ABSTRACTS FROM AOCS JOURNALS

Propertia or Rapeseed Oil Ier- Use as a Diesel Fuel Extender, K.McDonnella .• , S. wllf'dIl. JJ. Leahyh. and P. McNultyD. DAgricullurallnd Food Engineering Department, UniveBily College Dublin. Dublin 2.Ireland. and DJndustrial Chemistry Department, Universily of Limerick,Plassey Park, Limerick. lreland.

Chemical and thermal analyses were carried OO[on degummed and fil-tered (5 I'm) rapeseed oil (referred to as SRO. i.e., semirefined rapeseedoil) to determine its suitability as II diesel fuel extender. TIle upper rate forInclusion of SRO with diesel fuel is 25%. This fuel blend had a phospho-rus level of 2.S ppm. which was comparable !O rape methyl esters (1.0ppm phosphorus), Tberrnogravimetric analyses were used to estimate thecetane ratings of the fuels. A 2S'l> SROIdiesel blend had an estimatedcetane indeJI of 32.4 compared to 38.1 for diesel fuel only. Differentialscanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analyses were used to com-pan: the volatility mnge!>of the fuels. SRO needed higher temperatures forvolatilization (Le .• 70-260QC for dieKI fuel vs. 280-520·C for SRO).This indicated poorer cold-slarting performance of SRO oomparcd whhdiesel fuel. SRO fuel is a low-sulfur. high-oxygen fuel giving SRO a IT1Of"C

favorable emissions profile !han pure diesel fuel.Paper no. 18982 in l!toes 76. 539-~3 (May 1999).

TnanwsterinCillion of Healed Rapeseed Oil for EJr:tI'nding OIesd Furl.M. Miltelbach- and H. Enzelsberger, Institute of Organic Chemistry.Kart-Franzens-Universillit Graz. A-SOlO Graz. Austria.

Fatly acid methyl esters arc well established as an alternative fuelcalled "biodlesel," For economic reasons. used frying oil is an intcn:stingalternative feedslock for biodiescl prodllClion. The chemical changes tbaloccur during heating of rapeseed oil. e5pecially !be formation of poly-tnCfS ..... ere investigated, Heated rapcsccd oil samples were transesteriflCdwith methanol and analyzed by size-exclusion chromatography. Duringheating. the amount of polymers in the starting oil increased up 10 15wt%. but only up to 5 wt% in the transesterifled samples. So during trans-esterification. dimeric and trimeric triglyceride!; in the starting oil weremainly convened into monomeric and dimeric Iany acid methyl esters.The amount of polymeric fatty acid methyl esters had a negative influenceon fuel characteristics. Mter 6 h of heating. the amouR! of Conradsoo car-Ixm residue and after 16 h!he viscosity exceeded that of the existing spec-ifications for blodiesel. Therefore, the amount of polymers in waste oil isD good indicator for the suitability for btodteset production.

Paper no. 18981 in JADCS 76. 545-550 (May 1999).

Preparatlen of Fatty Epoxy Alcohol5 Ullng Oat Seed Peroxygenase inNonaqueous Media. Geot-ge 1. PiIllU·. "Thomu A. Foglia. and AlbenoNu/\cz. USDA. ARS. ERRC. Wyndmoor. Pelll\Sylvania 19038.

Peroxygenase is an enzyme of higher plants !hal is c.pable of usinghydroperoxide .nd hydrogen peroxide for oxidation of a double bond 10an epoaide. A microsomal fraction was prepared from dry oat (It"enasaliva) seeds. The per-oxygenase activity of this fraction was le$ledusing fauy acid hydroperoxide 2a [13(S)-hydroperoxy·9(Z).ll(E)-octadecadienoic acid] and its methyl ester 2b as sources of peroxygee.'rtese were prepared by the action of wybean lipoxygenase on linoleicacid. A high-pcrfonnance liquid chromatogrtphic usay WIS used todifferentiate bet weee peroxygen cte ..... ge and pcroxygen cleavage withaccompanying double-bond oxidation. Higher activity WI.5 obtained....ilh 2b compared 10 2a. and peroxygen cleavage activity was observedin bolh aqueous and organic solvent media. Double-bond oxidationactlvlty was high only in aqueous media and nonpolar organic solvents.Stroctural elucidation of the epoxidized product showed it to be theoxylipid. methyl cis-9.1O-epoxy-13(S)-hydroxy-ll (E)-OCladecenoate4b, demonstrating specificity for epoxidation of the cis double bood.Thhydroxy product was nOi detected, demonstrating that the epoxide....as not hydrolyzed.

Paper no. J9036;n JAOCS 76, .5.51-.5.5.5(May t999).

Baraga officinofis Oil: .·aUy Add "'racllonation by ImmobilizedCandU/a rugosa Lipasr. Murielle Schmin-Roaieres. Guillaume VIInOI.Valtrie Deyris. and Louis-Claude Ccmeeu-, Laboratoirc. de ChimicBiologique Appliquee. Facuhl!i des Sciences de Sainl·Ur6me. 13397MJlfSCille Ccdcx 20. France.

-,.Unolenic acid (Z.Z.U.9.12-octadccalricnoic acid). a very imponantpolyunsaturated fairy acid is found in the free fatty acid fraction preparedby the hydrolysis of borage oil. Our aim was to enrich this fraction in -,.linolenic acid using selective esterification. Candido fTlgosa lipase wasused u catalyst after immobili:r.ation on the following ion-exchangeresins: Amberlilc IRC50, IRA35.IRA93. and Duolite A7, A368. A568.lnevery case. immcbillzation modified !he lipase's speciUcity: palmltlc,stearic. oleic. and linoleic acid5 were preferentially esterified compared to-,.linolenic acid, thus allowing a -,.linolcnic acid enrichment of3.0.

Poper 00. J8927 in JAOCS 76.557-562 (May 1999).

Enzymatic Synthesis of Structured Lipids frnm Single Cell 011 ofHigh Docosahexeenotc Add Ccntenr, Yugo Iwasaki. Jeong lun Hen.Miho Narita. Roxana Rosu. and Tsuneo Yamane-. Laboratory ofMolecular Biolechnology. Graduate School of Bio- and Agro-Sciences.Nagoya University. Nagoya. 464-8601, Japan.

",.; lipase-catalyzed acidolysis of a single-cell oil (500) oonlainingdcccsahexeencic acid (OHA) ond doco-sapenreenotc odd (OPA) withcaprylic acid (CA) was investigated. The targeted products ....ere struc-tured lipids containing CA residues al the in-I and -3 posincos and aOHA or OPA residue at the sn-2 pcshion of glycerol. RhiZP/1lllcor mif!Milipase (RML) and Puwiqrnofl(u sp. KWI·56 lipase (PSL) were used as!he biocatal)'$lS- When PSL was used > 60 moI\t. of lOla! SCO fany add5(FA) were exchanged with CA. with OHA and OPA as well as the othersaturated FA being exchanged. The content of the triat-ylglycerols (TO)containing IWO CA and one OHA or OPA (number of carbon atoms '" 41,i.e .• C41) residue was high (36%). and the isomer with the desired confie-uralion (unsaturated FA residue at the $,,-2 position) represenled 77-78\t.ofC41' In the case of R.\1L. CA content reached only 23 mol'll in the TG.A large amount of OHA and OPA residu~ mnaincd unexchanged withRML. so thai the resulting oil was rich in TG species conuining two orthree DHA or OPA residues (46'1». TG C41 amoonlC"d to 22%. almost allof which had !he desired configuralion. This result suggesled tbal the dif·terence in the degree of acidolysis by the IWO enzymes was due to theirdifferent selectivity toward OHA and DPA. as well 8.li the difference intheir positional specificities.

Popcr no. J8976 in JAOCS 76. 563-569 (May 1999).

Immobiliution or Lipase on Pol,-(N·vlnyl·2·pyrrolidoDe- ee-f-hydroxyelhyl methatrylale) Hydrogel tor the Synthesis of BulylOleate. M. Basri-. C.c. Wong. M.B. Ahmad. C.N.A. Razak, and A.B.Salleh. Center for Research in Enzyme & Microbial Technology. FakuhlSains & Pengajian Alam Sekitpr. Universit! Putra Malaysia, 43400Serdang. Malaysia.

Lipase from Candido rligoiD was immobilized by entrapment onpoly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone-co-2-hydroxyelhyl methacrylate} [poly(VP-co-HEMA)[ hydrogel. cross-linked with ethylene glycol dimcthacrylate(EOMA). The immobilized enzyme -.vas used in the esterification of oleicacid with butanol in heXIl.n-C.The activities of the immobilized enzymepreparations and the leaching of the enzyme from the hydrogel supportSwith respect to composition were investigated. The thcnnal. solvent. andstorage stability of the immobilized preparations also ....eTC'determined.Increasing the percentage VP from 0 to 90. which corresponds to theincrease in the hydrophilicity of the hydmgelJ. incruscd the activity ofthe immobilized enzyme. Lipuc immobilized onto Vp(\t.):HEMA(%).90: 10 hydrogel had !he higllW activity. 1000000uingthe hydropbobicity ofthe hydrogel (increasing the percentage HEMA) seemed to decreaseleaching of the enzyme from the $uppon. Immobilized lipase on 100%HEMA hydrogel indicated highest entrapment and lowest leaching byhexane washing. The lipase immobilized on VP(%):HEMA(%). 50:50hydrogel showed highest !henna!. solvent. and storage stability compared10 lipase immobilized on other hydrogel compositions as well u thenative lipase.

Paper no. 18973 inJAOCS 76. 571-577 (May 1999).

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ABSTRACTS FROM AOCS JOURNALS

Milk Fat Fractionation by Solid-Layer Melt Crystallization. SandrlllPelen-!!r.jawecet', Joachim mricitJ, Michael. liedtke", and Rk:hard W.Hanelb .• , aUniversilil Bremen, Verf.hrenslcchniklFB4, D-28334Bremen, Gennany, and buniversity of Wisconsin-Madison. Departmentof Food Science, Babcock Hall. Madison, Wisconsin 53706.

The layer crystallization process has the potential 10 produce thesame milk r.t fnctions as can be obtained by the suspension crystalliu-lion precess. That is. mill: ral fnction, with solid fal ccetent meltingprofiles similar to mcse obtained by suspension fractionalion can beproduced with this technique. The fany acid profiles as weU Il!I the melt-ing enthaipies of the different frnc1ionJ confirm the separation of milkfOIby the layer technique. Furthermore, there b potential to improve theresults of separation presented in the first part of this paper. The twosources of improvement, temperature control of the process and con-trOlled nucleation. lead to (i) a smooth crystalline layer with a lowamount of entrapped moIher liquor, contrary to the layers composed ofagglomemted needles. and (ii) a good quality of attachment of the crys-talline layer to the cooled surface. Moreover. the product quality can beincreased using sweating as a postcrystallization step. "Sweating bywarm gas" seems to have a better outlook conceming handling and con-trolling the process than "sweating by warm tube" because sloughing ofthe crystal layers can be avoided. Further investigations of the mass ratioof sweating fraction and amount of product es well as the aspect of ener-gy consumption will determine the technical feasibility of solid-layercrystallization for fractionation of milk fat.

Paper no. 9OS4 in JAOCS 76. 579-584 (May 1999).

tesu with uU'lCtioa times of 5 to 6 h, daJ.a for the diffusion- controlledregion were modeled with an analytical solution to Fld:'s second law.Equilibrium data were ajso obtained for the fungal oil at two isotherms(40 and 6O"C) over a pressure mnge of 13.7 to 27.5 MPa.

Paper 00. J8977 in JAOCS 76. 59~ (May 1999).

Crystal PKklng of. HomoIogoo,I Serit5 ~'-Stable Triacylglyarols,Aljen van Langevekle-, Klles van Malssen, Ed Soeneveld. Renl Peschar;and Henk Schenk, Labonuory for Crystallography, Ill5titute for MolecularChemistry (IMC), Universiteit nn Amsterdam. 101& WV Amsterdam.rte Netherlands.

From a homologous series of C"Cn+2CII (II = even) triatylglycerolswhich arc W-stable, Guinier X-ray powder diffraction photographs wereused to determine cell parameters and space groups. The powder diffrac-tion panerns arc consistent with a pseudo-orthorhombic unit cell withspace group Ic20. Only one axis is changing as a function of chain length-ening. llIe experimental results were used to propose a ~'-crystal packingfor triacylglycemls. In contrast to earlier proposed W,rysUlI strucrures.the acyl chains of this slrUcture lire not lilted with respect to the methyl-end group plane. Furthermore. whh only one molecule in the asymmetricunit. overall orthogonal chain packing is obtained when the intramolecularacyl zigzag planes are parallel.

Paper 110.J8979 in JAOCS 76, 603-609 (May 1999).

Delennlnallon or Olive Oil Free Fatty Acid by Fourier Tnnsformln1raml Spectroscopy, Enriqueta Bertran, Marcelo Blanco. Jordi Coello,Honensia humaga •. Santiago Maspoth, and Ivan Montoliu, Unitat deQufmiCi An.lftica. Departament de Qufmica, Edtfici CN, UniversitatAutbnoma de Ban:elona, E-08193 Bellaterra. Barcelona, Spain .

A new procedure for determining free fatty adds (FFA.) in olive oilbased on spectroscopic Fourier transform infrared-attenuated totalreflectance speclroSCOpy measurements i5 proposed.. 1lle range of FFAcontents of wnples was CJL:tcndedby adding oleic: acid to $eVeTII virginand ~ olive oils. from 0.1 to 2.1". CalibratiCMl models were construct-ed usin. partialleasl-squares regres5ion r.L.SR). Two wavenumber ranges(In.~--I689cm-I and 1480---1m<l cm-- ) and scveraI pretreatments (fimand second derivative; standard normal variate (SNV)] were tested. Toobtain good results. splitting of the calibration range into two concentra-tion intervals (0.1 to 0.5'1> and 0.5 to 2.1 %) was needed. The use of SNVas a pretreatment allows one to analyze samptes of different origins. Thebest results were those obtained in the 1775-1689 cm-I range, using 3PLSR compooents. In both concentration ranges, at a confidence intervalof a. = O.OS. no significant differences between the reference values andthe calculated values were observed. Reliability of the calibralion vs.stressed oil samples was tested. obtaining satisfactory results. The devel-oped method was rapid. with a total analysis time of 5 min; it is environ-ment-friendly, and it is applicable to samples of different categories (extravirgin, virgin. pure. and pomace oil).

Paper no. J8932 in JAOCS 76. 611-616 (May 1999).

Cryslalllulion and Preuure Filtration of Anhydrous Milk Fat:MIxing Effects. O.B. Patience", R.W. Hartel.ll,·, and D. lIIingworthb,.IIOepartment of Food Science, University of Wisconsin. Madison.Wisconsin 53706, and bNew Zelland Dairy Research Institute,Palmemon North. New Zealand.

Melt crystallizatiCMl of anhydrous milk fat and subsequent filtration of!he slurry is a commoo process for obtaining milk fat fractions with differ-ent physical and chemical properties. Tbe crystallization medllnism isvery complu and Uttle is known about how the crystallizet conditi(lM andthe crystal size distribution (CSO) affect the filtration process. llIe objec-tive of this study was to characterize the fractionation process and deter-mine which geometric parameters of the crystallizer affect the filtrationstep. Two scales of fraclionation were studied. 0.6 L and 3.6 L, with crys-tallization al 28"C. The slurry was pressure-filtered after 24 h al SOO kPain I J-L chamber. Impeller diameters and speeds wen: varied for bothscales. Photomitroscopy and spectrophotometry were used to characterizethe crysutllization process, and filtration rates were measured by weighingthe amount of filtrate passing through the filter. Filtra.tion resistance val_ues. calculated using the constant pressure filtration equation. as well aspbotomicrcscopy results indicated that the agglomerates and crystals thatformed had different morphological characteristics for the different mix-ing and flow regimes in the crystallizer. CrystaUization conditions thotprovide an optimal filtration time. B solid fraction with minimal liquidentrainment, and a CSD with an intenncdiate range of sizes (80---500 jim)having good packing properties for filtration wert found.

Paper DO. J9087 in JAOCS 76, 58S--594 (1999).

teneeece of Ecological Cultivation on Virgin Olive Oil Quality.Francisca Gutitrrez., Teresa Arnaud, and Miguel A. Albi. Departamentode ear.cteriuci6n y Calidad de Alimentos, Instiw!O de IIGrasa, CSIC,41012 Sevilla, Spain.

1lle quaIity of oil extracted from ecologically cultivated olives of thePicual variety was compared with oil utracted from Picual olives cultivat-ed using conventional methods, Olive trees were grown in I two-sectionplot. Fruits from each plot were harvested at various stages of ripeness,and acidity value, peroxide indu. ultraviolet absorption al 232 and 270nm. stability 10 oxidation, sensory anal)'$is, fauy composition, and con-tents of toeopberols, phenolic: compounds. and sterols WCR: detcnni.ned IX!

oil utracted from each lreatmtnL The results showed that the o.pnic vir-gin olive oil was of a superior quality to !he conventional virgin olive oilin all the qulllity parameters analyzed.

Paper no. J8942 in JAOCS 76. 617--621 (May t999).

CllI5I'lincaUon of Virgin Olive Oils of the Two Mlljor Cretan CuillvarsBased on Tbdr Fatty Add Composition, E. Stefanoudaki·, F. KOISifalr.i,and A. Koutsaftakis. Subtropieal Plants and Olive Tree Institute. Chania73100, Crete. Greece.

Fatty acid composition ~ determined for lOS virgin olive oil sam-ples of the tWOdominant Cretan olive eultivars, Koroneiki and Mastoides.

Supel'Critlc:al Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Lipids from PJlhiumirrtgu/.an, Terry H. Walke""-. Hank O. Cochranb, and Greg J. HulbertC',DDepartment of Biological and AgriCUltural Engineering, Louisiana SlateUniversity. Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803. bChemical TechnologyDivision, Oak Ridge Natioo.aI LaOOllllory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831.Ind cDepartmenl of Food Science and Technology. University ofTennessee. Knoxville, Tennessee 37901.

Upids that contain poiyunsautrated fatty acids (PUFA) have therapeu-tic: Yl1Iue..PUFA, however, degnIde in high-temperature. oxygen-rich con-ditions Iypicil of conventional hot solvent-extraction and dlstlllanenmethods. Supercriticat C02 extrlctlon wu cho"n as an altern.tivemethod to recover these valuabte compounds from the lower fungus,Py,hium ir~8ul.ll~. Freeze-dried biomus wu subjected to an aqueousphase and placed into a flow-through CJL:tractionapparatus. Extraction ofoil from this biomass showed some success foc moisture contents as highas :m (wet basis). Tbe addition of a novel C~-philic surfactant to thewet bioma» with moisture contents as high as 95'1> (wet basis) iocreasedthe CJL:tractionrare of fungal oil by ~ Ihan an ordr:r of magnitude. For

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oils of the Korondki cuhlvar were characterized by lower concentrationsof oleic and decaheptancic and higher concentrations of linoleic andpalmitic acids. Oils obtained from high-altitude locations were rich inmonounsaturated fany ecjds, while oils obtained from low-altitude loca-tions had higher comem of seturated fauy acids. Palmitic and palmitnleicacids increa.o;ed with increasing altitude in both cultivars examined. Tbestatistical analysis of the compositional data !;bowed significant potentialfor the classification of the samples according 10 cultivar and location oforigin.

Paper no. J9003 in JAOCS 76, 623-626 (May 1999).

Frying Performanet of Genetiully !l.todified eanola Oils. I.PelukhovO, L.J. Malcolmson/J,·, R. PrzybylskiO, and L. Annslrollgb,uDepartJnent of Foods and Nutrition and bSt1tistical Advisory service.Uni~"CI'\il)'of Manitoba. WiMipeg. Manitoba, Canada R3T 2N2.

TIle frying performance of low linolenic and high oleic canola oilswas compared 10 regular and hydrogenated cancla oils. The antifoamingagent dimethylpolysiloune (2 ppm) was added to all frying cus, PQwochips were fried in the four oils over a S-d period for a toW of 40 h offry-ing. Oil samples were collected each day and analyzed for conjugateddieooic acids. free fally acids. polymers. oxidation products, and polarcomponents. Polar components were determined by the gravimetricmethod and by thin-layer chromatography with name-ioniz.atioo eeec-tion. The initial qU&lity of the fout oils was similar except in !he amountof tocopherols present. All oils deterionlled after 5 d of frying hut differ-ences were II()( as anticipated. possibly as a result of observed differencesin tooopherolle>.'els..

Paper 00. J86n in JAOCS 76, 627--632 (May 1999).

Cbaracteriution or Feeced OllidatloD or Sardine Oil:Pbysioochemlc.al Data and Mathematical Modeling, Stefan Dahl and F.Xavier Maluta-. Escola Superior de Biotecnologia. UniversidadeCat6lica Portuguesa. P-4200 Porto, Portugal.

It is of major interest to the food industry to understand the mecha-nisms and kinelies underlying spontaneous oxidation of marine oilsbecause u-e polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA}rich oils. the objec;t ofseveral health claims, have been repeatedly recommended for dietaryintake. The present study auempts to characterize forced oxidation andhydrolytic breakdown of glycmdes and falty acids in sardine oil. A sim-ple, first-order mathemaucal model was postulated and successfully fiuedto the experimental dat.a. This model coofirmed WI the rate of decrease incoocentration of intact fatty add moieties is almost directly proportionalto the number of double bonds present. Therefore. as expected. the rate ofoxidative decay was vinually independent of chain length. with an overallactivation energy of ca. 22 kJ mcr+, Additionally. the rate of hydrolysiswas correlated with lhe rate of oxidative decay. With the exception of fallyacids possessing more than four double bonds, PUFA proved to be rela-tively stable \0 oKidation for up to JO h at 5O-7()"C, and the qualitativelyrichest pattern of volatiles was obtained when the reaction was performedat the highe!;t remperatcre (SO"C).

Paper no. J8906 in JAOCS 76. 633-641 (May 1999).

Thlns-fo'fft VanlLSpati Containing Ttrnary Blends or Palm Oil-PalmStearin-Palm Olein and Palm Oil-Palm Stearin-Palm Krenel Qkoin.I. Nor Ainio. C.H. Che Maimono. H. Hnnirah°. S. Zawillh,b and V.B. CheManb, 0Palm Oil Research Institute of Malaysia, Ministry of PrimaryIndustries. Kuala Lumpur. Malaysia bFaculty of Food Science andBiotechnology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor.

Four s.amples of IroM·free vanaspati were made using palm oil---palmstearin-palm olein (PO-POs-POo) blends (set A) and IUIOlher fout sam-ples (set B) using palm oil-palm stearin-palm kernel olein(PO-POs-PKOo). Palm stearin iodine value [iodine \'IIIue (IV), 30] andsoft palm stearin (£Y, 44) were used in this sNdy. The products were eval-uated for their physical and chemical propcnies. It was observed thllt mostof the v.naspati were granular (grainy) and had a shiny appearance.O!emical analyses indicated that vanaspati consisting of PO-POs-POohad higher IV (47.7-52.4) than the PO-POs-PKOo vanaspati (37.5--47.3).The higbee IV demonstrated by set A samples was due 10 their higherCQ!l-tent of unsaturated ratty acids. 46.0-50.0% oompaIUi to 36.6--45.()'l, inset B. Oeertasing the amount of palm oil while increasing palm stearin inthe formulations re$ulted in hi&ber slip melting poinUi and higher yieldvalues. EuICC'lM: interaCtion was observed in PO-POs-PKOo blen<b. The

fJ' crystalline form was pn=dominent in PO-POs-POo samples (set A).One formulation in set B exhibited ~ crysUlllinity. From the differentialscanning calorimetry thermograms, samples in set B showed a high peakat the low-melting region as well L'I a high peak at the high-meltingregion. In set A. the peak at the low-melting region was relatively lower.

Paper no. J891I inJAOCS 76, 643-648 (May, 1999).

AnliOlCidant Erred or the Constltnents of Susabinori (Porp'hJroJro1f!fUU). Reiko NakayamaO, Yoshiyuki Tamunl°, Hiroe Kikuzakib• andNobuji Nakatanib ••• °Oepartment of Nutrition and Food Science.Hagoromo-galwen College, Sakai, Osaka 592-8344. Japan. and bfacultyof Human Life Science. Osaka City University. Sumiyoshi-ku. 05aka558-8585. Japan.

Tbe antioxidant activities of several extracts from Susabinori(Potph"ro~lI)ensu) wen: measured by the ferric thiOl:)'anate method andthe thiobarbituric acid method. The methanol. acetone. etbyl acetate. andbexeoe extfllCts, and the chloroform-soluble and water-soluble fractionsfrom the chloroform-methanol extBcl uhibited higbee activities than Q-

tocopherol. The hot water exl1w::l showed linle activity. Thin-layer chro-matography analysis of the active extrllCl$ suggested the existence of sev-era.! antioxKlants.. The activity of the chloroform soluble £rattion was dueto chlorophyll analogs. A strong antioxidant Wit isolated f.rom tbemethanol extract, accompanied by several amino acids such as leucine andphenylalanine. This compound was identified lIS usujilene. a kind ofmycosporine-glycine like amino acid.

Paper no. J89l6 in JAOCS 76, 649--6S3 (May 1999).

Fauy Acid Metabolism In Marine fo-Ish: Low Activity of Fatly Acyl ASDesaluratlon in Gilthead Sea Bream (SpartU auroJo) Cells. Douglas R.Tocher- and Cristina Ghionl, Unit of Aquatic Biochemistry, Institute ofAquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland.

Marine fish have an absolute dietary requirement for C20 and C22highly unsaturated fa\ly acids. Previous studies using cultured cell Jinesindkatcd that underlying this requirement in marine fish was either a dcfi-cieRCy in fOllY acyl M cesecose or CI8_20 etongese activity. Recentresean:h in turbot cells found low CI8-20 elongase but high 65 deser-urase activity. In the present study. the fatty acid deseruresezelongese path-way was investigated in a cell line (SAF-I) from another carnivorousmarine fish, sea bream. The metabolic conversions of a nmgc of radiola-beled polyunsatuntted Iauy acids that comprised the direct substrates forl!.6 desaturasc ([1_14C1l8:2n-6 and II-14CJl8:3n-3), CJlL'O etcngase(IU_14CjI8:4n-3), es desaturase ([I_I4c120:3n-6 and [U:1<f'q20:4n_3),and C20-22 etongase ([ 1.14CJ20:4n_6 and 11-14C]20:5n-3) were utilized.The results showed that fauy acyll!.6 desalUrasc in SAF-I cells was high-ly active and that CI8-20 elongase and C20-22 elongase activities weresubstantial. A deficiency in the dCSlturation/eiongation pathway wasclearly identified Dt the level of the fally acyl A.S desarurasc. which wasvery low. particularly with 2O:4n-3 as substrate. In comparison. the appar-ent actiyities of l!.6 desmurese, CI8-20 elongase, and ~0-22 eiongasewere approximately 94-, 27-. and l6-fold greater than that for A.S desat-urase toward their respective n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid substrates.The evidence obtained in the SAF-I cell line is consistent with the diet.aryrequirement for C20 and C22 highly unsaturated fatty acids in the marinefish the sea bream, being primarily due to a deficiency in fany acid 65desaturasc activity.

Paper 00. LSI13 in Lipids 34, 43l-44O (May 1999).

Scfftning of L/PQe Inhlbltnrs rrom Marine Algae, No:wmu Bitol,l°.Masayori Ninomiy.a. Taklhiro Tsujitab,-. and Hiromichi Oltudac•aMarine Greens Labonllory Co., ud.)yo.city. Ehime 799-3125. Japan.

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(eM) were incubated during 4 days in media enriched either with n-6PUFA (arachidonic add. AA) or with 0-3 PUFA (eiccsepeotaeeo!c acid.EPA. and docosaIlexaeooic acid. DUA). The n-6.'n-3 ratio in n-3 eM wasdose 10 1.2. compared 1020.1 in n-6 eM. The contnlCliie parameters of D-6 eM and n-3 eM were similar in basal conditions as well as duringhypoxia and reoxygcnation. In bual conditions. the phospllolipid (PL)enrichment with long chain n-J PUFA resulted in an increasedchronotropic response 10 isoproterenol (ISO) and to phenylephrine (PHE).After poslhypoxic reoxygenance. the chronotropic response 10 I>-AR acti-vation in n-6 eM "''as significantly enhanced as compared with the conl1'Olresponse in nonnoJda, In opposition. the ISO-induced rise in frequency inn-3 eM in COIlImI nontlOJ(ia and after reoxygen.alion was similar. In tbe:sen-3 eM. the chanKel in contnc:Lile pararnelen. which acrompanied thechronotropic response, were also similar in reoxygenaticn and in eoenex-it: periods. ahhough the rise in shortening velocity was slightly illClUSedaner reollY&eMtion. In m:lpome to PHE addition. only the dtronooopiceffC(:t of n-6 CM appeared significantly enhanced after hypoxic ImItrnent.These results $lIggcsted that lncreasing n-3 PUFA in PL reduced theincrease in e- and ~AR functional responses obsen'ed after hypo.i.·reoxygen.tion. This effect may partly acccem for the assumed cardiacproteCtive effect of n·3 PUFA. through the IIttenuation of the fullCtionalresponse to catecholamines in the ischemic myocardium.

Paper no. L7970 in Lipids)4, 457-466 (May 1999).

ABSTRACTS FROM AOCS JOURNALS

and bnte Cenlral Research L..aboratory and <Depanmem of MedicalBiochemistry. School of Medicine. Ehime University, Ehime 791-0295.Japan.

The possible presence of an inhibitor of pancreatic lipase (triacylgl)'l:-erol ecylhydrolase. EC 3.1.1.3) was screened in 54 marine algae. Anecnve inhibitor, caulerpenyee. was purified from an extract of COJd~rpa".xi/olia, using ethyl acetate e:uraction. followed by successive chro-matographies on OOS and silica gel columns. The purified inhibitor wasidentified by thin- layer chromatography, infrared and nuclear magneticresonance spectroscopy. Caulcrpenyne competitively inhibited lipaseactivities using emulsified triolein and dispersed a-metbylumbelllferyloleale (4-MU oleate) as 5Ubstnltcs. The conccntnuions producing SO'I>inhibitiorl against triolein and 4-MU oleate hydrolysis w ere 2 ml>i and Jl~, respectively, In viva, oral IIdministration of com oil with or withoutcaulerpenyne 10 rats demonstnlted • reduced and delayed peak plasma tri-acylglycerol concentnltion with caulerpenyre.

Paperno. L8092 in Lipids 34.441-445 (May 1999).

J.Thla Fauy Add Trutment., In Contrast to EkosapentHnoic Addand Stllrvation, Induces Gene Expression oC CarnitinePalmltoyJlransfera.w-U In lUI Ltver. Lise Madsen- and Rolf K. 8cq;e.Dcpanrnent of Oink.1 Biochemistt}'. Haukeland Hospital. Uni\'ersity ofBergen, N-5021 Bergen. Norway.

The aim of the present study was to invcstigat~ the hepatic regulationand jHIxidation of long-chain flltly acids in peecxeoees and mitochon-dria, after )·thia- t~tnldecylthioacetic acid (CI4·S-acetic acid) ImItrnenLWhen palmitoyl·CoA and palmitoyl'L-camitine were used as substrates.hepatic formation of acid·soIuble producu ...."IIS significantly increased inCI4·5-acetic acid treated rats. Administration of CI4-S,acctic acid result-ed in increased enzyme aclivity and mRNA levels of hepatic mitochondri-al carnitinc palmitoyhransferase (CP'T)-U. CPT-U activity correlated withboth palmitoyl-CoA and palmitcyl-t-camitine oxidation in rats treatedwith different chain-length 3·thia fatty acids. CPT-I !lClivity and mRNAlevels .....ere. however, marginally affected. The hepatic CPT-II aclivity wasmainly localized in the mitochondrial fraction, whereas the CPT-I activitywas enriched in the mitochondrial, peroxisomal, and microsomal frac-tions. In CI4-S,acetic acid-treated rats. the specific activity of peroxiso-mal and microsomal CPT-l increased, whereas the mitochondrial activitytended to decrease. CI4·S·A~etyl·CoA inhibited CPT·I activity in ,·,·/ro.The scnsitivilY of CPT·I to mulonyl·CoA was unchanged. and the hepaticmalonyl·CoA concentration increased after CI4-S-acetic acid treatment.The mRNA levels of acelyl·CoA carboxylase Increased. ln hepaiocytescultured from palrnitlc acid· and CI4·S.acctic ecsd-ueeted nils. the CPT·'inhibilor etomo1tir inhibited the formation of ectd-sctuble products 91 and21 %, respectively. In contrast to 3·thiu Iany acid treatment, eiccsapen-taencic acid treatment and starvation increased the mitochondrial CPT·'activity and reduced its malonyl·CoA scnsitivity. Palrnitoyl-u-carnitineo1tidation and CPT·II activity were. however. unchanged after either EPAtreatment or starvation. The results from this study open the possibilitythat the rate control of mitochondrial Il-oxidation under mitochondrionand peroxisome proliferation is distributed between an enzyme orenzymes of the pathway beyond the CPT-I site after 3·thia fatty acid treat-mem. It is suggested that fally acids arc panly oxidized in the percxi-somes before entering the mitochondria as acyl-camitines for rUMer oxi·dation.

Paper 00. L7988 in Lipids 14. 447-456 (May 1999).

Cross-Jnfluenee of Membrane Polyunsaturated Fally Acids lindH)'poxla-Reoxygenation on a- lind li-Adrenergic Function oC RatCard[omyocytu. Blandine PonsardQ. Isabelle Durotv. PhilippeDeleriveb, Fabien OudotC, Catherine Cordeletb, Alain GrynbergC, andPierre AthinQ·•. QlnSlitut de Recherche Cardio- vesculaire, CentreHosp1talier Universit.ire, 21034 Dijcn. France, bUnite de NutritionLlpldlque. INRA. Oijon. France. and clNRA·UNHPI·UR 914. LipidesMembran.ires et FODCtions C.rdiovascLilaires. Faculte des SciencesF'tIarmaccutiqucs et Biologiques. 75270 Paris Cedex 06. France.

The purpose of lhe present investigation was 10 ~tenninc whether thebencrlCial effects of polyurwllurated f.ny acids (PUFA) may influencei5Chemia-rcpcnusion·ind~ aitcnlltions of myocardial e- and ~adrcno-ceptcr (a·AR, jl-AR) responsiveness. This study was carried out usingmonolayer cultures of ncooatal rat ventricular myocytes in a substrate-free, hypoxi'·TC(Ixygenation model of ischemia, The cardlcmyecytes

ERects ofmctary Suppiementatioa of Saturated Fally Acids and of n_6 or n-3 Polyunsaturated Fally Acids on Plasma and Red Blood CellMembrane Phospholipid, lind DI'Jormabl1lly In Weanling GuineaPigs. Jollannes M.B. POschjO,·. Karl Pauf'l. Michael LeichstnringD. ShanR. Hanb, Matthias PtistererO, Hans J. BrelIlCrO. and Otwin Linderkamp/',llChildn:n'$ Hospital, Department of Pediatrics. Universily of Heidelberg,69120 Heidelberg. Germany, and bOcpanment of Pediatrics. Henan-University of Changsha. China.

The fatly acid composition of plasma cbolesteryl esters, plasma phos-pholipids, red blood cell (RBe) membrane: phosphatidylcholinc (corre-spanding 10 the cuter membrane leaflet). and phosphatidylethanolamine(corresponding to the inner membrane leaflet) was investigated in ween-ling guinea pigs fed with diets of CDCOO (il-lltUTlltedfany acids). sunflowero1lln-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)l or fish oil (n·3 PUFA) for 20wk. RBC deformotion was measured by means of a cell-transit analyzer(filtration) Dnd a cone-plate rhecscope. The contents of satUTllted fattyacids in plasma phospholipid! and RBC membrane leaflets .....ere similarin all three 8rot1ps. Diets with sunflower oil resulted in a high Content oflinoleic acid in plasma cholcsteryl esters and in the outer leanet of RBCmembranes. Fatty acids of fish oil were mainly incorporated in plasmaphospholipids and in the inner leeflet of RBC membranes. The emchidon-ic acid content was high in all groups in the plasma phospholipids and inthe Inner leanet. The n-6 and n-3 PUFA were mainly lncorpcrated in theinner ]epflel. In all groups the polyunsaturated/saturated fait), acid ratioand the totnl PUFA content were sirnllar in the inner RBC membrane. "TheRBC filtration times and the RBC defOTTrultion indices were not affectedby the dietary treatment.

Paper no. L8018 in Lipids 34. 467-473 (May 1999).

The ECrects or Dietary u-Ltnotente Acid Compared withDocosahesaenclc Acid on 8raln

bRetina, Liver, lind HClirt in the

Guinea Pig, L AbedinQ, E.L. Lien, AJ. VingrysC. and AJ. SinclairO,l.IDcpartmenl of Food Science, Royal Melbourne Institute of TechnologyUniversity, Melbourne, 3000, Victoria, Australia. bWycth NutritionalsInternational. Philadelphia. Pennsylvani •. and C'J>cpartmcnt of Optometryand Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria. 3052 AListralia.

The aim of this study was 10 compare two different strategies to ere-....te brain. retina. liver, and heart docosabexaenoic acid (OHA) levels inguinea pigs. First. .....e used an increasing dose of a-linolenic acid (ALA)relative to a con5tant linoleic acid (LA) intake, and second. we used twolevels of dietat)' OHA provided in conjullClion with dieuuy arachidonicacid (AA). The percentage OHA and AA of!oraI phospbolipids; in retina,liver, and ~an, and in the brain pbosphandyl-ethanolemine and pbcs-phatidykholinc was studied in female pigmmted guinea pigs (3 wk old)fed one of five semisynthetic diets containing I~ (wfw) lipid for 12 wk.The LA ecruem in the diets was constant (l7,*> of Ioral fany acids). withthe ALA content YlIrying from O.OS'*> (diet SFO), to I'*>(diet Mix). and 107"" (diet CNO). Two other diets (LCPI and LCP3) had. constant

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LNALA ratio (11.5: I) 001 varied in the levels Qf dietary AA and DHAsupplementation. Dlet LCPI WIlSStructured to closely replicate the princi-pal long chain polyunsaturated rauy acids (PUFA) found in human breastmilk and contained 0.9% AA and 0.6'1. DHA (.. of 10lal fatty acids)whereas diet LCPJ ccraained 2.1% AA and 1.8% OHA. At the end oflnestudy, animals were sacrificed and tissues taken for falty lICid analyses.We found no significant effects of diets on the growth of guinea pigs.Diets containing ALA had profoundly differem effects on tissue fatty acidcompositions compared with diets which comaillCd the long chain PUFA(DHA and AA). In the retina and bruin phospholipids. high-ALA diets ordietary DHA supplememadon produced moderate relative increases inOHA kvels. There was no change in retinal or min AA propolI'tions fol-lowing dielPty AA supplementation. even II the highest level. This was inOOOtn.51 to liver and heart wheTe tlssue OHA proportions wert: low andAA pm:Iorninated. In cese lauer tissues. dietary ALA had linle effect ontissue DHA proportions although the proportion of AA W35 slightlyde~ at the highest dietary ALA intake. but dietary DHA and AAsupplements led to large inctease5 (up to IO-fold) in the proportions ofthese PUFA. TIssue uptake of dietary AA and DHA appeared maximal forthe LCPI diet (~Ikate ofbn:asl milk) in the heart. There were no signif-icant changes in the plasma levels of ll-dehydrcthromboxane B2 (_thmmboltD.ne A2 metabolite) for any diet. The data confum Wt dietaryALA is Ie$s effecth-e!han dietary DHA supplemcntatioa (on a gr.mIgnunbasis) in incrusing tissue: DHA levels and that ussces vary greatly in theirrespcese to exogenous AA and DHA. with the levels of these lOIlg chainmetabolites being mo5t resi~t to change in the rttina and bnin com-pared with liver and heart. Dietary DHA mari:edly increased tissue: DHAproportions in both liver and heart, when-as the nujor effect of dietary AA1"115 in the liver, FUlure sludies of the effects of dietary DHA and AA sup-plemenullion should examine a variety of tissues rather than focusing only00 netlnlltissuc.

Paper no. L8085 in Lipids 34, 475-482 (May ]999).

Dietary Supplementation with Arachidonic and DocosahuaenolcAcids HII5 No Effect on Pulmonary Surfactant in Artificially RearedInfant Rat5. YU-YIllIYctf!· ... Kerry Anne Whitelod'l. Shaw-Mel Yehll.and Eric L. Lienh, llDepartment of Nutrition, The Pennsylvania StateUniversity. University Park, Pennsylvania 16S02.and bWyeth Nutritional,International. Philadelphia. Pennsylvania 19101.

Despite the potential use of long-ehaln polyunsalUrated fallY acid(l.CPUFA) supplementation to promote growth and neural developmentof the infant, nme Is known about poIemiBI harmful effects of the supple-mentation. The present study determined whether supplementation witharecbldcmc acid (AA) lind/or cocosahexeenotc acid (DHA) in nil milkformula (RMF) affects IIIturation of pulmonary surfaCt:lnl phospholipids(PL). Beginning pt1 d of age. infant rats were artificially fed for 10 d withRMF supplemented with AA IIIO. 0.5. and 1.0% of total Iany acid. or sup-plemented with DHA at 0, 0.5, and 1.0%, or cesupplemented with AAand DHA PI levels of 0:0. 0.5:0.3. and 1.0:0.6% of the fat blend. Lung tis-sue PL contained 43 weight percent palmitate (16:0) of total fauy acids ininfant rats fed the unsupplementcd RMF. The supplementation with AA atboth 0.5 I1I1d1.0% decreased the weight percentage of 16:0 nod stearate(]8:0). indicating I decrease in saturation of PL The observed decreaseswere accompanied by tecreeses in AA and linoleic acid (\8:2n-6).Surfectant phosphatidy1choline (PC) consisted of 71 weight percent 16:0in the unsupplemented group. and this highly saturated PC was not alteredby the cosupplemeruatlcn with AA and DHA althCMJghthere was a slightincrease in DHA. Similarly. the oosupplementation did DOl change fattyacid composition of surraciem pt when compared with the unsupple-mcntcd group. 'The cosupplemerueuen slightly decreased the weight per-centage of 16:0 with a proponional increase in 18:0 leading 10 anunchanged weight percentagc of total saturated fatty acids. These resultssuggest that, unlike lung tissue PL. the composition of saturated fallyacids in surfactant PL. particularly pc, is resi~t to change by dietaryAA and DHA supplementation. This. together with the unchanged con-centration of total fauy acids in surfactant pc, indiCIllCS that LCPUFAcosupplementatioo t:allSC5 no effect 00 pulmoruuy SunactanL

Paper 00. L7980 in Upjds 34,483-488 (May 1999).

Lipophilic Aldehyda; and Rdated Carbon}'] Compounds In Rat andHuman Urine. Song-Sull: Kim. Danicl D. Gallaher, and A. SaariCsallany'", Department of Food Science and Nutrition. University ofMinnesota, SL Paul. Minnesota 55108.

RlIt and human urine 5IlII1ples were analyzed for lipophilic aldehydesand other carbonyl products of lipid peroxidaricn. The following com-pounds wen- iclentirlCd 115 their 2.4-dinittophenyl hydrazollCS by cochro-matography with pure sllindards using Ihree solvent systems: butanol.butln-2-one, pentae-z-cee. hel!-2--cnnl, hcxanal. hepta-2.4-dien.al. hepI-2-enal. octanal. non·2-ennl. deca-2,4-dienal. 4--hydroltyhex-2--cnal. and 4-hydroxynon-2-cnal. In general. fasted rats excreted less of these com-pounds lhan fed rats. indicating the:y wen panially of dietary origin Of

III:U the endogenous compounds were excreted in a form not susceptibleto hydrnzone fonnntion. 11M: compounds ucn-ted in human urine weresimilar to those ucmed in rat urine bin were pm;ent in lower ooncentra-lions. Identification of the conjugaled forms of the lipophilic aldehydesand related carbonyl compounds excreed in urine may be a source ofinformation about their reactions jn vtvo.

Paper no. L1533 in Upids 34, 489-496 (May 1999).

Fenonbrale Protects Lipoproteins from Lipid Peroddation:Synergistic Interaction with (l-'Iccopbercl, Evelyne Chaput. DominiqueMaubrou-Sanehez. FrIDf;:ois D. Bellamy. and Alan D. Edgar".Laboratoires Fournier, Department of Atherosclerosis. 2112] Daix.F_~

One of the earliest steps of atherosc]frotic plaque rcnnaiicn is anincn:asc of circulating apolipopro!cin B-oontaining liJXllll"O'einswhich. aflcrinfiltrating the subendothe]ial space. undergo oxidDli\'e modification.Fenofibrate is an effective chole~teml- and triglyceride-lowering agentwhich has been shown 10 be beneficial in the treatmenl of atherosclerosis.Vitamin Eo or a-tocopherol. is a powerful amioxidant which has beenshown in a variety of studies to prevent lipoprotein pcmxidation. 11M: pur-pose of the present study was to inYCSIignlethe effect of fenofibrnt.e treat-menL either aJone or in combilllUiDn with a-lOOOphauI. in mlucing the.ws-teptibi!ity of lipoproteins 10 oltidnti\'e modification. Rats fed a nonnal dietwere treated for up to 27 d with fenofibrate, either alooc Of in combinationwilh equimolar doses of a-tocopherol. Combined VLDL (\'CI)' low densilylipopro!eins) and LDL (low density lipoproteins) isolated after fenofibratetmltmcnt were more resislant 10 copper-mediated oxidation. as assessed byconjugated diene formation. Lag time was prolonged up to 3.2-fokl whilethe mexhual rate of di~ne production was significantly decreased by up to2.2-fo1d. Treatmenl of rats with a-tocopherol aJone at the selected dose iuIdno significant effect on lag time. while the propagation rare was slightlydecreased. CoadminiSlIlltion of fenofihrale with a-tocopherol prolonged thelag phase 10 a greeer exlenl than fenofibrate alone. showing a synet'8isticinteraction between the two compounds. Finally. the combination of fenofi-brate lind a-tocopherol was significantly more effective in modifyinglipoprotein o~idaliOll parnmetcr5 than what was observed with a-tocopheroland bezaflbrate Of gemfibrczll. Thus, in addition to its well-establishedeffects on 1ipoptotein concemmucns and atherogenie parameters. fenofi-brate reduces the 5usceplibility ofVLDL and LDL to oxidative modificationand exerts its ucuon synergistically with a-tocopherol.

Paper no. L8075 in Upids 14. 497-502 (May 1999).

Mlcrot'.mulsion or Seal Oil Markedly Enhances the Transfer of aH)'drophobic Radiopharmaceutical loto Acelylated Low DensityLtpeprotetn. wo Xia<P, Lill WangO, Philip J. Davisb. and Hu Li!P·b .•.IISchool of Pharmacy and bDepartment of Biochemistry. MemorialUniveBily of Newfoundland. SI. John's, Newroundland, Canada..

Four different micmcmulsions differing in their core lipid component(triolein. canol. oil. squalene, or seal oil) and containing l.3-dihydrolt-ypmpan-2-one 1,3-diiopanoatc (DPIP). a potential radioimnging probe.were prepared by means of ultrnscnieauon. The DPIP micmcmulsionswen incubated with lICttylated human low density lipoprotein (AcLDL)and the amount of DP!P transfcrred lnto AcLDL was examined. Theamount of DPIP in the microemulsions expressed as DPIP/oil (wfw) wastkpendcnt 00 the 00fe lipid oompooent of the microemulsion in the orderof seal oil (O.l9:t 0.04. mean:t standard deviation),. squalene (0.15:t0.02)" canola oil (0.12 :t 0.02)" triolein (0.01 :t 0.(04). With the excep-lion of clnol. oil. all miemc:mul$ions "'e", effecli\'e in enhancina !beItallsfC1"of DPTP illio AcLDL in comparison wilh commonly uoed ""'Ih_od,. i.e .. direcl diffusion and dete,"&enl solubilization. DPIP in seal oil

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ABSTRACTS FROM AOCS JOURNALS

resulted in the highest amount of DPIP Irnnsfemd into AcLDL [309.16 *34.82 VS. 203.19:t 64.51 using squajeee and 151.31 :t 28.54 using triolein(DPIP molecules per AcLDL particle)l. For the firS! lime, oil from harpseals. was studied as II mnjor core lipid component of formulating phar-maceutical microemulsions. DPIP in seal oil resulted in the highest trans-fer of DPIP into AcLDL which is likely due 10 the highest DPIP concen-tration found in Illis micrcemulsion as well as the high fluidity of seal oil.

Paper no. L80SS in UpiiU 34,503-509 (May 1999),

Ccllullir Uptake lind Retenlion Mcasurt'ments ofAlkylphosphocholines In the SK-BR-J Breast Cancer lind 1101011-4Leukemla Cell Line Using Capillary Gu Chromatography, V.Brocnet'. O. Van HcuV(':rl;wynO, lA. De B.N.F. Dinit'. C.R. De PoIterb.and E.G. Van den Ecckhouto .• , IJLaboralory for PharmaceuticalBiotechnology. University of Ghent. 8·9000 Ghent, Belgium. and "N.Goormaghtigh Institute for Pathology. University Hospital. B-9000 Ghent.Belgium.

Tbe determination of cellular content of octadecylphospbtx:holine (0-19391) IJld hexadecylphospbocholine (HePC. 0-185(6). two anticanceragents of the alkylpho5phocholine group. using capillary gas ctlrotrnllog-raphy is described. 1lIe compounds' cytotoxicity was first determined bythe MlT IH4.5-dimethyl-2-thiawlyl}-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumJ auay.being indicative for the conccntnltion used in the uptake and mentionmeasurements. 0-19391 was added to the SK-BR·3 breast cancer cell lineand HePC to the MoIt-4 leukemia cell line in coocentnllions of. respec-lively. 18.6 and 15.0 ~, during a 36-h incubation period at 37"C. 5%C02' HePC uptake in the leukemia cells was followed by a 24-hreversibility test in tltus·free medium. Subsequenlly. sample cleM-up wasperformed on I weak cation-e.tchange column. For the quantitative analy-sis. HePC was used as internal standard for lhe 0-19391 measurementsand vice veese, Derivatillltion of the samples with trimethylsilylbmmidewas followed by capillary gas chromatographic analysis. From these datawe conclude that our uplltlr:e results are quite similar with those of a previ-ous study of HePC cellular uptake in the more resistant Caco-2T coloncancer cell line. Without having investigated the mechanism thai underliesthe cellular uptake results obtained. our study points to no direct correte-tion between the compounds' cellular uptake and their c)'UMoxic effects.

Paper no. L7999 in Uf,ids 14, 511-516 (Muy 1999).

Sieryl F..slen In the Elalopl.asts uf the Tapetum in De~loping BnusiaJAnthers and Their Recevery on the Pollen Surface. Sherry S.H. Wutl.Robert A. Morc&ub, Bruce D. Whilllker", and Anthony H.c. Huangtl··,tlDepartment of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California.Riverside, California 92521. bERRC. USDA. ARS. Wyndmoor.i'cnnsylvania 19038. and "Horticulture Crops Quality Laborntofy, USDA,ARS, Beltsville, Maryland 20705.

The tlIpetum cells in the developing anthers of Brossiea napus con-tained abundant elaioplastS. which had few thylalr.oid membranes but werepacked with globu1i of neutral eaers. Of the 1JeIIu-a1esters. the major estergroup possessed mainly 24-methylenecholesterol, j l-norcyctoenenol. 24.dehydropollinaslDnol. and pollinastanol esterified 10 18:3 and other unsat-urated and saturated fally·acyl moieties. The minor ester group had adominant component tentatively identified as 12-dellydrolupool esterifiedto mostly 18:0. 16:0. and 20:0 fltly-acylrooieties. The e1a..ioplasts alsocontained a high proportion (l6'l. w/w of total lipids) of roonogalact05yl-diecylglycerols (MGOO). This is the fint report of ptasuds IIoving sterylesters IS the pmiominant lipids. We propose thai. the globuli contain sterylesers and are nabiliud by surface MGOG and structural proteins. TIletapetosomes. the other abundant lipid-i;Olltaining organelles in the tape.tum. possessed triacylgl~$ (fA.G) IS the prtldominlUlt lipids. At a latestage of anther development. the minor group of neutral esters andMOOG of the elaioplaslS. IS well as the TAO of the IlIpetosomes. weredegraded. Steryl esters similar to ~ of the elaioplasts were recovemlfrom the pollen surrece and were the major lipids of the pollen coat. 1lIepollen coat ueryl esters and proteins could be exllacted with moderatelypolar or nonpolar solvenll. 'These proteins. which were most.Iy f~nLSof olecstns derived from the tapetosomes. had a high proportion of lysine(13 mol. 91.). The possible functions of the ueryl esers and the proteins onthe pollen surface are discussed.

Paper no. L8118 in Upids 14. 517-523 (May 1999).

Otturnnc:e of y-Linolenk: Add in Compusilae: A Study of YoulIgiDItlluicowfu Seed Oil. Nanzed TsevcgsiJrentl. Kurt Airzetmilllerb··. andKlaus ~~, lIChcmiwy Institute, Mongolian Academy of Sciences,Ulaanbaatar 51. Mongolia, and blnstitute for Chemistry and Physics ofLfplds. 8AGKF, 0-48147 MOnster. Gennany.

Seeds of Youllgitl /t!nwictlwlis and other species from the plant familyComposttee (AStCr1lCeae) were studied for their oil content and fally Kidcomposition. The seed oil of Y. ItIrl14iCIlWfis growing in Mongolia wasfound 10 contain 5.6% y-linolenic acid (l8:366ds,9cis,l2cu) in additionto common fatty eclds. The oil was analyzed using chromatographic [cap-illary gas-liquid chromatography (GLC), thin-layer chromatography] andspectroscopic (infl'lred, gl.$ chromatography-mass spectrometry) tech-niques. Seed oil fatty acids of SUWJSUN!U amara (containing y-linolenicacid) and of Arc/iw," minus (cootaining 18:)63rmns,9cu.l2cu).1S well asll3cis- and ll3/runs-18:3 were used as GLC reference substances. Theevolution in this plant family of a large number of different !8:3 acids lIS

well as the corresponding evolution of unusual eesetureses should beinvestigated. On the other hand, the o.6cis-desaturase required for thebiosynthesis of y-linolenic acid may have evolved independently severaltimes in unrelated families of the plant kingdom.

Paper no. L8090 in ~Ipids14,525-529 (May 1999).

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