Accessibility, Usability and User Centred Design (User centred design)
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Transcript of Accessibility, Usability and User Centred Design (User centred design)
AccessibilityUsabilityUser centred designUser centred design
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David Lamas, TLU, 2010
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Contents
Initial concepts
Accessibility, usability and UCD
David Lamas, TLU, 2010
Initial concepts
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David Lamas, TLU, 2010
User centred design
So… what is user centred design?It’s a design philosophy that believes that real users and
their goals, not just technology, should be the driving force behind the development of a service or product
Its three main principles are:(stated as early as 1985 by Gould and Lewis)
Early focus on users and tasks
Empirical measurement
Iterative design
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User centred design
Early focus on users and tasksThis means understanding who the users will be by directly
studying their cognitive, behavioural, anthropomorphic and attitudinal characteristics
This requiresObserving users doing their normal task
Studying the nature of those tasks
Involving users in the design process
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User centred design
Early focus on users and tasks further means…Asking “what technologies are available to provide better support to users’
goals” rather than asking “where can we deploy this new technology”
Understanding behaviour highlighting priorities, preferences and implicit intensionsOne argument against studying current behaviour is that we are looking to improve
how things work, not to capture bad habits
Supporting human cognitive and physical characteristicsCognitive aspects include attention, memory and perception
Physical aspects include height, mobility and strength
Consulting users throughout the design and development iterationsAnd taking their input seriously into account
Taking all design decisions within the context of the users, their work and their environmentThis does not mean that users are actively involved in design decisions but rather
that designers remain aware of the users while making their decisions
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User centred design
Empirical measurementThis means that the reactions and performance of intended
users to…printed scenarios
manuals and help systems
simulations
prototypes
…should be observed, measured and analysed as early in the design and development process as possible
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User centred design
Iterative designThis means that design and development should be iterative
with cycles of design, test, measure, redesign being repeated as often as necessaryThis way, when problems are found in user testing, they are fixed
and then more tests and observations are carried out to see the effects of the fixes
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Interaction design
User centred interaction design is based on four basic activities:Identifying needs and establishing requirements for the user experience
In order to design something to support people, we must know who our target users are and what kind of support an interactive product could usefully provide
Developing alternative designs that meet those requirementsActually supplying ideas for meeting the requirements is the core activity of
designing
Building interactive versions of the designs
Evaluating what is being built throughout the process and the user experience it offersEvaluation is the process of determining the usability and acceptability of a
service or product
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Interaction design
But… how do we go about these four basic activities?Understanding what activities are involved in user centred
interaction design is important but so it is to understand how the activities are related to one another so that the full development process can be perceivedThere are a number of lifecycle models that capture a set of
activities and hoe the are relatedWaterfall lifecycle model
Spiral lifecycle model
Dynamic systems development lifecycle model
Agile development lifecycle model
Star lifecycle model
Usability engineering lifecycle model
Human-centred design lifecycle model
ISO 13407
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Interaction design
And lifecycle models are important…They allow designers, developers and particularly managers
to get an overall view of the foreseen or ongoing effortSo that progress can be tracked, deliverables specified, resources
allocated, targets set, etc.
Existing models have varying levels of sophistication and complexityBut using them does not mean that innovation is lost or that
creativity is compromised
They are just a simplified version of realityAnd as with any good abstraction, only the amount of detail required
for the task at hand should be included
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Interaction design
And lifecycle models are important…Just as we can assert that no product has ever been created
in a single moment of inspiration… …especially when the product is entirely new, the development of a set of requirements may well depend upon testing initial ideas in some depth.
W. H. Mayall, Principles of Design, 1979
The plan is the generator. Without a plan, you have lack of order and wilfulness. The plan holds in itself the essence of sensation
Le Corbusier, Towards a New Architecture, 1931
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Methods
Now we have user centred interaction design…principles
activities
lifecycles
What’s missing?The methods
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Methods
Empirical methodsCard sorting, contextual enquiry, focus groups, interview, log
file analysis, paper prototype test, survey, task analysis, live prototype test
Inspection methodsExpert review, guided walkthrough, heuristic evaluation
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Accessibility, usability and UCD
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Accessibility
Loiacono, E. T., Romano, N. C., and McCoy, S. 2009. The state of corporate website accessibility. Commun. ACM 52, 9 (Sep. 2009), 128-132
Patience Agabirwe
Norbert Kaarest
Monica Gakindi
Geroli Peedu
Kirke Raud
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Accessibility
Hailpern, J., Guarino-Reid, L., Boardman, R., and Annam, S. 2009. Web 2.0: blind to an accessible new world. InProceedings of the 18th international Conference on World Wide Web (Madrid, Spain, April 20 - 24, 2009). WWW '09. ACM, New York, NY, 821-830
Lin Bian
Norbert Kaarest
Ilya Shmorgun
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Accessibility
Bigham, J. P. 2007. Accessmonkey: enabling and sharing end user accessibility improvements. SIGACCESS Access. Comput. , 89 (Sep. 2007), 3-6.
Ilya Shmorgun
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Accessibility
Shneiderman, B., 2000. Universal Usability: pushing human-computer interaction research to empower every citizen. Communications of the ACM 43(5), pp. 85-91.Jakob Kangur
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Accessibilty
Obrenovic, Z., Abascal, J. and Stracevic, S. Universal Accessibility as a Multimodal Design Issue. Communications of the ACM May 2007/Vol. 50, No. 5, p. 83-88.Maarja Pajusalu
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Usability
Dicks, R. S. 2002. Mis-usability: on the uses and misuses of usability testing. In Proceedings of the 20th Annual international Conference on Computer Documentation (Toronto, Ontario, Canada, October 20 - 23, 2002). SIGDOC '02. ACM, New York, NY, 26-30.
Patience Agabirwe
Maibritt Kuuskmãe
Norbert Kaarest
Ilya Shmorgun
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Usability
Gould, J. D. and Lewis, C. 1985. Designing for usability: key principles and what designers think. Commun. ACM 28, 3 (Mar. 1985), 300-311.
Monica Gakindi
Ilya Shmorgun
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Usability
Hollingsed, T. and Novick, D. G. 2007. Usability inspection methods after 15 years of research and practice. InProceedings of the 25th Annual ACM international Conference on Design of Communication (El Paso, Texas, USA, October 22 - 24, 2007). SIGDOC '07. ACM, New York, NY, 249-255.
Jakob Kangur
Monica Gakindi
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Sauro, J., Kindlund, E. A Method to Standardize Usability Metrics Into a Single Score. CHI Papers: Methods and Usability. April 2-7 2005 Portland, Oregon, Usa.Maarja Pajusalu
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Usability
Hornbæk, K. and Frøkjær, E. 2008. Making use of business goals in usability evaluation: an experiment with novice evaluators. In Proceeding of the Twenty-Sixth Annual SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems(Florence, Italy, April 05 - 10, 2008). CHI '08. ACM, New York, NY, 903-912.
Lin Bian
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Usability
Als, B. S., Jensen, J. J., and Skov, M. B. 2005. Comparison of think-aloud and constructive interaction in usability testing with children. In Proceedings of the 2005 Conference on interaction Design and Children (Boulder, Colorado, June 08 - 10, 2005). IDC '05. ACM, New York, NY, 9-16.
Lin Bian
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Contents
Initial concepts
Accessibility, usability and UCD
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Suggested viewing
Designing Interactions http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kVkQYvN4_HA&feature=PlayList&p=32A089D3E2DFB65D&playnext_from=PL&playnext=1&index=11 Bill Moggridge talk at Stanford University
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Elective readings
Williams, A. 2009. User-centered design, activity-centered design, and goal-directed design: a review of three methods for designing web applications. In Proceedings of the 27th ACM international Conference on Design of Communication (Bloomington, Indiana, USA, October 05 - 07, 2009). SIGDOC '09. ACM, New York, NY, 1-8.
Mao, J., Vredenburg, K., Smith, P. W., and Carey, T. 2001. User-centered design methods in practice: a survey of the state of the art. In Proceedings of the 2001 Conference of the Centre For Advanced Studies on Collaborative Research (Toronto, Ontario, Canada, November 05 - 07, 2001). D. A. Stewart and J. H. Johnson, Eds. IBM Centre for Advanced Studies Conference. IBM Press, 12.
Jokela, T., Iivari, N., Matero, J., and Karukka, M. 2003. The standard of user-centered design and the standard definition of usability: analyzing ISO 13407 against ISO 9241-11. In Proceedings of the Latin American Conference on Human-Computer interaction (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, August 17 - 20, 2003). CLIHC '03, vol. 46. ACM, New York, NY, 53-60.
Kujala, S. and Kauppinen, M. 2004. Identifying and selecting users for user-centered design. In Proceedings of the Third Nordic Conference on Human-Computer interaction (Tampere, Finland, October 23 - 27, 2004). NordiCHI '04, vol. 82. ACM, New York, NY, 297-303.
Mao, J., Vredenburg, K., Smith, P. W., and Carey, T. 2005. The state of user-centered design practice. Commun. ACM 48, 3 (Mar. 2005), 105-109.
Kiris, E. 2004. User-centered eService design and redesign. In CHI '04 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Vienna, Austria, April 24 - 29, 2004). CHI '04. ACM, New York, NY, 990-1003.
Ungar, J. and White, J. 2008. Agile user centered design: enter the design studio - a case study. In CHI '08 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Florence, Italy, April 05 - 10, 2008). CHI '08. ACM, New York, NY, 2167-2178.
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Further readings
Sharp et al. 2007. Interaction Design, Wiley
Shneiderman and Plaisant 2010. Designing the User Interface, Addison Wesley
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Relevant links
ACM’s special interest group on computer human interactionhttp://www.sigchi.org/
Usability Professionals Associationhttp://www.upassoc.org/