( ut!&)t "!&(t'#.

AT>O +OHE, )h&u$ #)u(# th't th# '( u$#( h")

&t(& ") !'"t'"#$ )'t")'t&("% '$ ") '*'"'# 't '

t"!#) &( 'tt#$" t& OHE '$ &( u)# " th# #*#t & (#'8 $&/).

2. E'h '( )h&u$ '((% ##))'(% t&&) &( !'"t#'#

& OHE '$ 'tt#$" t& (#'8$&/) )uh ') t'8#)

)t('"" )(#/) '!) (&#) ' !""!u! & t/&

'$$#() ') /# ') ' '$#u't# )t&8 & ")u't&()

#th) & &t't '$ 't#'(% /"(#) '$ &th#( OHE"tt"). AT>O+OHE, )h&u$ #)u(# th't t&&) '$


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#u"!#t ') #( th# '(&*#$ ")t '(# '/'%) '*'"'#

" th# '(.


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3- A !&th% !#h'"' ")#t"& & th# &"#) '$ (u"

#'( & #'h '( )h' # $&# % ' &!"'t#$ TR & th#


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M#h'"' D#'(t!#t h#'$u'(t#(#$ &)# t& th# OHE

$#&t /h#(# th# '( ") &(!'% )t'#$. >&( #'h '( & '

&' R'"/'% th# TR (#)&)"# &( !&th% !#h'"'

")#t"& /" # &!"'t#$ '$ ' &"t "(u'( t& th") ##t

"))u#$ % CME '$ CEE '%" $&/ h") $ut"#).

4-Th# $'% t& $'% !'"t#'# & th# $"#)# #"#) '$

$("*" #'( & th# '( /" # th# (#)&)"""t% & th#

AT>O+OHE, &#(#$. Th# OHE ")#t"& '( $("*#()

)h&u$ '((% &ut th# $'"% !'"t#'#. S#"'")t )t'

&*#()'t /"th th# !'"t#'# '$ &*#(h'u & $"#)#

#"#) '$ $("*" #'( )h&u$ # '*'"'# & #'h $"*")"&

&( 'tt#$" t& !&th% '$ )"9 !&th% !'"t#'# & th#

$"#)# #"#) '

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