Ac Motor Speed Control Using Pwm Technique

8/12/2019 Ac Motor Speed Control Using Pwm Technique

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AC MOTOR SPEED CONTROL

USING PWM TECHNIQUE

1

http://www.projecttopics.info/forum/viewtopic.php?f=9&t=460&sid=b5d077f5f2e08567b81cfcec4a49b6fb#p521

http://www.projecttopics.info/forum/viewtopic.php?f=9&t=460&sid=b5d077f5f2e08567b81cfcec4a49b6fb#p521



CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO DESCRIPTION PAGE NO

1 ABSTRACT 4

2 INTRODUCTION 4

3 BLOCK DIAGRAM 5

4 BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION

4.1 MICROCONTROLLER 5

4.2 DAC 6

4.3 ZERO CROSSING DETECTOR 6

4.4 RAMP GENERATOR 6

4.5 OPTOCOUPLER 6

4.6 TRIAC 6

5 COMPONENTS DETAILED EXPLANATION

5.1 MICROCONTROLLER 7

5.2 POWER SUPPLIES 31

5.3 RAMP GENERATOR 33 5.4 ZERO CROSSING DETECTOR 34

5.5 DAC 41

5.6 OPTOCOUPLER 45

5.7 TRIAC 48

8 PCB DESIGN

8.1 INTRODUCTION 55

8.2 MANUFACTURING 55

8.3 SOFTWARE 55

8.4 PANELISATION 55

8.5 DRILLING 55

8.6 PLATING 55

8.7 ETCING 56

8.8 SOLDER MASK 56

2



8.! OT AIR LE"ELING 56

CHAPTER NO DESCRIPTION PAGE NO

SOFTWARE

! SOFTWARE TOOLS

!.1 KEIL 56

!.2 ASSEMBLING # RUNNING 5!

AN 8$51

6 O"ERALL CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 36

7 O"ERALL CIRCUIT DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION 37

1$ AD"ANTAGES 43

11 APPLICATIONS 43

12 CONCLUSION 44

13 BIBLIOGRAP% 44

3



1. Abstract

AC MOTOR SPEED CONTROL USING PWM METHOD

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6

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronics

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_signal

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_(electricity)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_charge

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog-to-digital_converter

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senses

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genericized_tradename

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_component

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_current

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_light

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimmer

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_fan


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_motor

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_appliance

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_appliance





















. COMPONENTS DETAILED EPLANATION"

.1 MICROCONTROLLER

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7

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input/output

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input/output



ARCHITECTURE O4 AT56S2

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'(+,0+'*( -, (0*/ '( )*, ,'(+'0.

F*, )-? '> * , ('< 0(' 200 '(+,0+'*( * :*/ >'/ +&+ +&

8$51 :*/ 0+ 46$?7!1 '(+,0+'*( -, (0*/. T& 8$51 (* &( +:* , (*:

'(+,0+'*( +&+ ,@', > 4 00( +* 0+'> * :, +* 0+ *+&'< +

+&*( '(+,0+'*( */ >'/ -,>*,)0 +* *+ 23$?3!5 '(+,0+'*( -, (0*/.

I+ '( <' ')-*,++ +* )-&(' +&+ *+ '(+,0+'*( 0+ ' +& () )*+ *>

+'). T& >(+(+ '(+,0+'*( ,@', * )0&' 00 12 0,(+ -((9? ) *+&,(

,@', +:* )0&' 00( 24 0,(+ -((9? / +& +:* , (*: )+& *-,+'*(

,@', >*, )0&' 00( 48 0,(+ -((9.

NOTE M 8$51 /,'+' 0&'-( 0&< '(+,0+'* +')'<. F*, )-? )

*-+')'/ ,('*( *> +& 8$51 0+ '(+,0+'*( ' 4 *(0'+*, 00( '(+/ *> 12=

(0& 0&'- :*/ >>0+' 3 +')( >(+, +& +& 8$51 :& (/ :'+& +& ()

11.$5! M& 0,(+.

S'0 +& '(+,0+'*( ,@', /'>>,+ )*+( *> +') +* 0+ , *'*(

@(+'* 0*)( +* )'/ *: 0 * ;- +,0; *> +') ' +')0,'+'0 --'0+'* '>

: & * ,>,0 +* +') ' +& *+('/ :*,/

L0;'? +& 8$51 '0/( +'),( :&'0& *: ( +* +') +( :'+& &'<& -,0'('*

:&'0& '( +& +*-'0 *> +& + 0&-+,.

571 T!(,rs

16



T& 8$51 0*)( @'--/ :'+& +:* +'),(? *+& *> :&'0& ) 0*+,*/? (+? ,/?

/ 0*>'<,/ '/''/. T& 8$51 +'),( & +&, <, >0+'*( 19 K-'<

+') /*, 00+'< +& )*+ *> +') +: +(? 29 C*+'< +& +(

+&)((? *, 39 G,+'< / ,+( >*, +& (,' -*,+.

T& +&, +'), (( , /'(+'0+ (* : :' +; *+ 0& *> +&) (-,+. T& >',(+

+:* (( :' /'(0((/ ' +&'( 0&-+, :&' +& ( *> +'),( >*, / ,+ <,+'*

:' /'(0((/ ' +& 0&-+, ,+'< +* (,' -*,+(.

Ho= do,s a t!(,r contB

*: /*( +'), 0*+ T& (:, +* +&'( @(+'* '( , (')- A +'), :(

0*+( -. I+ /*(+ )++, :&+&, +& +'), '( '< (/ ( +'),? 0*+,? *,

/ ,+ <,+*, A +'), '( :( '0,)+/ +& )'0,*0*+,*,.

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0*>'<, :&+&, +& +'),( 0*+ - *, /*:. *:,? ('0 +&'( *-+'* *

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+& (+/,/ 8$51. I+ '( * )+'*/ &, ' +& + +&+ * (*+ /

+'), +* 0*+ 0;:,/(? * :' ;*: +&+ * ) +* >'/ 8$51

0*)-+' )'0,*0*+,*, +&+ /*( '+.

USING TIMERS TO MEASURE TIME

O'*(? * *> +& -,'), (( *> +'),( '( +* )(, +'). W :' /'(0(( +&'( (

*> +'),( >',(+ / :' ((@+ /'(0(( +& ( *> +'),( +* 0*+ +(. W&

+'), '( (/ +* )(, +') '+ '( (* 0/ J'+, +'),J ('0 '+ '( )(,'< +&

+') *> +& '+, +: +:* +(.

Ho= %on' do,s a t!(,r ta&, to contB

F',(+? '+( :*,+& )+'*'< +&+ :& +'), '( ' '+, +'), )*/ ( *--*(/ +*

+ 0*+, )*/9 / 0*,,0+ 0*>'<,/? '+ :' '0,)+ 1 , )0&'

00. A( * :' ,0 >,*) +& -,'*( 0&-+,? ('< )0&' 00 0*('(+( *> 12

0,(+ -((. T&( ,'< +'), :' '0,)+/

11?$5!?$$$ 12 !21?583

!21?583 +')( -, (0*/. U'; '(+,0+'*((*) *> :&'0& ,@', 1 )0&' 00?

*+&,( 2? / *+&,( 4+& +'),( , 0*('(++ T& :' :( '0,)+/ *0

-, )0&' 00.

T&( '> +'), &( 0*+/ >,*) $ +* 5$?$$$ * ) 00+

17



5$?$$$ !21?583 .$542

.$542 (0*/( & -((/. I -' E<'(&? *+ &> *> ++& *> (0*/? *, *

+:+'+& *> (0*/.

O'*( '+( *+ , (> +* ;*: .$542 (0*/( & -((/. I> * :+ +* 0+

+ *0 -, (0*/ */ & +* :'+ >*, +& +'), +* 0*+ >,*) $ +* 5$?$$$ 18.45

+')(. *: 0 * :'+ J&> *> +')J %* 0+. S* : 0*) +* *+&, ')-*,++

00+'*.

L+( ( : :+ +* ;*: &*: ) +')( +& +'), :' '0,)+/ ' .$5 (0*/(.

W 0 /* (')- )+'-'0+'*

.$5 !21?583 46?$7!.15.

T&'( +( ( +&+ '+ :' +; .$5 (0*/( 12$+& *> (0*/9 +* 0*+ >,*) $ +* 46?$7!.

A0+? '+ :' +; '+ .$4!!!!837 (0*/((* :, *>> .$$$$$$163 (0*/(

&*:,? +&+( 0*( *<& >*, <*,)+ :*,;. C*('/, +&+ '> * :, '/'<

:+0& (/ * +& 8$51 / )/ +& * (()-+'* *, :+0& :*/ * <'

*+ * (0*/ , 2 )*+&(. A<'? I +&'; +&+( 00,+ *<& >*, )*(+

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O'*(? +&'( '( '++ )*, (>. I> * ;*: '+ +;( 12$+& *> (0*/ +* 0*+

>,*) $ +* 46?$7! / * :+ +* 0+ (*) + , (0*/ * (')- :'+ >*,

+& +'), +* 0*+ >,*) $ +* 46?$7! +:+ +')(= +& * 0+ *, +? ,(+ +&

+'),(? / :'+ >*, +& +'), +* 0*+ - *+&, 2$ +')(. I +&'( ), * :'

>>0+' 0+ *, + *0 -, (0*/? 00,+ +* :'+&' +&*(/+&( *> (0*/.

T&(? : *: & ((+) :'+& :&'0& +* )(, +'). A : / +* ,': '( &*:

+* 0*+,* +& +'),( / ''+'' +&) +* -,*'/ ( :'+& +& '>*,)+'* : /.

T!(,r S4Rs

A( )+'*/ >*,? +& 8$51 &( +:* +'),( :&'0& 0& >0+'* ((+' +& ()

:. O +'), '( TIMER$ / +& *+&, '( TIMER1. T& +:* +'),( (&, +:* SFR(

TMOD / TCON9 :&'0& 0*+,* +& +'),(? / 0& +'), (* &( +:* SFR(//'0+/ (* +* '+(> T$TL$ / T1TL19.

W <' SFR( )( +* ); '+ (', +* ,>, +* +&)? + ' ,'+ SFR &(

),'0 //,((. I+ '( *>+ (> +* ;*: +& ),'0 //,(( +&+ 0*,,(-*/( +*

SFR ). T& SFR( ,+'< +* +'),( ,

18



S4R Na(, D,scr!+t!on S4R Addr,ss

T$ T'), $ '<& B+ 8C&

TL$ T'), $ L*: B+ 8A&

T1 T'), 1 '<& B+ 8D&

TL1 T'), 1 L*: B+ 8B&

TCON T'), C*+,* 88&

TMOD T'), M*/ 8!&

W& * +, +& ) *> SFR '+* ((),? '+ '+, 0*,+( '+ +*

),. F*, )-? +& 0*))/

MO" T$?25&

)*( +& 25& '+* +& T$ SFR. *:,? ('0 T$ '( +& () ( SFR //,((

8C& +&'( 0*))/ '( @'+ +*MO" 8C&?25&

N*:? 0; +* +& +'),(. F',(+? +( +; *+ T'), $.

T'), $ &( +:* SFR( //'0+/ 0(' +* '+(> T$ / TL$. W'+&*+ );'<

+&'<( +** 0*)-'0+/ +* (+,+ *>> :'+&? * ) (+ +&'; *> +&'( ( +& &'<& / *:

+ *> +& +'),. T&+ '( +* (? :& T'), $ &( *> $? *+& T$ / TL$ :'

0*+' $. W& T'), $ &( +& 1$$$? T$ :' &*/ +& &'<& + *> +& 3

/0')9 / TL$ :' 0*+' +& *: + *> +& 232 /0')9. R':'<

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*: + +* 00+ +& >' . T&+ '( +* (

T$ 256 TL$ 1$$$

3 256 232 1$$$

T'), 1 :*,;( +& 0+ () :? + '+( SFR( , T1 / TL1.

S'0 +&, , * +:* +( /*+/ +* +& *> 0& +'), '+ '( --,+ +&+ +&

)')) +'), ) & '( 65?535. I> +'), 0*+'( +& 65?535 / '(

((@+ '0,)+/? '+ :' ,(+*, overflow0; +* $.

T8, TMOD S4R

L+( >',(+ +; *+ *, >',(+ 0*+,* SFR TMOD T'), M*/9. T& TMOD SFR '(

(/ +* 0*+,* +& )*/ *> *-,+'* *> *+& +'),(. E0& '+ *> +& SFR <'( +&

)'0,*0*+,*, (-0'>'0 '>*,)+'* 0*0,'< &*: +* , +'),. T& &'<& >*, '+(

'+( 4 +&,*<& 79 ,+ +* T'), 1 :&,( +& *: >*, '+( '+( $ +&,*<& 39 -,>*,)

+& 0+ () >0+'*(? + >*, +'), $.

1!



T& '/''/ '+( *> TMOD & +& >**:'< >0+'*(

TMOD 8!&9 SFR

$!t Na(, E*+%anat!on o@ 4nct!on T!(,r

7 GATE1

W& +&'( '+ '( (+ +& +'), :' * , :&

INT1 P3.39 '( &'<&. W& +&'( '+ '( 0, +& +'),:' , ,<,/(( *> +& (++ *> INT1.

1

6 CT1

W& +&'( '+ '( (+ +& +'), :' 0*+ +( *

T1 P3.59. W& +&'( '+ '( 0, +& +'), :'

'0,)+/ , )0&' 00.

1

5 T1M1 T'), )*/ '+ ( *:9 1

4 T1M$ T'), )*/ '+ ( *:9 1

3 GATE$

W& +&'( '+ '( (+ +& +'), :' * , :&

INT$ P3.29 '( &'<&. W& +&'( '+ '( 0, +& +'),

:' , ,<,/(( *> +& (++ *> INT$.

$

2 CT$

W& +&'( '+ '( (+ +& +'), :' 0*+ +( *

T$ P3.49. W& +&'( '+ '( 0, +& +'), :'

'0,)+/ , )0&' 00.

$

1 T$M1 T'), )*/ '+ ( *:9 $

$ T$M$ T'), )*/ '+ ( *:9 $

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)*/ *> *-,+'*. T& )*/( *> *-,+'* ,

T*M1 T*M7 T'), M*/ D(0,'-+'* *> M*/

$ $ $ 13'+ T'),.

$ 1 1 16'+ T'),

1 $ 2 8'+ +*,*/

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1#/b!t T!(, Mod, (od, 7

T'), )*/ J$J '( 13'+ +'),. T&'( '( ,'0 +&+ :( ;-+ ,*/ ' +& 8$51 +*)'+' 0*)-+'''+ :'+& '+( -,/0((*,? +& 8$48. G, +& 13'+ +'), )*/ '(

*+ (/ ' : /*-)+.

2$



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*+ 3 *, 4 )*+&(9.

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T'), )*/ J1J '( 16'+ +'),. T&'( '( , 0*))* (/ )*/. I+ >0+'*( (+

'; 13'+ )*/ 0-+ +&+ 16 '+( , (/.

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0(( T +* '0,)+/ 1. S'0 +&'( '( > 16'+ +'),? +& +'), )

0*+' - +* 65536 /'(+'0+ (. I> * (+ 16'+ +'), +* $? '+ :' *,>*: 0; +*

$ >+, 65?536 )0&' 00(.

5/b!t T!(, Mod, (od, 2

T'), )*/ J2J '( 8'+ +*,*/ )*/. W&+ '( +&+? * ) (; S')-. W&

+'), '( ' )*/ 2? T &*/( +& J,*/ J / TL '( +& +'), '+(>. T&(? TL

(+,+( 0*+'< -. W& TL ,0&( 255 / '( ((@+ '0,)+/? '(+/ *>

,(++'< +* $ ( ' +& 0( *> )*/( $ / 19? '+ :' ,(+ +* +& (+*,/ ' T.

F*, )-? +( ( T$ &*/( +& FD& / TL$ &*/( +& FE&. I> : :,

+* :+0& +& ( *> T$ / TL$ >*, >: )0&' 00( +&'( '( :&+ :/ (

Mac8!n, Cc%, TH7 9a%, TL7 9a%,

1 FD& FE&

2 FD& FF&

3 FD& FD&

4 FD& FE&

5 FD& FF&

6 FD& FD&

7 FD& FE&

21



A( * 0 (? +& *> T$ , 0&</. I >0+? :& * ( )*/ 2 *

)*(+ :( (+ T +* ;*: / TL '( +& SFR +&+ '( 0*(++

'0,)+/.

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( / ,+ <,+*, / ( T$TL$ ( +:* (-,+ +'),(.

T8, TCON S4R

F'? +&,( * )*, SFR +&+ 0*+,*( +& +:* +'),( / -,*'/(

'>*,)+'* *+ +&).

22



T& TCON SFR &( +& >**:'< (+,0+,

TCON 88&9 SFR

$!t Na(,$!t

Addr,ssE*+%anat!on o@ 4nct!on T!(,r

7 TF1 8F& T!(,r 1 O,r@%o=. T&'( '+ '( (+ +&)'0,*0*+,*, :& T'), 1 *,>*:(.

1

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*. W& +&'( '+ '( 0, T'), 1 '( *>>.1

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SETB TF1

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23



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-( *> 12$+& *> (0*/

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( *< ( +& +'), &( *+ *,>*:/ / +& TF$ '+ &( *+ (+ +& -,*<,) :'

25



;- 0+'< +&'( () '(+,0+'*. A>+, 12$+& *> (0*/ +'), $ :' *,>*:? (+

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+'). W& +& '<&+ '( +,/ *>> : /*+. O *-+'* :*/ +* 0*0+ +&

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-'(. *:,? *: '+ :*/ '0 '> +, -' 0*/ 0*+,* :&+&, +& +'),

:( ,'< *, *+. I+ 0. A : / +* /* '( 0*0+ +& '<&+(:'+0& +* -' INT$

P3.29 * +& 8$51 / (+ +& '+ GATE$. W& GATE$ '( (+ T'), $ :' * , '>

P3.2 '( &'<&. W& P3.2 '( *: '..? +& '<&+(:'+0& '( *>>9 +& +'), :' +*)+'0

(+*--/.

T&(? :'+& * 0*+,* 0*/ :&+(*,? +& +, -' P3.2 0 0*+,* :&+&, *, *+

*, +'), '( ,'< *, *+.

USING TIMERS AS E9ENT COUNTERS

W /'(0((/ &*: +'), 0 (/ >*, +& *'*( -,-*( *> ;-'< +,0; *>

+'). *:,? +& 8$51 (* *:( ( +* ( +& +'),( +* 0*+ +(.

*: 0 +&'( (> L+( ( * &/ ((*, -0/ 0,*(( ,*/ +&+ :*/ (/

-( , +') 0, -((/ *, '+. T&'( 0*/ (/ +* /+,)' +& *) *>

+,>>'0 * +& ,*/. W 0*/ ++0& +&'( ((*, +* * *> +& 8$51( IO '( /

0*(++ )*'+*, '+? /+0+'< :& '+ -(/ &'<& / +& '0,)+'< *, 0*+,

:& '+ :+ 0; +* *: (++. T&'( '( *+ +,,' /'>>'0+? + ,@',( (*) 0*/.

L+( ( : &**;/ +& ((*, +* P1.$= +& 0*/ +* 0*+ 0,( -(('< :*/ **;

(*)+&'< '; +&'(

26



NB P1.$? =I> 0, &(+ ,'(/ +& ('<? ;- :'+'<

B P1.$? =T& ' '( &'<& :&'0& )( +& 0, '( * +& ((*, ,'<&+ *:

INC COUNTER =T& 0, &( -((/ 0*)-+? (* : 0*+ '+

A( * 0 (? '+( * +&, '( *> 0*/. B+ :&+ '> * / +* /*'< *+&,

-,*0(('< + +& () +') %* 0+ (+0; ' +& NB P1.$? **- :'+'< >*, 0,

+* -(( '> * / +* /*'< *+&, +&'<(. O> 0*,(? +&, , :( +* <+ ,*/

+&'( ')'++'* + +& 0*/ @'0; 0*)( '<? 0*)-? / <.

L0;'? ('0 +& 8$51 -,*'/( ( :'+& : +* ( +& +'),( +* 0*+ +( : /*+

& +* *+&, :'+& '+. I+ '( 0+ -'> (. W * & +* 0*>'<, *

//'+'* '+.

L+( ( : :+ +* ( T'), $ +* 0*+ +& ), *> 0,( +&+ -((. I> * **; 0;

+* +& '+ + >*, +& TCON SFR * :' +&, '( '+ 0/ JCT$J'+( '+ 2

TCON.29. R':'< +& -+'* *> +& '+ : ( +&+ '> +& '+ '( 0, +& +'), $

:' '0,)+/ , )0&' 00. T&'( '( :&+ : ,/ (/ +* )(,

+'). *:,? '> : (+ CT$ +'), $ :' )*'+*, +& P3.4 '. I(+/ *> '<

'0,)+/ , )0&' 00? +'), $ :' 0*+ +( * +& P3.4 '. S* ' *,

0( : (')- 0*0+ *, ((*, +* P3.4 / + +& 8$51 /* +& :*,;. T&? :& :

:+ +* ;*: &*: ) 0,( & -((/? : (+ ,/ +& *> +'), $+& *>

+'), $ :' +& ), *> 0,( +&+ & -((/.

S* :&+ 0+ '( + W&+ /*( +'), $ 0+ J0*+J S-;'< + +&

0+,'0 ? +& 8$51 0*+( 1$ +,('+'*( * +& P3.4 '. T&'( )( +&+ :&

0, >',(+ ,( *, *, ((*, '+ :' ,'( +& '-+ +* &'<& J1J9 0*/'+'*. A+ +&+ -*'++& 8$51 :' *+ 0*+ +&'< ('0 +&'( '( $1 +,('+'*. *:,? :& +& 0, &(

-((/ +& ((*, :' > 0; +* *: J$J9 (++. T&'( '( 1$ +,('+'* / + +&+

'(++ +& 0*+, :' '0,)+/ 1.

I+ '( ')-*,++ +* *+ +&+ +& 8$51 0&0;( +& P3.4 ' 0& '(+,0+'* 00 12 0*0;

00(9. T&'( )( +&+ '> P3.4 '( *:? <*( &'<&? / <*( 0; *: ' 6 0*0; 00( '+

:' -,* *+ /+0+/ +& 8$51. T&'( (* )( +& 8$51 + 0*+, '( *

0- *> 0*+'< +( +&+ *00, + )')) *> 124+& +& ,+ *> +& 0,(+

>,@0. T&+ '( +* (? '> +& 0,(+ >,@0 '( 12.$$$ M& '+ 0 0*+ )'))

*> 5$$?$$$ +( -, (0*/ 12.$$$ M& 124 5$$?$$$9. I> +& + '< 0*+/*00,( )*, +& 5$$?$$$ +')( -, (0*/ '+ :' *+ +* 00,+ 0*+/

+& 8$51.

DESCRIPTION O4 AT56S2"

27



T& AT8!S52 '( *:-*:,? &'<&-,>*,)0 CMOS 8'+ )'0,*0*)-+,

:'+& 4K +( *> F(& -,*<,)) / ,( ,/ * ))*, PEROM9. T&

/'0 '( )>0+,/ ('< A+)( &'<&/('+ **+' ))*, +0&**< /

'( 0*)-+' :'+& +& '/(+,(+/,/ MCS51 '(+,0+'* (+ / -'*+. T& *0&'-

F(& *:( +& -,*<,) ))*, +* ,-,*<,))/ '((+) *, 0*+'*

**+' ))*, -,*<,)),. B 0*)''< ,(+' 8'+ CPU :'+& F(& *

)**'+&'0 0&'-? +& A+) AT8!S52 '( -*:,> )'0,*0*)-+, :&'0& -,*'/(

&'<&>' / 0*(+>>0+' (*+'* +* ) )/// 0*+,* --'0+'*(.

T& AT8!S52 -,*'/( +& >**:'< (+/,/ >+,( 4K +( *> F(&? 128

+( *> RAM? 32 IO '(? +:* 16'+ +'),0*+,(? >' 0+*, +:* '+,,-+

,0&'+0+,? > /- (,' -*,+? / *0&'- *(0'+*, / 0*0; 0',0'+,. I

//'+'*? +& AT8!S52 '( /('</ :'+& (++'0 *<'0 >*, *-,+'* /*: +* ,* >,@0

/ (--*,+( +:* (*>+:, (0+ -*:, ('< )*/(. T& I/ M*/ (+*-( +& CPU

:&' *:'< +& RAM? +'),0*+,(? (,' -*,+ / '+,,-+ ((+) +* 0*+'

>0+'*'<. T& P*:,/*: M*/ (( +& RAM 0*++( + >,( +& *(0'+*,/'('< *+&, 0&'- >0+'*( +' +& + &,/:, ,(+.

OSCILLATOR CHARACTERISTICS"

XTAL1 / XTAL2 , +& '-+ / *+-+? ,(-0+'? *> ',+'<

)-'>', :&'0& 0 0*>'<,/ >*, ( ( *0&'- *(0'+*,= E'+&, @,+ 0,(+

*, 0,)'0 ,(*+*, ) (/. T* /,' +& /'0 >,*) +, 0*0; (*,0?

XTAL2 (&*/ >+ 0*0+/ :&' XTAL1 '( /,'. T&, , * ,@',)+(

* +& /+ 00 *> +& +, 0*0; ('<? ('0 +& '-+ +* +& '+, 0*0;'<

0',0'+, '( +&,*<& /''/+:* >'->*-? + )'')) / )')) *+< &'<&/ *: +') (-0'>'0+'*( )(+ *(,/.

IDLE MODE"

I '/ )*/? +& CPU -+( '+(> +* (- :&' +& * 0&'- -,'-&,( ,)'

0+'. T& )*/ '( '*;/ (*>+:,. T& 0*++ *> +& *0&'- RAM / +&

(-0' >0+'*( ,<'(+,( ,)' 0&</ /,'< +&'( )*/. T& '/ )*/ 0

+,)'+/ / '+,,-+ *, &,/:, ,(+. I+ (&*/ *+/ +&+ :&

'/ '( +,)'+/ &,/ :, ,(+? +& /'0 *,) ,()( -,*<,) 0+'*?

>,*) :&, '+ >+ *>>? - +* +:* )0&' 00( >*, +& '+, ,(+ <*,'+&) +;(

0*+,*. O0&'- &,/:, '&''+( 00(( +* '+, RAM ' +&'( +? + 00(( +* +&

-*,+ -'( '( *+ '&''+/. T* ')'+ +& -*(('''+ *> -0+/ :,'+ +* -*,+ -'

:& I/ '( +,)'+/ R(+? +& '(+,0+'* >**:'< +& * +&+ '*;( I/

(&*/ *+ * +&+ :,'+( +* -*,+ -' *, +* +, ))*,.

PIN DIAGRAM O4 AT56S2

28



PIN DESCRIPTION

9CC"S-- *+<.

GND"

G,*/.

Port 7"

P*,+ $ '( 8'+ *-/,' '/',0+'* IO -*,+. A( *+-+ -*,+? 0& -'

0 ('; '<&+ TTL '-+(. W& 1( , :,'++ +* -*,+ $ -'(? +& -'( 0 (/ (

&'<& ')-/0 '-+(. P*,+ $ ) (* 0*>'<,/ +* +& )+'-/ *: *,/,

//,((/+ ( /,'< 00((( +* +, -,*<,) / /+ ))*,. I +&'( )*/ P$

&( '+, --(. P*,+ $ (* ,0'( +& 0*/ +( /,'< F(& -,*<,))'<? /

*+-+( +& 0*/ +( /,'< -,*<,) ,'>'0+'*. E+, --( , ,@',/ /,'<

-,*<,) ,'>'0+'*.

Port 1"

P*,+ 1 '( 8'+ '/',0+'* IO -*,+ :'+& '+, --(. T& P*,+ 1 *+-+

>>,( 0 (';(*,0 >*, TTL '-+(. W& 1( , :,'++ +* P*,+ 1 -'( +& ,

2!



-/ &'<& +& '+, --( / 0 (/ ( '-+(. A( '-+(? P*,+ 1 -'( +&+

, +, '< -/ *: :' (*,0 0,,+ IIL9 0( *> +& '+, --(.

P*,+ 1 (* ,0'( +& *:*,/, //,(( +( /,'< F(& -,*<,))'< /

,'>'0+'*.

Port 2"

P*,+ 2 '( 8'+ '/',0+'* IO -*,+ :'+& '+, --(. T& P*,+ 2 *+-+

>>,( 0 (';(*,0 >*, TTL '-+(. W& 1( , :,'++ +* P*,+ 2 -'( +& ,

-/ &'<& +& '+, --( / 0 (/ ( '-+(.

P*,+ 2 -'( +&+ , +, '< -/ *: :' (*,0 0,,+ IIL9 0( *> +&

'+, --(.

RST"

R(+ '-+ &'<& * +&'( -' >*, +:* )0&' 00( :&' +& *(0'+*, '(

,'< ,(+( +& /'0.

ALEPROG"

A//,(( L+0& E *+-+ -( >*, +0&'< +& *: + *> +& //,(( /,'<

00((( +* +, ))*,. T&'( -' '( (* +& -,*<,) -( '-+ PROG9 /,'<

F(& -,*<,))'<. I *,) *-,+'* ALE '( )'++/ + 0*(++ ,+ *> 16 +&

*(0'+*, >,@0? / ) (/ >*, +, +')'< *, 0*0;'< -,-*((. N*+?

&*:,? +&+ * ALE -( '( (;'--/ /,'< 0& 00(( +* +, D+ M)*,.

PSEN"P,*<,) S+*, E '( +& ,/ (+,* +* +, -,*<,) ))*,. W& +&

AT8!S52 '( 0+'< 0*/ >,*) +, -,*<,) ))*,? PSEN '( 0+'+/ +:'0

0& )0&' 00? 0-+ +&+ +:* PSEN 0+'+'*( , (;'--/ /,'< 0& 00(( +*

+, /+ ))*,.

EA9PP"

E+, A00(( E. EA )(+ (+,--/ +* GND ' *,/, +* +&

/'0 +* >+0& 0*/ >,*) +, -,*<,) ))*, *0+'*( (+,+'< + $$$$ - +*

FFFF. N*+? &*:,? +&+ '> *0; '+ 1 '( -,*<,))/? EA :' '+, +0&/ *

,(+. EA (&*/ (+,--/ +* "CC >*, '+, -,*<,) 0+'*(. T&'( -' (*

,0'( +& 12*+ -,*<,))'< *+< "PP9 /,'< F(& -,*<,))'<? >*,

-,+( +&+ ,@', 12*+ "PP.

TAL1"

I-+ +* +& ',+'< *(0'+*, )-'>', / '-+ +* +& '+, 0*0; *-,+'<

0',0'+.

3$



TAL2"

O+-+ >,*) +& ',+'< *(0'+*, )-'>',.

Port P!n A%t,rnat, 4nct!ons

P3.$

P3.1

P3.2

P3.3

P3.4

P3.5

P3.6

P3.7

RXD (,' '-+ -*,+9

TXD (,' *+-+ -*,+9

INT$ +, '+,,-+ $9

INT1 +, '+,,-+ 19

T$ +'), $ +, '-+9

T1 +'), 1 +, '-+9

WR +, /+ ))*, :,'+ (+,*9

RD +, /+ ))*, ,/ (+,*9

.2 POWER SUPPLIES

T& -,(+ 0&-+, '+,*/0( +& *-,+'* *> -*:, (-- 0',0'+( '+ ('<

>'+,(? ,0+'>',( / *+< ,<+*,(. S+,+'< :'+& AC *+<? (+/ DC

*+<? '( *+'/ ,0+'>'< +& 0 *+< +& >'+,'< +* /0 / F'

R<+'* '( ( *+'/ >,*) IC *+< ,<+*, '+? :&'0& +;( /0 *+<

/ -,*'/( (*) :&+ *:, /0 *+<? :&'0& ,)'( +& () '> +& '-+ /0

*+< ,'( *, +& *+-+ */ 0*0+/ +* +& /0 *+< 0&<(.

$LOCJ DIAGRAM"

T& 0 *+<? +-'0 23$ '( 0*0+/ +* +,(>*,),? :&'0& (+-( +& 0

*+< /*: +* +& >*, /(',/ /0 *+-+. A /'*/ ,0+'>', -,*'/( > :

,0+'>'/ "*+< +&+ '( ''+' >'+,/ (')- 0-0'+' >'+, +* -,*/0 /0

*+<.

T&'( ,(+'< /0 *+< ( &( (*) ,'-- *, 0 *+< ,'+'*. A

,<+*, C',0'+ 0 ( +&'( /0 '-+ +* -,*'/ ,<+/ +&+ *+ * &( )0& ,'--

*+<

B+ (* ,)' +& () /0 ( '> +& '-+ /0 *+< 0&<(. T&'(

*+< R<+'* '( ( *+'/ ('< * *> ), *> -*-, *+<

,<+'* IC U'+(.

31

T,(>*,), R0+'>', F'+, R<+*,



TRANS4ORMER"

A +,(>*,), '( +& (++'0 /'0 *> :&'0& 0+,'0 -*:, ' * 0',0'+ '(

+,(>*,)/ '+* 0+,'0 -*:, *> +& () >,@0 ' *+&, 0',0'+. I+ 0 ,'( *,

*:, +& *+< ' 0',0'+ + :'+& 0*,,(-*/'< /0,( *, '0,( ' 0,,+. I+:*,;( :'+& +& -,'0'-( *> )+ '/0+'*. I *, -,*0+ : , ('< (+- /*:

+,(>*,), >*, -,*'/'< +&+ 0((, (-- >*, +& 0+,*'0 0',0'+(.

RECTI4IER"

T& > : ,0+'>', 0*/0+( /,'< *+& -*('+' / <+' &> 00( *>

'-+ .0. '-+= +:* /'*/( , (/ ' +&'( 0',0'+. T& .0. *+< '( --'/ +&,*<&

('+ -*:, +,(>*,), :'+& -,*-, +,( ,+'*. F*, +& -,*-, *-,+'* *> +&

0',0'+? 0+,+- * +& (0*/, :'/'< *> +& +,(>*,), '( ((+'.D,'< +& -*('+' &> 00 *> 0 '-+ *+<? +& /'*/ D1 :' >*,:,/

'(/ / &0 :' 0*/0+= :&' /'*/ D2 :' ,,( '(/ / :' 0+ ( *-

0',0'+ / :' *+ 0*/0+.

I +& + &> 00 *> 0 *+<? -*,'+ ,,(( / +& /'*/ D2 0*/0+(?

'< >*,:,/ '(/? :&' D1 /*( *+? '< ,,( '(/. 0 +& */ 0,,+

>*:( ' *+& &> 00( *> 0 *+< / ' +& () /',0+'*. T& /'*/ : , ('<

&, >*, +& -,-*( *> ,0+'>'0+'* '( IN4$$1.

4ILTER"

T& >'+, 0',0'+ (/ &, '( +& 0-0'+*, >'+, 0',0'+ :&, 0-0'+*, '(

0*0+/ + +& ,0+'>', *+-+? / DC '( *+'/ 0,*(( '+. T& >'+,/ :>*,)

'( ((+' DC *+< :'+& <'<' ,'--(? :&'0& '( +')+ >/ +* +& */.

REGULATOR"

T& *+-+ *+< >,*) 0-0'+*, '( )*, >'+,/ / >' ,<+/. T&

*+< ,<+*, '( /'0? :&'0& )'+'( +& *+-+ *+< 0*(++ ',,(-0+'

*> +& 0&< ' (-- ,'+'*(? */ ,'+'*( / +)-,+, 0&<(. 0

IC78$5 '( (/ :&'0& '( 5 ,<+*,.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM O4 POWER SUPPLIES"

32



S'0 0+,*'0 0',0'+( :*,; * :'+& *: /0 *+< '+ /( -*:, (--

'+ +* -,*'/ +& --,*-,'+ *+< (--. T&'( '+ 0*('(+( *> +,(>*,),?

,0+'>',? >'+, / ,<+*,. AC *+< +-'0 23$ '( 0*0+/ +* +& +,(>*,),

+&+ (+-( +& AC *+< /*: +* +& +* +& /(',/ AC *+<. A /'*/ ,0+'>',

+& -,*'/( > : ,0+'>'/ *+< +&+ '( ''+' >'+,/ (')- 0-0'+'

>'+, +* -,*/0 DC *+<. T&'( ,(+'< DC *+< ( &( (*) ,'-- *, AC

*+< ,'+'*(.

.# Ra(+ ',n,rator

T&'( 0',0'+ '( , 0*, *> +& /')), ((+). T&'( 0',0'+ <,+( ,)- 1$$

('< :&'0& '( (0&,*'/ +* +& '0*)'< )'( *+<. T& ,)- ('< :&'0& '(

<,+/ :' (+,+ >*,) 1$" / <* ', /*: +* $" ' 1$ )''(0*/(. A+ +& +

)'( *+< ,* 0,*(('< +& ,)- ('< :' <' '))/'+ (+,+ >,*) 1$" /

<* /*: +* $". T&'( () ,)- ('< '( >/ +* )'0,*0*+,*,

T,')), R5 '( (/ ' 0*+,*'< +& ,)- ('<. I> * & *(0'*(0*-? +& '+ '(

(+ +* ( '+ +* **; + +& ('++'* (* +&+ +& ('< (/ +& 0',0'+ '( :&+ '(

/(0,'/ ,',. A <**/ --,*')+'* '( (* (+,+ + -*('+'* +&+ R5 '( (+ +* '+( 0+,

-*('+'*.

B('/( <,+'< +& ,)- ('< +& ()- <,+*, 0',0'+ :*,;( ( -*:, (--

0*)-,+*, -,+ *> +& /')),. T& 13.5" (+''/ *+-+ '( (/ +* -*:, +&

0*)-,+*, (0+'* +&+ *+-+ 0 *// - +* 1$$ )A9. T& 1$" (+''/ *+<

'( (/ * >*, '+, ( ' ,)- <,+*, +&+ (+''/ 1$" *+< 0 (*

(/ >*, (*) +, *: -*:, 0',0'+, :&'0& / 1$" *+<? >*, )- *0

/')), 0*+,*( '> (0& +&'< , //9.

T& ,)- <,+*, (/ *,) )'( +,(>*,), :&'0& 0 *+-+ + (+ 2$$ )A

*> 0,,+? 0( '+ -*:,( *+& ,)- <,+*, '+(> / +& *+< 0*)-,+*,

0',0'+(. I (0+/ +,(>*,), :&'0& &( '+, *,*/ -,*+0+'* '('/ +&

+,(>*,), *,&+'< -,*+0+'* >(9? (* I /'/ *+ / +* // +, >(( >*, +&'(

+,(>*,),. I> * ( *+&, ;'/ *> +,(>*,),? (0+ ('+ >( +* -,*+0+ '+. I

0( 2$$ )A >( * +& (0*/, :*/ <**/ '/? -,* (* -,'),

>(.

33

http://www.epanorama.net/circuits/dimmer4.html

http://www.epanorama.net/circuits/dimmer4.html



T& -'0+, *: (&*:( +& *+-+ ('<( +& )'0,*0*+,*, *+-+( +* +& +,'0 +

/'>>,+ /')), (++'<(

.) -,ro cross!n' d,t,ctor"

Z,* 0,*(('< /+0+*,( ( <,*- , *+ :/,(+**/ --'0+'*? +&*<& +&

, ((+' )+( ' :'/ ,< *> -,*/0+(. I+ &( -,* (0-/ +& *+'0 *>

,/,( :&* & **;/ + +& '<&+'< 0*+,*, / +& L';:'+ C*(' B,(+

G,+*,? + *+& *> +&( , * ,* 0,*(('< /+0+*, >*, +&', *-,+'*.

A ,* 0,*(('< /+0+*, '+, /+0+( +& +,('+'* *> ('< :>*,) >,*) -*('+'

/ <+'? '/ -,*'/'< ,,*: -( +&+ 0*'0'/( 0+ :'+& +& ,*

*+< 0*/'+'*. A+ >',(+ <0? +&'( :*/ --, +* ( *<& +(;? + ' >0+

'+ '( @'+ 0*)-? (-0' :&, &'<& >,@0'( , '*/. I +&'( '(+0? 1; (+,+( +* -,(+ , 0&< '> +,) 00,0 '( //.

T& *+ (* &) 0*)-,+*, -( '+ ,* :'+&*+ '+? )*(+ -,0'('* ,* 0,*(('<

/+0+*,( :*/ *+ :*,;? / :/ :'+&*+ /'<'+ /'*? PWM / )+'+/ *>

*+&, --'0+'*( +; >*, <,+/.

$as!c Lo= 4r,K,nc C!rc!t

F'<, 1 (&*:( +& ,* 0,*(('< /+0+*, ( (/ >*, +& /')), ,)- <,+*, '

P,*0+ 62. T&'( 0',0'+ &( ,*/ )*(+9 >*,,? / '+ /*( :*,; ,(*

:. A+&*<& '+ &( )*(+ ,* -&( '00,0? +&+ '( ,< 0( +& -( '( (*

,*/ +&+ '00,0 '( 0*)-+ (:)-/. T& 0*)-,+*, >0+'* '( &//

+,('(+*, V1 , ('0? + /@+ >*, +& *.

34

http://www.epanorama.net/circuits/dimpack_comp_out.gif



T& 0',0'+ '( (* (('+' +* ? / >*, 00-+ -,>*,)0 +& AC :>*,)

/( +* *> ,(* &'<& )-'+/. 1215" AC '( +-'0. I> +& *+< '( +** *:?

+& -( :'/+& :' '0,(. T& ,,<)+ (&*: 0+ <'( ++, -,>*,)0

+& +& ,('* (&*: ' P,*0+ 62 / (:&, * +& N+. I 0( * :,

:*/,'<? R1 '( +&, +* (, +&+ +& *+< >( +* ,* (+, 0-0'+0 '(

(>>'0'+ +* (+*- +& 0',0'+ >,*) :*,;'< :'+&*+ '+.

4!'r, 1 / $as!c 707HF -,ro Cross!n' D,t,ctor

T& -( :'/+& *> +&'( 0',0'+ + 5$9 '( +-'0 ,*/ 6$$( $.6)(9 :&'0& (*/(

>(+ *<&. T& -,*) '( +&+ + 5$ 0& &> 00 +;( * 1$)( 8.33)( +

6$9? (* +& -( :'/+& '( *, 5 *> +& +*+ -,'*/. T&'( '( :& )*(+ /')),( 0

* 0') ,< *> 1$!$ +& ,* 0,*(('< -( (+( +** *< +* *: )*,

,<.

W&' +&'( '( *+ -,*) :'+& +& ,< /')),? '+ '( *+ 00-+ >*, -,0'('*

--'0+'*(. F*, +* ,(+ <,+*, '+&, +& 0*(' ,(+ *, 0*+'* +*

,(+ <,+*,9? '00,0 :' 0( +& (:'+0&/ :>*,) +* 0*+' <'+0&(.

T& (,'*((( *> +&'( /-/( * +& --'0+'*.

P,0'('* ,* 0,*(('< /+0+*,( 0*) ' >', :'/ ,< *> +*-**<'(? (*)

'+,(+'<? *+&,( *+. O *> +& )*(+ 0*))* '( (&*: ' P,*0+ 58? / '( 0*))*

(/ >*, +&'( --'0+'*. T& 0(' OR *, XOR9 <+ );( 0+ /<

/+0+*,? ( (&*: ' F'<, 2.

35



4!'r, 2 / E*c%s!, OR Gat, Ed', D,t,ctor

T&, '( * /*+ +&+ +& 0',0'+ (&*: * '( )*, +& 0- *> 0+ ,(+(

- +* @'+ ,(-0+ >,@0'(. T& --, >,@0 '( ')'+/ * +& (-/ *>+& /'0 (/? / :'+& 74C86 '+ &( -,*-<+'* / *> * 11( 1Y? (*

*-,+'* + 1$$; *, * '( 0&'.

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/'>>,+ '.. * '-+ )(+ + *<'0 &'<& 19 / +& *+&, + *<'0 *: $9. T&

,('(+*, / 0- >*,) / (* +&+ :& /< '( -,(+/ '+&, ,'('< *, >'<9?

+& // '-+ &*/( '+( -,'*( >*, (&*,+ +'). I +& )- (&*:? +&

-( :'/+& '( 5$(. T& ('< '( // +& -,*-<+'* +') *> +& /'0 '+(>

,*/ 11(9? (* () -&( ,,*, &( '+,*/0/. T& ,'( / > +') *> +&

(@,: ('< --'/ :( 5$(? / +&'( //( (*) )*, -&( (&'>+.

T&, '( -++, ),<'< ' +&'( ,+'0 +& '<<(+ ')'++'* '( (-/? >*,

,+' (*: ('<(. W&' /'<'+ *<'0 0 *-,+ + , &'<& (-/(? : & :

,0&/ +& -*'+ :&, +& ('<( 0 * *<, ,>,,/ +* ( 1 / $ /'<'+

('<( , 0; '+* +& *< /*)'? (-0'>'0 RF +0&**<.

T& + 0&< : >0 '( 0*,+'< +& '-+ :>*,) : :' (()

(':9 '+* (&,- />'/ /<( (* +& XOR 0 :*,; '+( )<'0. A*+&, +,,'

/,,+/ '/'< *0; '( +& 0*)-,+*,.

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+,) (-/ '( // >*, 00,+ /'<'+'(+'* *> *< ('<. I+ ) *+ --,

(* + >',(+ <0? + ,* 0,*(('< /+0+*, '( (-0' -,-*( *< +* /'<'+

0*,+, ADC9.

36

http://sound.westhost.com/appnotes/an005.htm#ref




Co(+arators

T& 0*)-,+*, (/ >*, &'<& (-/ ,* 0,*(('< /+0+*,? PWM 0*,+, *,

0*+'* ADC '( 0,'+'0. L*: -,*-<+'* / / +,) >(+ *-,+'* , *+

* /(',? +& , ((+'.

C*)-,+*,( ) +& )*(+ /,,+/ / /, +''(/ )**'+&'0 ', 0*)-*+.

T&'( '( >*,++ 0( 0*)-,+*,( , * *> +& )*(+ >' / ',(

--'0 0*)-*+( '. I ,< )(, +& 0; *> ,0*<'+'* '( / +* +& IC

*-)-? :&*( ,(+''+ *:( '+ +* /*)'+ +& *< /('< :*,/. C*)-,+*,( ,

>,@+ -,0'/ ( /'0( +&+ 0,/ -,(( *< ('<( ' /'<'+ >*,) 1

'+ AD 0*,+,. S+,'0+ (-;'<? +&'( ':-*'+ '( 0*,,0+. I+ '( (* :(+>

0*(+,'0+' ' '+( *+**;. C*)-,+*,( /*+ J(+ 0*)-,J ' +& () : +&+

*-)-( /*+ J(+ )-'>J. 2Y

T& * @*+ :( (* -,>0+ +&+ I (+ &/ +* '0/ '+. C*)-,+*,( , '//

/,,+/ ( '/'< *0;? / +& & +:* 0&'> ,@',)+( ... *: '-+ *>>(+

/ (-/. F*, +& --'0+'* + &/ ,* 0,*(('< /+0+*,9? *+& *> +&( >0+*,(

:' /+,)' +& >' 00,0 *> +& 0',0'+. T& XOR &( /)*(+,+/ +* <'

-,0'( / ,-+ -(? + '+( 00,0 /-/( -* +& 0+ +') '+ (( +&

+,('+'* *> +& AC :>*,) 0,*(( ,*. T&'( +(; *<( +* +& 0*)-,+*,.

4!'r, # / Co(+arator -,ro Cross!n' D,t,ctor

I F'<, 3 : ( +-'0 0*)-,+*, (/ >*, +&'( --'0+'*. T& *+-+ '( (@,

:? :&'0& '( +& (+ +* 0',0'+ (0& ( +&+ ' F'<, 2. T&'( :' 0,+ ('<

-( >*, 0& (@,: +,('+'*? / +&'( @+( +* +& ,* 0,*(('<( *> +& '-+

('<. I+ '( (()/ >*, +&'( --'0+'* +&+ +& '-+ :>*,) '( ,>,0/ +* ,*

*+(? (* (:'<( @ * / *: ,*.

37





4!'r, ) / Co(+arator T!(!n' Error

F'<, 4 (&*:( &*: +& 0*)-,+*, 0 )(( :'+& *, ('<? 0('< +& +,('+'* +*

/'(-0/ ' +')? +&, 0('< ,,*,. T& ('<'>'00 *> +& ,,*, /-/( +',* *, -0++'*( +&, '( * -*'+ +,'< +* <+ ,,*, *> (( +& 1$( >*,

/')),? >*, )-.

T& LM33! 0*)-,+*, +&+ :( (/ >*, +& (')+'* '( , ('0 +- '//? /

:'+& @*+/ ,(-*( +') *> 3$$( '+ '( )0& +** (*: +* ( ' +&'( --'0+'*.

T&'( '( )/ <,+ / :*,( +& -,*-<+'* /? :&'0& ( (')+/9 '( 1.5(.

I <,? +& *:, +& -*:, /'(('-+'* *> 0*)-,+*,? +& (*:, '+ :' ?

+&*<& )*/, IC +0&'@( & *,0*) +&'( +* (*) ++.

%* 0 ( +&+ +& ,* 0,*(('< *> +& (': (&*: ' <,9 *00,( : >*,+& *+-+ ,/9 +,('+'* +& 0,(*, -*('+'*( , (+ >*, +& 0+ ,* 0,*(('< *> 0&

('<. T& *+-+ +,('+'* (+,+( ( +& '-+ -((( +&,*<& ,*? + 0( *> /'0

/(? +& *+-+ +,('+'* '( )*(+ 5( +,. M*(+ *> +&'( / '( 0(/ +& ,+&,

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+* -; (:'<. T&+ <'( ( (: ,+ *> 1.4"( :&'0& '( ((( >*, +&'< *

1$$ *, (*.

O *> +& 0,'+'0 >0+*,( :'+& +& 0*)-,+*, '( '+( (-- *+<. I/? +&'( (&*/

( *: ( -*(('? +-'0 :'+& * )*, +& 5".

T& &'<&, +& (-- *+<? +& >,+&, +& *+-+ *+< &( +* (:'< +* <+ >,*)

)')) <+' +* )')) -*('+' / '0 ,(. W&' (: ,+ *> 1$$"(

) () &'<&? +&+ '( )0& +** (*: >*, 00,+ ADC? -( :'/+& )*/+*, *,

,* 0,*(('< /+0+*,.

38



A+ 1$$"( / +*+ (-- *+< *> 1$" 5"9? '+ :' +; $.1( 1$$(9 >*, +&

*+-+ +* (:'< >,*) * +,) +* +& *+&,. T* <+ +&+ '+* +& ,) *> :&+ :

/? +& (: ,+ :*/ / +* 1;"(? <''< 1$( +,('+'* +'). W*,;'< >,*)

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/ ' ,'+ -,* ( <**/ ( : 0 -0+.

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*(0*/( +. E+,) &'<& (: ,+( , -*(('? / R>,0 2 &( /+'( *>

0*)-,+*, +&+ '( >(+, +& TTL ',+, ", 0,> *,/ *+ / +++'* +*

-(('< '( ((+' + (0& (-/(? *, +& -,>*,)0 :' :*,( +& :*>.

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T&'( ,('* '( 0*+,'+/ *& R*:/ 3Y / '( , 0, ( *> '(+'< IC

>*, 0*)-+ : -,-*(. T& DS3486 '( @/ RS422 RS423 /'>>,+' '

,0',. A+&*<& '+ * *-,+( >,*) ('< 5" (--? +& IC 0 00-+ '-+

('< *> - +* 25" :'+&*+ /)<. I+ '( (* >', >(+? :'+& +-'0 @*+/

-,*-<+'* +') *> 1!( / '+, &(+,('( *> 14$)".

4!'r, / $as!c -,ro Cross!n' D,t,ctor Us!n' DS#)50

T& <, (0&) '( (&*: ' F'<, 5. T:* *> +& 0*)-,+*,( ' +& IC , (/

* /+0+( :& +& '-+ *+< '( -*('+' / +& *+&, /+0+( <+' :'+& ,(-0+

+* ,+& <,*/9. T& NOR <+ 0 * -,*/0 *+-+ /,'< +& ,'> -,'*/ :&

*+& 0*)-,+*, *+-+( , *: '.. 0*( +* ,+& -*++'9. *:,? +(+( (&*: +&+

+& +:* /'>>,+' ,0', 0&( /* *+ (:'+0& + 0+ $.$$". W'+& +-'0

3!





DS3486 /'0? +& -*('+' /+0+*, (:'+0&( + *+ $.$15" / +& <+' /+0+*,

(:'+0&( + --,*')+ $.$1$". T&'( ,(+( ' ())+,'0 // / *> 25)"

,*/ $". A//'< ,('(+*,( ( (&*: ' F'<, 6 *:( +& // / +* )/

(),? / -,&-( )*, ')-*,++ >*, (*) --'0+'*(9? '+ 0 )/ +*

())+,'0.

4!'r, 0 / Mod!@!,d -,ro Cross!n' D,t,ctor To Obta!n Tr, 79 D,t,ct!on

A+&*<& >'/ ,('(+*,( , (&*:? '+ :' <, 0((, +* ( -*+(. T&'( *:(

>*, +& ,'+'*( +: '/''/ 0*)-,+*,( :'+&' +& () -0;<. T&'( '(

0((, 0( +& DS3486 '( * (-0'>'/ +* (:'+0& :'+& *+<( * <,+, +&

2$$)". T& +-'0 *+< '( (-0'>'/ +* 7$)" 0+ &> +& &(+,('(

*+<9? + +&'( '( not <,+/ -,)+,.

I//? *& R*:/ +& *,'<' /('<, *> +& 0',0'+9 +*/ ) +&+ * +& N+'*

S)'0*/0+*, /'0( 0+ :*,;/ ' +& 0',0'+ (--*(/ '/+'0 IC( >,*)

*+&, )>0+,,( ,>(/ +* >0+'*. I @*+ ...

W /'/ (*) +(+'< :'+& J@'+J -,+( )/ *+&, )>0+,,(? / >*/

, /'>>,+ &'*, ' +& ,,* ,<'*. S*) -,+( & *+( *> &(+,('(? (*)

& *? /+0+'* +&,(&*/( , >,*) /'0 +* /'0? / ' >0+ ' @/

-,+ '; +& DS3486 +& , /'>>,+ >,*) 0& +* 0& :'+&' +& () -0;<.

E+ : (++/ * +& N+'* DS3486 :'+& (*) /// ,('(+*,( * '+( '-+ -'(

( (&*: ' F'<, 6.

T& )*(+ ,0+ ,('* *> +& 0',0'+ (( +,')-*+(? 1$$ *&) * +& -*('+' /+0+*, /

2$$ *&) * +& <+' /+0+*,. T&( ( *: ( +* +,') )*(+ , DS3486 +*

0 +& *'( +&,(&*/ ' +& 5)" +* 15)" ,<. O00('* : /* <+

DS3486 :&'0& :' *+ /+0+ ' +&'( ,<. S*)+')(? : >'/ +&+ *+& +& -*('+' /

4$



<+' /+0+*,( , +,'--'< * +& () ('/ -*,'+9 *> ,*? '> (* : - +&+ 0&'-

/ ,-0 '+.

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/+0+'* ,<'* ,*/ $". T& ,('(+*, >,*) -' 1 +* ,+& );( +& -*('+' /+0+*,

+&,(&*/ )*, -*('+'. T& ,('(+*, >,*) +& '-+ +* -' 7 >*,0( +& <+' /+0+*,

+&,(&*/ +* 0*) )*, <+'. T-'0 ( , (&*: >*, 25)" /+0+'* ('<

N+'*( DS3486 -,+(. I ,'+? +,')-*+( , ((+' +* -,*'/ '0',0'+

/(+)+.

. D!'!ta%/to/ana%o' con,rt,r

$as!cs O@ DAC"

I 0+,*'0(? d!'!ta%/to/ana%o' con,rt,r DAC *, D/to/A9 '( /'0 +&+ 0*,+(

/'<'+ ( ',9 0*/ +* *< ('< 0,,+? *+<? *, 0+,'0 0&,<9. A

*<+*/'<'+ 0*,+, ADC9 -,>*,)( +& ,,( *-,+'*. S'<( , ('

(+*,/ / +,()'++/ ' /'<'+ >*,)? + DAC '( // >*, +& ('< +*

,0*<'/ &) ((( *, *+&, */'<'+ ((+)(.

A 0*))* ( *> /'<'++**< 0*,+,( '( <,+'* *> /'* ('<( >,*) /'<'+

'>*,)+'* ' )('0 -,(. D'<'+ '/* ('<( , 0*,+/ +* *< ' +'('*(

/ 0 -&*( +* /'(- 0**,( / (&/(. D'<'++**< 0*,('* 0 /<,/

('<? (* 0*,('* /+'( , *,) 0&*( (* +&+ +& ,,*,( , <'<'.

D +* 0*(+ / +& / >*, )+0&/ 0*)-*+(? DAC( , )*(+ 0(')>0+,/ * '+<,+/ 0',0'+( IC(9. T&, , ) DAC ,0&'+0+,( :&'0& &

/'>>,+ /+<( / /'(/+<(. T& ('+''+ *> -,+'0, DAC >*,

--'0+'* '( /+,)'/ ,'+ *> )(,)+( '0/'< (-/ / ,(*+'*.

O,':

I/ ()-/ ('<.

A DAC 0*,+( (+,0+ >''+-,0'('* ), ( >'/-*'+ ',

), 9 '+* -&('0 @+'+ .<.? *+< *, -,((,9. I -,+'0,? DAC( ,

41









http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_audio_player

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisions

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_components

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuits

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware_architecture

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resolution_(audio)


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_object

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed-point_arithmetic

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_number



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sampled.signal.svg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sampled.signal.svg









http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_audio_player

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisions

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_components

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuits

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware_architecture


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_object

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed-point_arithmetic




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure



*>+ (/ +* 0*,+ >''+-,0'('* +') (,'( /+ +* 0*+' ,'< -&('0

('<.

A +-'0 DAC 0*,+( +& (+,0+ ),( '+* 0*0,+ (@0 *> ')-(( +&+

, +& -,*0((/ ,0*(+,0+'* >'+, ('< (*) >*,) *> '+,-*+'* +* >' '

/+ +: +& ')-((. O+&, DAC )+&*/( .<.? )+&*/( (/ * D+('<)

)*/+'*9 -,*/0 -(/('+ )*/+/ ('< +&+ 0 +& >'+,/ '

(')', : +* -,*/0 ()**+& ,'< ('<.

A( -, +& N@'(+[S&* ()-'< +&*,)? DAC 0 ,0*(+,0+ +& *,'<'

('< >,*) +& ()-/ /+ -,*'// +&+ '+( /:'/+& )+( 0,+' ,@',)+(

.<.? (/ ('< :'+& /:'/+& (( +& +& N@'(+ >,@09. D'<'+

()-'< '+,*/0( @+'+'* ,,*, +&+ )'>(+( ( *: *'( /// +* +&

,0*(+,0+/ ('<.

Pract!ca% o+,rat!on

P'0:'( 0*(++ *+-+ *> 0*+'* -,0+'0 DAC.

I(+/ *> ')-((? ( +& (@0 *> ),( -/+ +& *< *+< +

'>*,) ()-'< '+,(.

T&( ),( , :,'++ +* +& DAC? +-'0 :'+& 0*0; ('< +&+ 0(( 0&

), +* +0&/ ' (@0? + :&'0& +') +& DAC *+-+ *+< 0&<( ,-'/

>,*) +& -,'*( +* +& ,-,(+/ +& 0,,+ +0&/ ),. T&

>>0+ *> +&'( '( +&+ +& *+-+ *+< '( held ' +') + +& 0,,+ +' +& +

'-+ ), '( +0&/ ,(+'< ' -'0:'( 0*(++ *, (+',0( (&-/ *+-+. T&'(

'( @'+ +* ,**,/, &*/ *-,+'* / &( >>0+ * +& >,@0 ,(-*(

*> +& ,0*(+,0+/ ('<.

T& >0+ +&+ DAC( *+-+ (@0 *> -'0:'( 0*(++ ( ;*: ( ,**,/,

&*/ ' ()- /+ ++**;(9 *, ,0+<, -(( 0(( )+'- &,)*'0( * +&

N@'(+ >,@0. U(? +&( , ,)*/ :'+& *: -(( >'+, 0+'< (

,0*(+,0+'* >'+, ' --'0+'*( +&+ ,@', '+.

42

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_series

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_(electronics)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirac_delta_function

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_filter

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpolation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta-sigma_modulation


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-density_modulation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyquist%E2%80%93Shannon_sampling_theorem

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseband

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyquist_frequency

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantization_error


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling_frequency

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock_signal

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latch_(electronic)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piecewise_constant

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-order_hold



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectangular_function


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_pass_filter

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zeroorderhold.signal.svg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zeroorderhold.signal.svg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_series

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_(electronics)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirac_delta_function

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_filter

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpolation



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-density_modulation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyquist%E2%80%93Shannon_sampling_theorem

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseband

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling_frequency

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock_signal

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latch_(electronic)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piecewise_constant




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectangular_function


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_pass_filter



0/b!t DACs =!t8 I2C/bs"

4EATURES

\ E'<&+ DAC( :'+& 6'+ ,(*+'*

\ A/(+ 0*))* *+-+ (:'<

\ P(&- *+-+(

\ O+-+( (&*,+0',0'+ -,*+0+/

\ T&, -,*<,)) ( //,(( '+(

\ L,< (-- *+< ,<

\ L*: +)-,+, 0*>>'0'+

GENERAL DESCRIPTION"

T& '+,>0 0',0'+ '( '-*, IC ' DIP16? SO16? *, SO2$ -0;< )/ ' I2L

0*)-+' 18 " -,*0((. T& TDA8444 0*+'( '<&+ -,*<,)) 6'+ DAC

*+-+(? I2C( ( ,0', :'+& +&, +:* >*, SO169 -,*<,)) //,(( '+(

/ * '-+ "MAX9 +* (+ +& )')) *+-+ *+<. E0& DAC 0 -,*<,))/ (-,+ 6'+ :*,/ +* 64 (? + "MAX /+,)'( +&

)')) *+-+ *+< >*, DAC(. T& ,(*+'* :' --,*')+

1]64"MAX. A+ -*:,* DAC( , (+ +* +&', *:(+ .

T& 0',0'+ :' *+ ,0+ +* *+&, 0*)'+'*( *> +& 4 '(+,0+'* '+( I3 +* I$ +& $ *,

F? + :' (+' <,+ 0;*:/<. T& /'>>,0 +: '(+,0+'* $ / F '(

* ')-*,++ :& )*, +& * /+ + '( (+ :'+&' * +,()'(('*. I(+,0+'*

$ 0(( +& /+ +( +* :,'++ '+* +& DAC+0&( :'+& 0*(0+' ( //,(((

(+,+'< :'+& +& ( //,(( <' ' +& '(+,0+'* + +*'0,)+ *> (

43



//,((9? :&' '(+,0+'* F :' 0( 0*(0+' :,'+'< *> +& /+ +( '+* +&

() DAC+0& :&*( ( //,(( :( <' ' +& '(+,0+'* +. I 0( *> * *

/+ + +& DAC+0& :'+& +& ( //,(( @ +* +& ( //,(( ' +& '(+,0+'*

+ :' ,0'

+& /+. "'/ ( //,((( , $ +* 7. T& ( //,((( 0*,,(-*/ +* DAC$ +*

DAC7.

T& A+*I0,)+ AI9 >0+'* *> '(+,0+'* $? &*:,? :*,;( * -*((' (

//,((( $ +* F ' (0& : +&+ + +* ( //,(( F? ( //,(( $ :' >**:? /

(* *. T& /+ :' +0&/ '+* +& DAC+0& * +& -*('+'<*'< /< *> +&

0;*:/< ,+/ 0*0; -(.

T& (-0'>'0+'* *> +& SCL / SDA IO )+( +& I2C( (-0'>'0+'*. F*,

-,*+0+'* <'(+ -*('+' *+< -(( * -'( 3 / 4? , /'*/( , 0*0+/

+: +&( -'( / "EE. T&'( )( +&+ *,) ( ' *+< (&*/ *+ 0/5.5 ". T& //,(( '-+( A$? A1 / A2 0 (' -,*<,))/ '+&,

0*0+'* +* "EE A $9 *, "CC A 19. I> +& '-+( , >+ >*+'< +& ,(+ :'

A 1.

9MA

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(:'<(.

DACs

T& DAC( 0*('(+ *> 6'+ /++0&? 0,,+ (:'+0&( / *- )-. T& 0,,+

(*,0( 0*0+/ +* +& (:'+0&( & ( :'+& :'<&+( 2$ +* 25. T& () *> +&

(:'+0&/ * 0,,+( '( 0*,+/ +& *-)- '+* *+< +: --,*')+ $.5

/ 1$.5 " '> "MAX "CC 12 ". T& DAC *+-+( , (&*,+0',0'+ -,*+0+/

<'(+ "CC / "EE. C-0'+' */ * +& DAC *+-+( (&*/ *+ 0/ 2 F '

*,/, +* -,+ -*((' *(0'+'*( + 0,+' (. T& +)-,+, 0*>>'0'+ >*,

0& *> +& *+-+( ,)'( ' -*((' 0*/'+'*( : *: $.1 LSB -, K'.

.0 O+toco+%,r"

$as!cs o@ o+toco+%,r"

T&, , ) ('++'*( :&, ('<( / /+ / +* +,(>,,/ >,*) *

(((+) +* *+&, :'+&' -'0 *> 0+,*'0( @'-)+? *, >,*) * -'0 *>

44



@'-)+ +* *+&,? :'+&*+ );'< /',0+ *&)'0 0+,'0 0*0+'*. O>+ +&'( '(

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+,'0 :&'0& '( (:'+0&'< 24$" AC. I (0& ('++'*( +& '; +: +& +:* )(+

'(*+/ *? +* -,*+0+ +& )'0,*-,*0((*, >,*) *,*+< /)<.

R( 0 *> 0*,( -,*'/ +&'( ;'/ *> '(*+'*? + () ,( +/ +* >',

; 0*)-,/ :'+& IC( / ) *> +*/( *+&, )''+, 0',0'+ 0*)-*+(.

B0( +&, 0+,*)0&'0? ,( , (* *+ ( ,' ^ / * 0- *>

,+' *: (-/ *-,+'*. W&, () ('? &'<&, (-/ / <,+, ,'''+ ,

')-*,++? )0& ++, +,+' '( +* ( *-+*0*-,. T&( ( ) *> '<&+ +*

+,()'+ +& ('<( *, /+ 0,*(( 0+,'0 ,,',? / 0&' 0+ '(*+'*.

O-+*0*-,( +-'0 0*) ' () 6-' *, 8-' IC -0;<? + , ((+'

0*)'+'* *> +:* /'(+'0+ /'0( *-+'0 +,()'++,? +-'0 <') ,('/

LED '<&+)'++'< /'*/9 / *-+'0 ,0', (0& ( -&*+*+,('(+*, *, '<&++,'<<,/ /'0. T& +:* , (-,+/ +,(-,+ ,,', :&'0& *0;( 0+,'0

0,,+ >*: +: +& +:*? + /*( *: +& -((< *> '<&+. T& ('0 '/ '(

(&*: ' F'<.1? *< :'+& +& ( 0',0'+ ()* >*, *-+*0*-,.

U( +& 0+,'0 0*0+'*( +* +& LED (0+'* , ,*<&+ *+ +* +& -'( * *

('/ *> +& -0;< / +&*( >*, +& -&*+*+,('(+*, *, /'0 +* +& *+&, ('/ ? +*

-&('0 (-,+ +&) ( )0& ( -*(('. T&'( ( *:( *-+*0*-,( +*

:'+&(+/ *+<( *> :&, +: 5$$" / 75$$" +: '-+ / *+-+.

O-+*0*-,( , ((+' /'<'+ *, (:'+0&'< /'0(? (* +&, (+ >*, +,(>,,'<

'+&, **>> 0*+,* ('<( *, /'<'+ /+. A*< ('<( 0 +,(>,,/ )( *>>,@0 *, -(:'/+& )*/+'*.

K P,)+,(

T& )*(+ ')-*,++ -,)+, >*, )*(+ *-+*0*-,( '( +&', +,(>, >>'0'0? (

)(,/ ' +,)( *> +&', 0,,+ +,(>, ,+'* *, CTR. T&'( '( (')- +& ,+'* +:

0,,+ 0&< ' +& *+-+ +,('(+*, / +& 0,,+ 0&< ' +& '-+ LED :&'0&

-,*/0/ '+. T-'0 ( >*, CTR ,< >,*) 1$ +* 5$ >*, /'0( :'+& *+-+

-&*+*+,('(+*, / - +* 2$$$ *, (* >*, +&*( :'+& D,'<+* +,('(+*, -', ' +&

*+-+.

N*+ ? &*:, +&+ ' )*(+ /'0( CTR +/( +* , :'+& (*+ 0,,+ .

T-'0 '+ -;( + LED 0,,+ *> *+ 1$)A? / >( : + *+& &'<&,

/ *:, 0,,+ (. O+&, *-+*0*-, -,)+,( '0/ +& *+-+ +,('(+*,(

)')) 0*0+*,)'++, *+< ,+'< " CE)9 ? :&'0& ')'+( +& (-- *+< '

+& *+-+ 0',0'+= +& '-+ LED( )')) 0,,+ ,+'< I F)9 ? :&'0& '( (/ +*

00+ +& )'')) >*, '+( (,'( ,('(+*,= / +& *-+*0*-,( /:'/+&?

45



:&'0& /+,)'( +& &'<&(+ ('< >,@0 +&+ 0 +,(>,,/ +&,*<& '+ ^

/+,)'/ )' '+, /'0 0*(+,0+'* / +& -,>*,)0 *> +& *+-+

-&*+*+,('(+*,. T-'0 *-+*0*-,( :'+& ('< *+-+ -&*+*+,('(+*, ) &

/:'/+& *> 2$$ 3$$;? :&' +&*( :'+& D,'<+* -', , ( *+ 1$ +')(

*:,? + ,*/ 2$ 3$;.

*: +& , (/

B('0 +& (')-(+ : +* '(' *-+*0*-, '( ' +,)( *> '+( +:* )'

0*)-*+( +& '-+ LED / +& *+-+ +,('(+*, *, /'0. A( +& +:* , 0+,'0

'(*+/? +&'( <'( >', )*+ *> >'''+ :& '+ 0*)( +* 0*0+'< +&) '+*

0',0'+. A : , & +* /* '( :*,; *+ 0*'+ : *> +,'< +& '-+ LED

* / *>>? / ('< +& ,(+'< (:'+0&'< *> +& -&*+* +,('(+*,/'0 +* <,+

*+-+ :>*,) *, *<'0 B('0 +& (')-(+ : +* '(' *-+*0*-, '( '

+,)( *> '+( +:* )' 0*)-*+( +& '-+ LED / +& *+-+ +,('(+*, *, /'0. A( +&+:* , 0+,'0 '(*+/? +&'( <'( >', )*+ *> >'''+ :& '+ 0*)( +*

0*0+'< +&) '+* 0',0'+. A : , & +* /* '( :*,; *+ 0*'+ : *>

+,'< +& '-+ LED * / *>>? / ('< +& ,(+'< (:'+0&'< *> +& -&*+*

+,('(+*,/'0 +* <,+ *+-+ :>*,) *, *<'0 ('< +&+ '( 0*)-+' :'+& *,

*+-+ 0',0'+,.

F*, )- (+ '; /'(0,+ LED? * 0 /,' *-+*0*-,( '-+ LED >,*)

+,('(+*, *, *<'0 <+>>,. A +&+( // '( (,'( ,('(+*, +* (+ +& 0,,+

:& +& LED '( +,/ *. A/ ,<,/(( *> :&+&, * ( +,('(+*, *, *<'0 >>,

+* /,' +& LED? * (+' & +& *-+'* *> /,''< '+ ' - /*: *,- - )*/.T&'( )( * 0 ,,< >*, +& LED? / &0 +& *-+*0*-,? +* '+&, * *,

*>> >*, *<'0 &'<& *, *:9 ' +& /,''< 0',0'+,.

I (*) 0',0'+(? +&, ) 0&0 +&+ + +')( +& /,''< *+< >/ +* +& '-+

LED 0*/ & ,,(/ -*,'+ / +* (:--/ 0 0*0+'*? >*, )-9. T&'(

0 0( /)< +* +& /'0? 0( *-+*0*-, LED( +/ +* & @'+ *:

,,( *+< ,+'< +-'0 * 3 5".

O +& *+-+ ('/? +&, , <' ), *> -*((' 0*0+'*( :'+& +-'0

*-+*0*-, *> +& +- &'< ('< -&*+*+,('(+*, ,0', (0& ( +& 4N25 *,

4N289. I )*(+ 0(( +& +,('(+*, '( (')- 0*0+/ ( '<&+*-,+/ (:'+0&? '

(,'( :'+& */ ,('(+*, RL. T& ( *> +& +,('(+*, '( >+ 0*0+/? / +&

0&*'0 '( +: &'< +& +,('(+*, + +& +*- *> +& */ ,('(+*, *, + +& *++*) '..?

' '+&, -- *, -/*: )*/. T&'( <' <'( -+ *> >'''+ >*, /,''<

'+&, *<'0 <+( *, +,('(+*,.

46



I> &'<&, /:'/+& '( //? +&'( 0 0&'/ ('< * +& 0*0+*, / (

0*0+'*(? / ('< +& +,('(+*, ( -&*+*/'*/. T&'( *:,( +& *-+*0*-,( CTR

/ +,(>, <' 0*('/,? + 0 '0,( +& /:'/+& +* 3$M *, (*. A

+,+' --,*0& '( (+' +* ( +& *+-+ /'0 ( -&*+*+,('(+*,? + +' +& (

/*: +* <,*/ *, +& )'++,9 ' ,('(+*, R? +* (('(+ ' ,)* *> (+*,/ 0&,<.

T&'( 0 +/ +& *-+*( /:'/+& (> +&*<& *+ /,)+'09? :'+&*+

*:,'< +& CTR / +,(>, <' )*, +& '( 0((,. T-'0 */ (+,+

:'+& ,('(+*, *> 1M*&)? / ,/0 '+ <,/ /*: +* *+ 47;*&) +* ( '>

+& /(',/ /:'/+& 0 ,0&/.

MOC#721)77 9o%ts P,a&

T& MOC3$2$ S,'( 0*('(+( *> <') ,('/ '>,,/ )'++'< /'*/(?

*-+'0 0*-/ +* (''0* '+, (:'+0&.

T& , /('</ >*, --'0+'*( ,@','< '(*+/ +,'0 +,'<<,'<.

R,co((,nd,d @or 112)7 9acr(s A++%!cat!ons"

_ S**'/" C*+,*( _ S++'0 0 P*:, S:'+0&

_ L)- B(+( _ S*'/ S++ R(

_ I+,>0'< M'0,*-,*0((*,( +* 115 "0 P,'-&,( _ I0/(0+ L)- D')),(

_ M*+*, C*+,*(

47



. $as!cs o@ TRIAC"

TRIAC? >,*) Tr!od, @or A%t,rnat!n' Crr,nt? '( <,'/ +,/ ) >*,

0+,*'0 0*)-*+ +&+ 0 0*/0+ 0,,+ ' '+&, /',0+'* :& '+ '( +,'<<,/

+,/ *9? / '( >*,) 0/ b!d!r,ct!ona% tr!od, t8r!stor *, b!%at,ra% tr!od,

t8r!stor.

TRIAC( *< +* +& +&,'(+*, >)' / , 0*( ,+/ +* S''0*0*+,*/

,0+'>',( SCR9. *:,? '; SCR(? :&'0& , '/',0+'* /'0( '.. 0

0*/0+ 0,,+ * ' * /',0+'*9? TRIAC( , '/',0+'* / (* 0,,+ 0 >*:

+&,*<& +&) ' '+&, /',0+'*. A*+&, /'>>,0 >,*) SCR( '( +&+ TRIAC( 0

+,'<<,/ '+&, -*('+' *, <+' 0,,+ --'/ +* '+( gate 0+,*/? :&,(

SCR( 0 +,'<<,/ * 0,,+( <*'< '+* +& <+. I *,/, +* 0,+ +,'<<,'<

0,,+? -*('+' *, <+' *+< &( +* --'/ +* +& <+ :'+& ,(-0+ +* +& A1

+,)' *+&,:'( ;*: ( MT19.

O0 +,'<<,/? +& /'0 0*+'( +* 0*/0+ +' +& 0,,+ /,*-( *: 0,+'

+&,(&*/? 0/ &*/'< 0,,+.

T& '/',0+'*'+ );( TRIAC( , 0*'+ (:'+0&( >*, AC 0',0'+(? (*

*:'< +&) +* 0*+,* , ,< -*:, >*:( :'+& )'')-,(0 <+ 0,,+(. I

//'+'*? --'< +,'<<, -( + 0*+,*/ -&( < ' AC 00 *:( * +*

0*+,* +& -,0+< *> 0,,+ +&+ >*:( +&,*<& +& TRIAC +* +& */ -&(

0*+,*9? :&'0& '( 0*))* (/? >*, )-? ' 0*+,*'< +& (-/ *> *:-*:,'/0+'* )*+*,(? ' /')),'< )-( / ' 0*+,*'< AC &+'< ,('(+*,(.

48




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyristor

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon-controlled_rectifier


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_controlled_rectifier#Modes_of_operation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_control


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induction_motors

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Triac.svg




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyristor




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induction_motors



Gat, t8r,s8o%d crr,nt: %atc8!n' crr,nt and 8o%d!n' crr,nt

A TRIAC (+,+( 0*/0+'< :& 0,,+ >*:'< '+* *, *+ *> '+( <+ '( (>>'0'+ +*

+, * +& ,+ 0+'*( ' +& @/,+ *> *-,+'*. T& )'')) 0,,+ +*

/* +&'( '( 0/ 'at, t8r,s8o%d crr,nt / '( <, '/'0+/ IGT. I +-'0

TRIAC? +& <+ +&,(&*/ 0,,+ '( <, >: )'')-`,(? + * &( +* +; '+*

00*+ (* +&+

• IGT /-/( * +& +)-,+, '//? +& &'<&, +& +)-,+,? +& &'<&, +&

,,( 0,,+( ' +& *0;/ 0+'*(. T&'( ')-'( +& -,(0 *> )*, >,

0,,',( ' +& <+ ,<'*? :&'0& *:,( +& <+ 0,,+ //.

• IGT /-/( * +& @/,+ *> *-,+'*? ('0 /'>>,+ @/,+ ')-'(

/'>>,+ : *> +,'<<,'<? ( -'/ ' +& (0+'* JP&('0( *> +& /'0J. A(

,? +& >',(+ @/,+ '( +& )*(+ (('+' '.. ,@',( +& (+ 0,,+ +* +, *9?

:&,( +& >*,+& @/,+ '( +& (+ (('+'.

• W& +,'< * >,*) *>>(++? IGT /-/( * +& *+< --'/ * +& +:*

)' +,)'( MT1 / MT2. '<&, *+< +: MT1 / MT2 0( <,+,

,,( 0,,+( ' +& *0;/ 0+'*( ,@','< (( <+ 0,,+ (')', +* &'<&

+)-,+, *-,+'*. G,? ' /+(&+(? IGT '( <' >*, (-0'>'/ *+<

+: MT1 / MT2.

W& +& <+ 0,,+ '( /'(0*+'/? '> +& 0,,+ >*:'< +: +& +:* )'

+,)'( '( )*, +& +& (*0/ %atc8!n' crr,nt +& /'0 ;-( 0*/0+'<?

*+&,:'( +& /'0 )'<&+ +, *>>. L+0&'< 0,,+ '( +& )'')) +&+ 0 ); -

>*, +& )'(('< <+ 0,,+ ' *,/, +* ;- +& /'0 '+, (+,0+, +0&/. T&

*> +&'( -,)+, ,'( :'+&

• <+ 0,,+ -( )-'+/? (&- / :'/+&9

• +)-,+,

• 0*+,* 0',0'+ ,('(+*,( *, 0-0'+*,( +: +& <+ / MT1 '0,( +&

+0&'< 0,,+ 0( +& (+ (*) 0,,+ >,*) +& <+ >*, '+ 0 &- +&0*)-+ +,* *> +& /'09

• @/,+ *> *-,+'*

I -,+'0,? '> +& -( :'/+& *> +& <+ 0,,+ '( (>>'0'+ ,< <, (*)

+( *> )'0,*(0*/(9? +& TRIAC &( 0*)-+/ +& +,'<<,'< -,*0(( :& +& <+

('< '( /'(0*+'/ / +& +0&'< 0,,+ ,0&( )'')) 0/ 8o%d!n'

4!



I /+(&+(? +&'( -,)+, '( ( '/'0+/ ( / '( +-'0 ' +& *,/, *> +&

+( *> )-, -, )'0,*(0*/

Co((tat!n' ddt and d!dt

T& 0*))++'< /v/t ,+'< --'( :& TRIAC &( 0*/0+'< / ++)-+(

+* +, *>> :'+& -,+' ,0+' */? (0& ( '/0+*,. T& 0,,+ / *+< ,

*+ *> -&(? (* :& +& 0,,+ /0,(( *: +& &*/'< ? +& +,'0 ++)-+( +*

+, *>>? + 0( *> +& -&( (&'>+ +: 0,,+ / *+<? (// *+< (+-

+;( -0 +: +& +:* )' +,)'(? :&'0& +,( +& /'0 * <'.

I /+(&+(? +&'( -,)+, '( ( '/'0+/ ( / '( <, ' +& *,/,

*> - +* (*) *+( -, )'0,*(0*/.

T& ,(* :& co((tat!n' dvdt !s %,ss t8an stat!c dvdt '( +&+? (&*,+ >*, +&

/'0 +,'( +* +, *>>? +&, '( (+' (*) 0(( )'*,'+ 0&,< ' '+( '+, ,( (

,(+ *> +& -,'*( 0*/0+'*. W& +& TRIAC (+,+( +* +, *>>? +&( 0&,<( +,

+& '+, -*++' *> +& ,<'* , +& <+ / A1MT1? (* '+ '( (', >*, +&

0-0'+' 0,,+ / +* /v/t +* +, * +& /'0 <'.

A*+&, ')-*,++ >0+*, /,'< 0*))++'* >,*) *(++ +* *>>(++ '( +& /i/t *>

+& 0,,+ >,*) A1MT1 +* A2MT2. T&'( '( (')', +* +& ,0*, ' (+/,/ /'*/(

+& &'<&, +& /i/t ? +& <,+, +& ,,( 0,,+. B0( ' +& TRIAC +&, ,

-,('+'0 ,('(+0(? &'<& ,,( 0,,+ ' +& - 0+'*( '('/ '+ 0 -,**;

*+< /,*- +: +& <+ ,<'* / +& A1MT1 ,<'* :&'0& ) ); +&

TRIAC (+ +,/ *.

I /+(&+? +& 0*))++'< /i/t '( ( '/'0+/ ( / '( <, '

+& *,/, *> (*) )-`,( -, )'0,*(0*/.

T& 0*))++'< /v/t '( , ')-*,++ :& +& TRIAC '( (/ +* /,' */ :'+&

-&( (&'>+ +: 0,,+ / *+<? (0& ( '/0+' */. S--*( * :+( +*

+, +& '/0+*, *>> :& +& 0,,+ <*( +* ,*? '> +& <+ '( *+ >/? +& TRIAC

++)-+( +* +, *>>? + +&'( 0(( (+- ' +& *+< 0,*(( '+ / +* +& >*,

51



)+'*/ -&( (&'>+. I> +& 0*))++'< /v/t ,+'< '( 0//? +& /'0 :' *+

+, *>>.

Application:

L*: -*:, TRIAC( , (/ ' ) --'0+'*( (0& ( '<&+ /')),(? (-/ 0*+,*(>*, 0+,'0 >( / *+&, 0+,'0 )*+*,(? / ' +& )*/, 0*)-+,'/ 0*+,*

0',0'+( *> ) &*(&*/ () / )*, --'0(.

*:,? :& (/ :'+& '/0+' */( (0& ( 0+,'0 >(? 0, )(+ +; +*

((, +&+ +& TRIAC :' +, *>> 0*,,0+ + +& / *> 0& &>00 *> +& AC

-*:,. I//? TRIAC( 0 , (('+' +* &'<& ( *> //+ +: A1MT1

/ A2MT2? (* -&( (&'>+ +: 0,,+ / *+< ( ' +& 0( *> '/0+'

*/9 /( +* (// *+< (+- +&+ 0 ); +& /'0 +, * ' :+/

),.

U:+/ +,*( 0 *'// ('< (, 0',0'+ ( *> +& RC *, RCL

+-9 +: A1MT1 / A2MT2. S, 0',0'+( , (* (/ +* -,+ -,)+,

+,'<<,'<? 0(/ >*, )- *+< (-';( ' +& )'( (--.

B0( +,*( , 0(/ '+, 0-0'+' 0,,+( >*:'< '+* +& <+ (

0*(@0 *> &'<& *+< /v/t ? <+ ,('(+*, *, 0-0'+*, *, *+& ' -,9 )

0*0+/ +: +& <+ / A1MT1 +* -,*'/ *:')-/0 -+& +* A1MT1

/ >,+&, -,+ >( +,'<<,'<. T&'(? &*:,? '0,(( +& ,@',/ +,'<<, 0,,+

*, //( +0 / +* 0-0'+*, 0&,<'<. O +& *+&, &/? ,('(+*, +: +& <+

/ A1MT1 &-( /,: ;< 0,,+( *+ *> +& /'0? +&( ')-,*'< +&

-,>*,)0 *> +& TRIAC + &'<& +)-,+,? :&, +& )')) *:/ /v/t '(

*:,. "( *> ,('(+*,( (( +& 1;a / 0-0'+*,( *> 1$$F , <, ('+

>*, +&'( -,-*(? +&*<& +& >'+'< (&*/ /* * +& -,+'0, /'0 )*/.

F*, &'<&,-*:,/? )*,/)/'< */(? +:* SCR( ' ',( -, ) (/

'(+/ *> * TRIAC. B0( 0& SCR :' & +', &>00 *> ,,(

-*,'+ *+< --'/ +* '+? +,*>> *> +& SCR( '( ((,/? * )++, :&+ +&

0&,0+, *> +& */. *:,? / +* +& (-,+ <+(? -,*-, +,'<<,'< *> +& SCR( '(

)*, 0*)- +& +,'<<,'< TRIAC.

I //'+'* +* 0*))++'*? TRIAC ) (* *+ +, * ,' :'+& *,('(+'

*/( '> +& -&( (&'>+ *> +& 0,,+ -,+( 0&''< &*/'< 0,,+ + +,'<<, +').

T* *,0*) +&+? -( +,'( ) (/ +* ,-+/ +, +* +,'<<, +& TRIAC +' '+

>' +,( *. T& /+< '( +&+ +& <+ 0,,+ /*( *+ / +* )'+'/

52







http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductor


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_(waves)#Phase_shift



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_wave







http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductor


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_(waves)#Phase_shift


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_wave



+&,*<&*+ +& +', 0*/0+'* <? :&'0& 0 >'0' :& +&, '( *

')'+/ /,' 0-''+ '.

MAIN 4EATURES"

DESCRIPTION

A' '+&, ' +&,*<&&* *, (,>0)*+ -0;<(? +& BTABTB12 / T12

+,'0 (,'( '( ('+ >*, <, -,-*( AC (:'+0&'<. T& 0 (/ ( ONOFF

>0+'* ' --'0+'*( (0& ( (++'0 ,(? &+'< ,<+'*? '/0+'* )*+*, (+,+'<

0',0'+(... *, >*, -&( 0*+,* *-,+'* ' '<&+ /')),(? )*+*, (-/ 0*+,*,(?...

T& (,(( ,('*( BTABTB...W / T12 (,'(9 , (-0' ,0*))// >*,

( * '/0+' */(? +&;( +* +&', &'<& 0*))++'* -,>*,)0(. B ('<

'+, 0,)'0 -/? +& BTA (,'( -,*'/( *+< '(+/ + ,+/ + 25$$"

RMS9 0*)-'< :'+& UL (+/,/( F' ,>. E817349

53





0. PC$ DESIGN

D('< / F,'0+'* *> P,'+/ 0',0'+ *,/(

0.1 INTRODUCTION"

P,'+/ 0',0'+ *,/(? *, PCB(? >*,) +& 0*, *> 0+,*'0 @'-)+ /*)(+'0 /

'/(+,'. S*) *> +& ,( :&, PCB( , '+(' (/ , 0*)-+,(? -,*0((

0*+,*? +0*))'0+'*( / '(+,)++'*.

54



0.2 MANU4ATCURING"

T& )>0+,'< -,*0(( 0*('(+( *> +:* )+&*/(= -,'+ / +0&? / -,'+? -+ /

+0&. T& ('< ('// PCB( , ( )/ ('< +& -,'+ / +0& )+&*/. T&

/* ('// -+ +&,*<& [ &* PT9 *,/( , )/ +& -,'+ -+ / +0&

)+&*/.

T& -,*/0+'* *> )+' , *,/( (( *+& +& )+&*/(. T& ', ,( , -,'+/

/ +0& :&' +& *+, ,( , -,*/0/ -,'+? -+ / +0& >+, -,(('< +&

', ,(.

0.# SO4TWARE"

T& (*>+:, (/ ' *, -,*0+ +* *+' +& (0&)+'0 *+ '( MICROSIM.

0.) PANELISATION"

, +& (0&)+'0 +,(>*,)/ ' +* +& :*,;'< -*('+'<+' >')(. T& 0',0'+ '(

,-+/ 0*'+ +* 00*))*/+ 0**)'0 ( ) 0',0'+( ( -*((' '

-? :&'0& 0 *-,+/ ' , (@0 *> ((@+ (+-( ' +& PCB -,*0((.

T&'( '( 0/ -'+'*. F*, +& PT *,/(? +& + *-,+'* '( /,''<.

0. DRILLING"

PCB /,''< '( (++ *> +& ,+ *-,+'*. ", () &*( , /,'/ :'+& &'<& (-/

CNC /,''< )0&'(? <''< : >''(& :'+& (( *, * (), *, -*? ,@',/ >*,

*'/ >, +&,*<& :&* -+'<.

0.0 PLATING"

T& &,+ *> +& PCB )>0+,'< -,*0((. T& &*( /,'/ ' +& *,/ , +,+/

*+& )0&'0 / 0&)'0 >*, /-*('+'< +& 0*--, +& 0+,* (( 0*--,

-++'< -,*0((.

0. ETCHING"

O0 )+'-, *,/ '( /,'/ / 0+,* (( 0*--, /-*('+/? +& ')< '

' +& >*,) *> >') '( +,(>,,/ * +* +& *+ ('/ -&*+* -,'+'< ('< /, >')

-,'+'< -,*0((. T& *,/( , +& 0+,*+'0 -+/ * +* +& 0',0'+ -++, :'+&

0*--, / +'. T& +'-+/ /-*('+ (,( +0& ,('(+ :& 0*--, ' +& :+/

, '( ,)*/ +& 0**,( (-, +0&'< )0&'( :'+& 0&)'0 +0& +(. T&

55



+0&'< )0&'( , ++0&/ +* +*)+'0 /*('< @'-)+? :&'0& (( /

0*+,*( +0& +( 0*0+,+'*(

0.5 SOLDERMASJ"

S'0 PCB /('< ) 0 >*, , 0*( (-0'< +: 0*/0+*,(? (*/, )(;

&( +* --'/ * +& *+& ('/( *> +& 0',0'+, +* *'/ +& ,'/<'< *> 0*/0+*,(.

T& (*/, )(; '; '( --'/ (0,'<. T& '; '( /,'/? -*(/ +* U"? /*-/

' )'/ ;' (*+'* / >' 0,/ *+& U" / +&,) ,<.

0.6 HOT AIR LE9ELLING

A>+, --'< +& (*/, )(;? +& 0',0'+ -/( , (*/,/ ('< +& &*+ ', '<

-,*0((. T& , */'( >/ / /'--/ ' +* )*+ (*/, +&. W&' ,)*'<

+& *,/ >,*) +& (*/, +&? &*+ ', '( *: * *+& ('/( *> +& *,/ +&,*<& ',;'( ' +& )0&'(? '< +& *,/ (*/,/ / /. T&'( '( * *> +&

0*))* >''(&( <' +* +& *,/(. T&( +& /* ('// -+/ +&,*<& :&* -,'+/

0',0'+ *,/ '( )>0+,/ / '( *: ,/ >*, +& 0*)-*+( +* (*/,/.

SO4TWARE TOOLS

.1 JEIL Ass,(b%,r"

K' /*-)+ +**( >*, +& 8$51 M'0,*0*+,*, A,0&'+0+, (--*,+ , *>

(*>+:, /*-, >,*) +& -,*>(('* --'0+'*( <', +* +& (+/+ (+,'< *+ )/// (*>+:, /*-)+.

T& '/(+,(+/,/ K' C C*)-',(? M0,* A((),(? D<<,(? R+')

K,(? S'<*,/ C*)-+,(? / E)+*,( (--*,+ 8$51 /,'+'( / &-

* <+ *, -,*0+( 0*)-+/ * (0&/.

T& K' 8$51 D*-)+ T**( , /('</ +* (* +& 0*)- -,*)( >0'<

)/// (*>+:, /*-,(.

W& (+,+'< : -,*0+? (')- (0+ +& )'0,*0*+,*, * ( >,*) +& D'0

D+( / +& H"'('* IDE (+( 0*)-',? ((),? ';,? / ))*, *-+'*(

>*, *.

N),*( )- -,*<,)( , '0// +* &- * <+ (+,+/ :'+& +& )*(+ -*-,

)/// 8$51 /'0(.

56



T& K' H"'('* D<<, 00,+ (')+( *0&'- -,'-&,( IbC? CAN? UART?

SPI? I+,,-+(? IO P*,+(? AD C*,+,? DA C*,+,? / PWM M*/(9 *> *,

8$51 /'0.

S')+'* &-( * /,(+/ &,/:, 0*>'<,+'*( / *'/( +') :(+/ *

(+- -,*)(. A//'+'*? :'+& (')+'*? * 0 :,'+ / +(+ --'0+'*( >*,

+,<+ &,/:, '( '.

W& * , ,/ +* <' +(+'< *, (*>+:, --'0+'* :'+& +,<+ &,/:,? (

+& MON51? MON3!$? MONADI? *, F(&MON51 T,<+ M*'+*,(? +& ISD51 I

S(+) D<<,? *, +& ULINK USBTAG A/-+, +* /*:*/ / +(+ -,*<,)

0*/ * *, +,<+ ((+).

I+( (<<(+/ +&+ +&, , *: ( ) )/// ((+)( ' ,/ ( (

+&, , -*- * -+ E,+&. D*)(+'0 --'0( >,*) :(&'< )0&'( +* T"(?

'/* ,0*,/,( / )*' -&*(? *: '0/ + (+ * )/// -,*0((*,. T&

, (* '+ 0*)-*+( ' &< ,'+ *> +*)*+'? )/'0? ,*(-0 /

)''+, ((+)(. A( ,(+? +&, '( (+,*< /)/ >*, -,*<,)),( :'+& )///(;'(? / ) /(;+*- /*-,( , )*'< '+* +&'( ,.

W **; + +& '('/ *> 8$51. W /)*(+,+ (*) *> +& :'/ (/ ,<'(+,( *> +&

8$51 :'+& (')- '(+,0+'* (0& ( MO" / ADD.

W /'(0(( *+ (() << # )0&' << -,*<,))'< / />' +,)(

(0& ( ))*'0(? *-0*/? / *-,/ +0.

T& -,*0(( *> (()'< / 0,+'< ,/ +* , -,*<,) >*, +& 8$51.

S+- (+- 0+'* *> 8$51 -,*<,) / ,* *> -,*<,) 0*+,.

T& : **; *+ (*) :'/ (/ (() << /',0+'(? -(/* 0*/ /

/+ +-( ,+/ +* +& 8$51.W /'(0(( *+ >< '+( / &*: +& , >>0+/ ,'+&)+'0 '(+,0+'*(.

I('/ 8$51

R<'(+,(

D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D$

I +& 0-? ,<'(+,( , (/ +* (+*, '>*,)+'* +)-*,,' +&+ '>*,)+'* 0*/

+ *> /+ +* -,*0((/ *, //,(( -*'+'< +* +& /+ +* -,*0((/ *, //,((

-*'+'< +* +& /+ +* >+0&/.

T& )*,'+ *> 8$51 ,<'(+,( , 8 '+ ,<'(+,. T& 8 '+ ,<'(+, , 0(('>'/ '+*

MSB M*(+ S'<'>'0+ B'+9

LSB L*(+ S'<'>'0+ B'+9

W'+& 8 '+ /+ +-? /+ *<, +& 8 '+( )(+ ,*; '+* 8 0&;( >*, '+

'( -,*0((/.

T& )*(+ :'/ (/ ,<'(+,( *> +& 8$51 , ACA00)+*,9?

B?R$?R1?R2?R3?R4?R5?R6?R7? DPTRD+ P*'+,9 / PC-,*<,) 0*+,9.

A *> +& * ,<'(+,( , 8 '+( 0-+ DPTR / PC.

57



MO" I(+,0+'*9

T& MO" '(+,0+'* 0*-'( /+ >,*) * *0+'* +* *+&,. I+ &( +&

>**:'< >*,)+.

MO" /(+'+'*? (*,0? 0*- (*,0 +* /(+'+'*.

E)-

MO" A? 55= L*/ 55 '+* ,<'(+, A

MO" R$? A= 0*- 0*+0+( *> A '+* R$

MO" R1? A= 0*- 0*+0+( *> A '+* R1

1. " 0 *// /',0+ '+* *> +& ,<'(+,( A? B *, R$ [ R7. *:, +*

'/'0+ +&+ '+ '( '))/'+ '+ )(+ -,*0// :'+& -*/ ('< 9.

MO" A? 23

MO" R$? 12MO" R5? $F!

MO" R5? F! :' 0( ,,*,.

$ '( (/ +: / F +* '/'0+ +&+ F '( & ), / *+ ++,.

2. I> +& ( $ +* F , )*/ +* 8'+ ,<'(+,? +& ,(+ *> +& '+( , (()/ +*

,*. F*, )-? ' MO"? 5 +& ,(+ :' A$5= +&+ '( A $$$$ $1$1.

3. M*'< " +&+ '( +** ,< '+* ,<'(+, :' 0( ,,*,.

MO" A? 7F2 7F2 c 8 '+( FF9

4. A +* *// '+* ,<'(+, )(+ -,*0// :'+& -*/ ('< 9 *+&,:'(

'+ )(+ */ >,*) ))*, *0+'*.

F*, )- dMO" A? 17eI+ )( +* MO" A +& &*/ ' ))*, *0+'* 17? :&'0& 0*/ & .

I *,/, +* */ +& 17 '+* +& 00)+*, : )(+ :,'+ dMO" A? 17

N*+'0 +&+ +& (0 *> +& ('< :' *+ 0( ,,*, +& ((),. S'0 '+ '(

'/ '(+,0+'*. *:, +& ,(+ :*/ *+ :&+ +& -,*<,)), '+//.

ADD I(+,0+'*

ADD A? (*,0= // +& (*,0 *-,/ +* +& 00)+*,

MO" A? 25

MO" R2? 34

ADD A? R2 = A// R2 +* +& 00)+*,

= A 25349

A5!

INTRODUCTION TO 571 ASSEM$L3 PROGRAMMING

o W&' +& CPU 0 :*,; * ' ',? '+ 0 /* (* + , &'<& (-/.

o A -,*<,) 0*('(+( *> $( / 1( '( 0/ M0&' <<.

58



o I +& ,', /( *> +& 0*)-+,? -,*<,)),( 0*// -,*<,)( ' )0&'

<<.

o E+? (() <<( :, /*-/ +&+ -,*'// ))*'0( >*, +&

)0&' 0*/ '(+,0+'*(? *+&, >+,( +&+ )/ -,*<,))'< >(+, / ((

,,*,.

o A(() << -,*<,)( )(+ +,(+/ '+* )0&' 0*/ -,*<,)

0/ A((),.

o A(() << '( ,>,,/ +* ( *: << 0( '+ /( /',0+

:'+& +& '+, (+,0+, *> +& CPU.

o A((), '( (/ +* +,(+ (() << -,*<,) '+* )0&' 0*/

>*, +& *-,+'* 0*/.

o T*/ * 0 ( ) /'>>,+ -,*<,))'< <<( (0& ( BASIC?

PASCAL? C? C? A"A +0.? / +&( <<( , 0/ ( '<&

<<(.

o T& &'<& <<( , +,(+/ '+* )0&' 0*/ -,*<,) 0/

C*)-',.

.2 Ass,(b%!n' and Rnn!n' an 571 Pro'ra("

1. F',(+ : ( /'+*, +* +- ' -,*<,). M 0+ /'+*,( , '

+&+ 0 (/ +* 0,+ / /'+ +& -,*<,). W , ('< (()<< .() ( +& +('*.

2. T& d()e (*,0 >' 0*+''< +& -,*<,) 0*/ 0,+/ ' (+-1 +-/ +* 8$51

((),. T& ((), 0*,+( +& '(+,0+'* '+* )0&' 0*/. T&

((), :' -,*/0 *0+ >' / '(+ >'. T& +('* >*, +& *0+ >'

'( d*e :&' +('* >*, +& '(+ >'( d(+e.

3. A((), ,@',( +&',/ (+- 0/ ';'<. T& '; -,*<,) +(;( * *, )*,

*0+ >' / -,*/0 (*+ >' :'+& +& +('* d(e.

4. N+ +& d(e >' '( >/ '+* -,*<,) 0/ dOe *0+ +* & 0*,+,9

:&'0& 0,+( >' +('* d&e +&+ '( ,/ +* , '+* ROM.

571 Data t+,s and d!r,ct!,s

DB D>' B+9

5!



EVU? +& -,*<,)), 0 0&< '+( *0 / +& ((), :' 0&< *> '+(

*00,,0(? ,+&, +& (,0& +& +', -,*<,) +,'< +* >'/ , *00,,0.

END /',0+'

T&'( '/'0+( +* +& ((), +* +& / *> +& (*,0 ()9 >'.

17. Adanta',s"

• C*(++ (-/ 0*+,*

• (-/ ,<+'* ',,(-0+' *> */ 0*/'+'*(

11. A++%!cat!ons"

• U(/ ' '/(+,' -0(

12. Conc%s!on"

W'+&' +&'( *+'*? +& )'0,*0*+,*,( MCU9 -,*<,((' ,-0 *<

0*+,*,( / /'(0,+ (*+'*( ' *: 0*(+ --'0+'*(. T& , )*, >'?

*>+ / (( 0*)-*+( / -,*'/ >(+, +') +* ),;+. W'+& *< IC? +&

/('<, '( ')'+/ +* >'/ >0+'* >,* '('/ +& /'0. W'+& DIAC 0*+,*?

>+,( '; ((*, >/0; *, &0/ )*+*, /,' 0 *+ (' ')-)+/.

W'+& +& MCU -,*-*(/ ' +&'( *+ +& ST621$9? +& /('<, 0 '0/ &'( *:

'/( / +(+ +&) /',0+ ('< EPROM *, O T') P,*<,)) OTP9 ,('*(.

T& +,'0 '( +& (+ -(' -*:, (:'+0& +* *-,+ /',0+ * +& 11$24$" )'(.

T&( '+ '( +& *-+') (:'+0& >*, )*(+ *> +& *:0*(+ -*:, --'0+'*( *-,+'< *

'. T& LOGIC LE"EL *, SNUBBERLESS +,'0( , 0*)-)+ +* +& ST621$MCU >*, (0& --'0(. T&( +,'0( 0 *-,+ :'+& *: <+ 0,,+ / 0

/',0+ +,'<<,/ +& MCU? :&' (+' )'+''< &'<& (:'+0&'< 0-''+. T&'(

--'0+'* *+ /(0,'( +&, /'>>,+ MCU (/ --'0+'*( ',( )*+*,

/,'? AC (:'+0& / '<&+ /')),. T& *-,+ :'+& +& () (, '+,>0(

/ )*(+ +& () (*>+:, / &,/:,.

61



RE4ERENCES "

1. :::.('0('.0*)+d@ (D+QS&+(LS7634QLS7635. pdf

2. :::.*-(*,0-,+,(.f0*(+,/dimmer /

3. :::./+(&+(.*,<.;BTA$82$ST2$%!'8t2$d!((,r2$sc8,.

4. www.freescale.com/files/microcontrollers/doc/app.../AN2839. pdf

5. :::./'(0*, c!rc!ts.0*)L'+d!((,r2.htm

6. :::.*+0',0'+(.0*) g ... g T%RISTORS

7. :::.0+,*'0(+0&,.0*)'(+*>sc8,(at!c(...D!((,r Q C!rc!ts.

8. /0-/'.;,/')*.'>*0+,*'0(lightdimmer .htm

9. :::.;'+(,(.0*)+d@ ;1!. pdf

10. :::./+(&+,0&'.0*)23$2$light %20dimmer -d... U'+/ S++(

11. :::..+'&.<,(0+,*'0(:... Light _ dimmer _ circuits. pdf

12. :::./+(&+(4.0*)T,'0BTB126$$B/+(&+.&+)

62

http://www.google.co.in/url?url=http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_3/chpt_7/index.html&rct=j&sa=X&ei=PNkyT83FOY3wrQfdlrmcDA&ved=0CGUQ6QUoADAE&q=light+dimmer+circuit+pdf&usg=AFQjCNHFnFpwafdXnzNnJ1zhgVMt7tua4w

http://www.google.co.in/url?url=http://www.allaboutcircuits.com/vol_3/chpt_7/index.html&rct=j&sa=X&ei=PNkyT83FOY3wrQfdlrmcDA&ved=0CGUQ6QUoADAE&q=light+dimmer+circuit+pdf&usg=AFQjCNHFnFpwafdXnzNnJ1zhgVMt7tua4w

Ac Motor Speed Control Using Pwm Technique

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