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Reading 6th Grade 7th Grade 8th Grade

Reading Strategies Reading Strategies Reading Strategies

1. Questioning 1. Setting a Purpose and Previewing 1. Previewing

2. Activating Prior Knowledge 2. Relating to Personal Experience 2. Using Graphic Organizers

3. Predicting 3. Making and Confirming Predictions 3. Reacting and Connecting

4. Reacting and Connecting 4. Monitoring Your Understanding 4. Clarifying and Questioning

5. Taking Notes 5. Visualizing 5. Paraphrasing

6. Summarizing 6. Skimming 6. Outlining

7. Visualizing 7. Outlining 7. Rereading

8. Paraphrasing 8. Skimming and Scanning

9. Summarizing

Text Structure Text Structure Text Structure

8. Sequence 10. Chronological Order 9. Spatial Order

9. Comparison-Contrast 11. Cause-Effect 10. Classification

10. Cause-Effect 12. Process 11. Induction and Deduction

11. Classification 13. Comparison-Contrast 12. Order of Importance

Comprehension Skills Comprehension Skills Comprehension Skills

12. Main Idea and Supporting Details 14. Main Idea and Supporting Details 13. Implied Main Idea

13. Making an Inference 15. Inferences and Conclusions 14. Drawing Conclusions

14. Author’s Purpose & Point of View 16. Using Text Evidence 15. Facts and Opinions

15. Facts and Opinions 17. Generalizations 16. Comparing and Contrasting Texts

16. Reading Critically 18. Reading Critically 17. Persuasive Techniques

17. Evaluating 19. Author’s Purpose and Perspective

Reading StrategiesReading Strategies Reading Strategies

Text StructureText Structure Text Structure

Comprehension Skills Comprehension Skills Comprehension Skills

Academic Workout Tables of Contents

2

L E V E L S 6 – 8

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6th Grade 7th Grade 8th Grade

Focus on Fiction Focus on Fiction Focus on Fiction

26. Plot 28. Plot and Conflict 26. Plot Organization

27. Character 29. Characterization 27. Setting and Mood

28. Setting 30. Kinds of Narrators 28. Characters and Theme

29. Theme 31. Theme and Theme Statements 29. Historical Fiction

30. First-person Point of View 32. Myth and Legend 30. Fantasy and Science Fiction

31. Third-person Point of View 33. Folktale and Fable 31. Tales

Focus on Nonfiction Focus on Nonfiction Focus on Nonfiction

32. Visuals 34. Maps 32. Graphs and Tables

33. Parts of a Book 35. Graphs 33. Narrative Nonfiction

34. Biography 36. Formal and Informal Essays 34. Essay

35. Autobiography 37. Magazine Article 35. Autobiographical Writing

36. Newspaper Article 38. Biographical Writing 36. Reading a Website

39. Workplace and Consumer Material

Focus on Poetry and Drama Focus on Poetry and Drama Focus on Poetry and Drama

37. Rhyme 40. Sound Devices 37. Repetition of Sounds

38. Rhythm 41. Rhythm and Meter 38. Poetic Structure

39. Structure and Shape 42. Types of Poetry 39. Forms of Poetry

40. Parts of a Play 43. Reading Plays 40. Dialogue and Monologue

41. Dialogue and Dialect

Elements of Literature Elements of Literature Elements of Literature

42. Metaphor and Simile 44. Foreshadowing and Flashbacks 41. Tone and Irony

43. Word Choice and Repetition 45. Imagery 42. Point of View

44. Mood and Tone 46. Irony 43. Symbolism and Allusion

45. Symbolism 47. Personification and Hyperbole 44. Figurative Language

46. Sensory Details 48. Style 45. Sensory Language and Imagery

Literature

Focus on Fiction Focus on Fiction Focus on Fiction

Focus on NonfictionFocus on Nonfiction Focus on Nonfiction

Focus on Poetry and DramaFocus on Poetry and Drama Focus on Poetry and Drama

Elements of LiteratureElements of Literature Elements of Literature

Word Power Word Power Word Power

18. Context Clues 20. Context Clues 18. Context Clues

19. Homophones 21. Synonyms and Connotations 19. Connotations and Denotations

20. Multiple-meaning Words 22. Idioms, Slang, and Dialect 20. Formal and Informal Language

21. Using a Dictionary 23. Using a Dictionary 21. Using a Thesaurus

22. Word Origins 24. Analogies 22. Analogies and Arguments

Word Parts Word Parts Word Parts

23. Prefixes 25. Prefixes 23. Influences on Language

24. Suffixes 26. Suffixes 24. Word Derivatives

25. Roots 27. Greek and Latin Roots 25. Anglo-Saxon, Greek, and Latin Roots

Vocabulary

Word Parts Word Parts Word Parts

6th Grade 7th Grade 8th Grade

Word Power Word Power Word Power

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Writing

6th Grade 7th Grade 8th Grade

Writing Process Writing Process Writing Process and Strategies

47. Prewriting 49. Prewriting 46. Understanding Audience and Purpose

48. Drafting 50. Drafting 47. Revising

49. Revising 51. Revising 48. Editing and Proofreading

50. Editing and Proofreading 52. Editing and Proofreading 49. Evaluating with a Rubric

50. Writing from Models

Effective Paragraphs, Effective Paragraphs, Effective Paragraphs,

Sentences, and Words Sentences, and Words Sentences, and Words

51. Paragraph Parts 53. Paragraph Parts 51. Supporting a Thesis

52. Paragraph Development & Details 54. Paragraph Development and Details 52. Introductions

53. Organization and Transition 55. Organization and Transitions 53. Conclusions

54. Sentence Variety 56. Sentence Variety 54. Sentence Style

55. Precise Words 58. Formal and Informal English 55. Word Choice

56. Formal and Informal English

Modes and Forms of Writing Forms of Writing Forms of Writing

57. Narrative Writing 59. Personal Narrative 56. Biography

58. Descriptive Writing 60. Poem 57. Expository Essay

59. Expository Writing 61. Persuasive Essay 58. Technical Writing

60. Persuasive Writing 62. Literary Interpretation 59. Review

61. Story 63. Business Letter 60. Editorial

62. Expository Essay 64. Research Report 61. Literary Analysis

63. Friendly Letter 62. Multimedia Report

64. Response to Literature

65. Research Report

Writing Process Writing Process Writing Process and Strategies

Effective Paragraphs, Effective Paragraphs, Effective Paragraphs,

Sentences, and Words Sentences, and Words Sentences, and Words

Modes and Forms of Writing Forms of Writing Forms of Writing

4

L E V E L S 6 – 8

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6th Grade 7th Grade 8th Grade

Sentence Basics Sentence Basics Sentence Basics

66. Sentence Parts 65. Complete Sentences 63. Basic Sentence Patterns

67. Phrases and Clauses 66. Independent and Dependent Clauses 64. Sentence Structure

68. Fragments 67. Sentence Types 65. Fragments and Run-ons

69. Run-ons 68. Parts of Speech 66. Subject-Verb Agreement

70. Parts of Speech

Grammar and Usage Grammar and Usage Grammar and Usage

71. Subject-Verb Agreement 69. Subject-Verb Agreement 67. Pronoun Usage

72. Plurals 70. Pronouns and Antecedents 68. Types of Pronouns

73. Possessives 71. Dangling and Misplaced Modifiers 69. Common and Irregular Verbs

74. Subject and Object Pronouns 72. Plurals 70. Verbals

75. Regular and Irregular Verbs 73. Possessives 71. Troublesome Verb Pairs

76. Verb Tenses 74. Active and Passive Voice 72. Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases

77. Adjectives and Adverbs 75. Comparing with Adjectives & Adverbs

Punctuation, Mechanics, Punctuation, Mechanics, Punctuation, Mechanics,

and Spelling and Spelling and Spelling

78. Commas 76. Commas 73. Using Adjectives and Adverbs

79. Colons and Semicolons 77. Colons and Semicolons 74. Commas

80. Capitalization 78. Quotation Marks 75. Apostrophes

81. Spelling 79. Capitalization 76. Hyphens and Dashes

80. Problem Word Pairs 77. Direct and Indirect Quotations

78. Abbreviations and Titles

79. Improving Your Spelling

Grammar, Usage, Mechanics, and Spelling

Sentence Basics Sentence Basics Sentence Basics

Grammar and Usage Grammar and Usage Grammar and Usage

Punctuation, Mechanics, Punctuation, Mechanics, Punctuation, Mechanics,

and Spelling and Spelling and Spelling

Study and Test-taking Study and Test-taking Study and Test-taking

Strategies Strategies Strategies

82. Using Graphic Organizers 81. Activating Prior Knowledge 80. Reviewing and Summarizing

83. Outlining 82. Planning Your Time 81. Taking and Organizing Notes

84. Preparing for and Taking Tests 83. Following Directions 82. Types of Questions

85. Writing Tests and Writing Prompts 84. Objective Tests 83. Directions and Questions

85. Essay Tests 84. Writing Tests

Research Skills Research Skills Research Skills

86. Research Topics and Questions 86. Types of Resources 85. Using the Internet

87. Locating Resources: Online Searches 87. Primary and Secondary Sources 86. Synthesizing Multiple Sources

88. Locating Resources: Library Catalogs 88. Organizing Your Notes 87. Using Visuals and Multimedia

89. Evaluating Sources 89. Paraphrasing vs. Quoting 88. Locating and Selecting Sources

90. Citing Sources 90. Documenting Sources 89. Reliability of Sources

90. Documentation Styles and Formats

6th Grade 7th Grade 8th Grade

Study and Test-taking

Strategies

Study and Test-taking Study and Test-taking

Strategies Strategies

Research Skills Research Skills Research Skills

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Academic and Study Skills

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Standards

1 Introduce • Introduce the topic by writing the following sentences on the board:

New York City is a great place to open a restaurant.

New York City is the best city in which to live in the United States.

New York City has the largest population of any city in the U.S.

A S K : Which statement do you think would be the easiest to prove?

Students should say the third statement because it is a fact based on statistics.

A S K : Which statement would be the most diffi cult to prove?

Students should say the second statement because it is opinion, and there are

no facts to prove it.

• Tell students that this lesson is about how to present facts and opinions in a

persuasive essay.

2 Teach • As you read the overhead aloud, check students’ understanding of the academic

vocabulary.

A S K : Why is it a good idea to anticipate objections in a persuasive essay?

(because it takes away some of the force of arguments the reader might make

against the author’s position)

• Read and discuss the Model.

A S K : How might the author’s position be supported by facts, anecdotes,

statistics, or expert opinions?

Ask students to provide examples.

Writing

• Plan a persuasive essay

• Select a subject

• Support a position

• Use an introduction and a conclusion

Persuasive Essay61.

• A persuasive essay attempts to infl uence a reader’s thinking. It may try to convince the reader to think in a certain way or take action.

• Key elements of successful, well-written persuasive essays include:

1. a clearly stated opinion or position on an issue, presented in the introduction and summarized in the conclusion.

2. strong arguments, reasons, and/or evidence (such as examples, facts, statistics, or expert fi ndings) presented in a logical order.

3. convincing, appropriate language and a reasonable tone (that avoids negative or insulting language or emotion).

4. anticipation of possible objections and an attempt to answer them.

Young people should be included on the planning committee

for the new youth center. Recent community surveys show

that a center planned by adults is unlikely to meet the needs of

young people. Teenagers have clearly said they won’t use a center

that doesn’t meet their needs.

Some people may argue that young people aren’t mature

enough to help with the planning. But past experiences

suggest that simply isn’t true. Consider how valuable their

contributions were when West Park was redesigned.

Clearly Stated Position There is no doubt how the writer feels about this debatable issue.

Argument and Evidence Reasons based on survey results appear in the first paragraph.

Anticipate Objections Acknowledge and answer any arguments.

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Model

Did you mention... that words that evoke an emotional response should

be avoided in a persuasive essay based on reason? Use of derogatory

terms is a form of name-calling. For example, do you describe a leader as

aggressive or assertive? Is a part of town neglected or a slum?

Persuasive Essay61.Academic and Study Skills

• Form and support opinions

Reading

• Use text evidence as support

L I S T E N I N G A N D S P E A K I N G E X T E N S I O N

Standard: Organize arguments for a debate

Explain that a debate is similar to a persuasive essay because

the 2 teams take opposing positions on an issue and provide

reasonable arguments to support their positions. Point out

that one doesn’t have to agree with a position to debate it. The

winner of a debate is the team that presents the best collection

of arguments.

Have the class select a current topic of interest to debate. Then

organize the class into groups of 6. Randomly assign 3 students

to argue in favor of the issue and 3 to take the opposite position.

Students should brainstorm possible arguments and then make

a list of the supporting evidence. Encourage students to use a

variety of supporting details and consider opposing arguments.

W R I T I N G L E V E L 7 T E A C H E R ’ S G U I D E L E S S O N

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108 Academic Workout Assessment Book

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✃W R I T I N G Name:

W R I T I N G Name: Date:

Review 61. P E R S U A S I V E E S S A Y

Read the following excerpt from a persuasive essay. Then answer the questions.

Quiz 61. P E R S U A S I V E E S S A Y

Circle the best answer for each question.

1. A persuasive essay attempts to

A infl uence a reader’s thinking.B entertain a reader.C describe an autobiographical experience. D all of the above

2. An effective persuasive essay doesn’t need evidence to support the writer’s position.

A TrueB False

3. A successful, well-written essay should include

A a clearly stated position.B strong arguments, reasons, and/or evidence.C a reasonable tone.D all of the above

4. When writing a persuasive essay, you should anticipate possible objections to your position.

A TrueB False

People go to movies to escape the irritations of the real world. Nowadays, people are forced to watch fi fteen minutes of television—such as commercials advertising soft drinks and luxury cars, before the movie starts. This bombardment of advertising completely spoils the escape that movies once offered.

As moviegoers, we are a captive audience who are force-fed these unwelcome messages. Unlike radio and television commercials, there is no channel to change. Short of shutting our eyes and

sticking popcorn in our ears, we have no choice but to take in whatever is transmitted. Advertisers must love that.

We already pay overpriced admission fees to see the movies we love. In 2004, the average movie admission fee ranged from eight to twelve dollars. That’s a lot of money. Not to mention the infl ated prices we must pay for refreshments at the snack bar. So, why do movie theater owners make us watch annoying commercials?

1. What is the writer’s position in this essay? 2. Write a possible objection that the writer should anticipate.

W R I T I N G Name:

142 Academic Workout Student Practice

Persuasive Essay61.

Review Key Points• A persuasive essay tries to influence a reader’s thinking by convincing him or

her to think in a certain way or take action.

• Key elements of a persuasive essay include:

1. a clearly stated opinion or position on an issue

2. strong arguments, reasons, and/or evidence presented in a logical order

3. convincing, appropriate language and a reasonable tone

4. anticipation of possible objections and an attempt to answer them

Identify Clearly Stated PositionsExplain whether each sentence does or doesn’t state a clear position on a debatable issue. If a sentence isn’t a clearly stated position statement, tell why not.

1. The grading system in math doesn’t accurately refl ect the students’ knowledge.

2. Our school was named after William McKinley, president of the United States from 1897–1901.

3. Someone needs to do something about the garbage around McKinley Junior High.

4. Extending the school day by one hour would eliminate the need for homework.

5. City taxes should be raised so that there is money to expand the school band program.

6. Many people wonder why the spring dance was canceled.

A

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Academic Vocabulary

evidencefacts, quotes, examples, and other information supporting an opinion; information helpful in forming a conclusion or judgment

logical orderseries or sequence that makes sense, where one idea fl ows naturally into the next

objectionsreasons against something or objecting to something

persuasiveintended to change or infl uence opinion

position point of view or opinion on an issue

toneattitude a writer takes in a piece of writing or toward a subject; way of speaking

3 Practice Student Practice pages 142–145

Less-Profi cient Readers and English Learners

Read aloud Review Key Points with students, pausing to explain and discuss each point.

Work through Parts A and B with students. Then have partners complete

Parts C, D, and E.

On-Level Learners

After students complete Parts A and B, have them work in small groups to fi nd evidence

in the passage in B to support their answers. The same groups can brainstorm additional

ideas for persuasive essays before students complete Parts C, D, and E.

Advanced Learners

Ask students to complete the 4 practice pages. Then have students discuss their plans

and give each other feedback.

4 Assess Use the Quick Assess and Student Practice to monitor how well students grasped

the lesson. Remind students to check off the “I can . . .” statements on Student Practice

page 145.

Quick Assess

A S K :

❏ What should a strong position statement for a persuasive essay include?

❏ What are some supporting details you might use in a persuasive essay?

Discuss students’ ideas.

For students who need extra practice, assign the Review activity on page 108 in

the Assessment Book. Other students can move on to the Quiz on that same page.

To give students practice

with persuasive essays, help

them compare and contrast

2 essays from newspapers

or magazines. You might

also fi nd persuasive essays

suitable for the level of your

students in a collection for

adults, such as Best American

Essays by Robert Atwan.

Have students select an

essay as a model to use for

writing a persuasive essay. Literature

Overhead 36:

Formal and Informal Essays

Student Practice pp. 86–87

Writing

Overhead 55: Elaborating

Student Practice pp. 128–129

Academic and Study Skills

Overhead 85: Essay Tests

Student Practice pp. 198–201

Overhead 36 explains the diff erence between formal and informal essays and points out that

persuasive essays are usually formal in tone. Use Overhead 55 to go over the kinds of elaboration

students can use in writing essays, such as facts and statistics, anecdotes, and examples. Use

Overhead 85 to explain that a persuasive essay is one type of essay students may be asked to write

on an essay test.

U S I N G O T H E R L I T E R A T U R E

Persuasive Essay

U S I N G O T H E R L E S S O N S

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L E V E L 7 S T U D E N T P R A C T I C E L E S S O N

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L E V E L 7 S T U D E N T P R A C T I C E L E S S O N

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Persuasive Essay61.

• A persuasive essay attempts to infl uence a reader’s thinking. It may try to convince the reader to think in a certain way or take action.

• Key elements of successful, well-written persuasive essays include:

a clearly stated opinion or position on an issue, presented in the introduction and summarized in the conclusion.

strong arguments, reasons, and/or evidence (such as examples, facts, statistics, or expert fi ndings) presented in a logical order.

convincing, appropriate language and a reasonable tone (that avoids negative or insulting language or emotion).

anticipation of possible objections and an attempt to answer them.

Young people should be included on the planning committee

for the new youth center. Recent community surveys show

that a center planned by adults is unlikely to meet the needs of

young people. Teenagers have clearly said they won’t use a center

that doesn’t meet their needs.

Some people may argue that young people aren’t mature

enough to help with the planning. But past experiences

suggest that simply isn’t true. Consider how valuable their

contributions were when West Park was redesigned.

Clearly Stated Position There is no doubt how the writer feels about this debatable issue.

Argument and Evidence Reasons based on survey results appear in the first paragraph.

Anticipate Objections Acknowledge and answer any arguments.

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